Source: UNIV OF HAWAII submitted to
INTEGRATED STUDIES OF FOOD SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0230787
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2012
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2017
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
UNIV OF HAWAII
3190 MAILE WAY
HONOLULU,HI 96822
Performing Department
Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering
Non Technical Summary
Pesticides will remain to be the cornerstones of integrated pest management to meet the need of growing demand for food and fiber production. Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields approximately four dollars in crops saved. In 2007, user expenditures on pesticides were $12.4 billion and 1.1 billion lbs of pesticide active ingredient were used in the U.S.. A significant portion of applied pesticides will inevitably end up in foods and the environment, which they can adversely affect human and environmental health. When used properly pesticides are considered safe, yet pesticide exposure ranks among the greatest health concerns of farmers and farm workers as well as the general public. Exposures of pesticides through foods and the contaminated environment are significant concerns of the public. Therefore, understanding effects of pesticides and other toxic chemicals on target and non-target species will improve our ability to predict and integrate current and potential pest management strategies, providing environmentally sound and cost effective approaches to pest management. These approaches will lead to reduced application of pesticides. In this project, we anticipate taking an integrated approach to advance knowledge and science-based strategies to prevent or mitigate unacceptable adverse impacts of toxic chemicals on humans and the environment. We expect to develop new methods that are applicable to pesticide exposure studies, environmental monitoring and food safety. We also expect to develop proteomics methods that are applicable to food microbial contamination monitoring, protein structure and function elucidation, and protein profiling and quantitation in a biological system. Usage of the methods (citation) is an outcome indicator. New Knowledge on protein structures and functions is another outcome. Information of protein amino acid sequences and structures submitted to the public databases is an outcome indicator. Understanding of microbial adaptation to and transformation mechanisms of toxic substances lays a solid foundation for bioremediation technologies for environmental cleanup and restoration. Safe and effective pesticides registered for uses on minor crops are outcome of the project. Proper uses and proper handling of pesticides and practices that handlers adopted are outcomes of this project. The other outcomes include that feedback to workers about their exposure provide a teachable moment for pesticide education and provide motivation to obtain additional pesticide education. Another outcome is the WIC participants who accept nutritional advice on appropriate fish choices to lower mercury and arsenic while emphasizing health benefits of fish. Undergraduate and graduate students who receive training from this project are also outcome as they are the next generation of scientists.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
7112410100015%
7112410200010%
7114010100015%
7114010200010%
7232410100015%
7232410200010%
7234010100015%
7234010200010%
Knowledge Area
711 - Ensure Food Products Free of Harmful Chemicals, Including Residues from Agricultural and Other Sources; 723 - Hazards to Human Health and Safety;

Subject Of Investigation
2410 - Cross-commodity research--multiple crops; 4010 - Bacteria;

Field Of Science
1000 - Biochemistry and biophysics; 2000 - Chemistry;
Goals / Objectives
We hypothesize that we can develop highly sensitive field portable assays and develop simple and robust proteomics methods with a combination of novel technologies through innovative research activities. The objectives are: 1. To develop rapid diagnostics methods for food and environmental analyses 2. To study the fate of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment and foods 3. To obtain chemical residue data to support regulatory clearances for use of pesticides in the production of minor crops by conducting chemical analyses according to the Good Laboratory Practices 4. To assess and reduce worker and handler exposure to pesticides Output measures of the success of the research activities include patent applications filed, publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at the national and international conferences and invited lectures made. We expect to develop novel immunoassays and proteomics methods. We also expect to successfully engineer stable plant peroxidases. The main output indicators for extension activities are numbers of samples, storage stability studies, chemical analyses, subjects interviewed and advised, and number of pesticide registration reports submitted. WIC participants are outputs. The participants who receive advice on impact of exposure to elevated levels of mercury and arsenic are also outputs.
Project Methods
Objective-1. We anticipate developing rapid, rugged immunoassays and proteomic methods for food and environmental analyses. The research effort will focus on engineering peroxidases being tolerant to large pH changes, high concentrations of organic solvents and salts and high temperature. We will focus on development of mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics methods for research on food microbial contamination, microbial transformation of and adaptation to toxic substances, biomarker discoveries for pesticide exposure. In addition, proteomic methods will be developed to study the structure and function of enzymes of interests such as palm peroxidases. The equipment needed is available in this lab. Objective-2. Assays developed in Objective-1 will be applied to study the fate of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment, environmental monitoring, microbial transformations of contaminants, and food analysis. We will primarily reply on mass spectrometry for proteomic analyses to elucidate adaptation mechanisms for bacterial response to pesticides as well as mechanisms of degradation of pesticides. Genomic and metabolomic techniques will be used to aid the proteomic studies. Organic contaminants in foods and environmental matrices will be analyzed according to the methods established in this laboratory. Objective-3. Pesticide analyses will be carried out to obtain residue data to support regulatory clearances for use of pesticides on minor crops. The analysis processes include analytical method validation, sample receiving, sample preparation and pretreatment, sample extraction, cleanup and fractionation, sample analysis, data collection and calculation, report, sample storage study, and quality assurance. All work is done according to the good laboratory practices well established in the laboratory. All data are calculated and organized into a report, submitted to the quality assurance unit. A quality assurance officer audits raw data and reports and notices laboratory analysts the QA findings and recommendations. The analysts address the QA findings and recommendations, and send the report, replies and documentation of corrective actions to the quality assurance unit again. The quality assurance officer then sends the final report, the QA report and all the documentation of the project to the IR-4 headquarters at Rutgers. The IR-4 headquarters, in turn, sends the report to the U.S. EPA for clearance review and approval for use of the pesticide on the crop studied. Objective-4. We will collaborate with farmers and the State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture Pesticides Branch for pesticide handling and use practices, and potential exposure pathways. The proposed studies will gain information on exposure levels to both new pesticides and for populations that have not been well studied, such as bird chasers.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences of this project include scientific communities, farmers, rangers, government agencies, food safety, pest control and management, pesticide companies, pesticide users, and local communities. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The research opportunities were provided to 4 junior researchers, 21 visiting scholars from China, Korea and Egypt, 5 post-doctoral fellows, 8 international PhD students for their dissertation research, 3 MBBE PhD students for dissertation research, 5 MBBE MS students, 5 local undergraduate students, 5 local high school students, and 6 undergraduate students from Brazil in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles, posters and oral presentations to target audiences, report to Kauai city council, meetings with local community members. Three provisional patients were filed. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This is the final report of this 5-year project. The four objectives were to (1) develop rapid diagnostic immunoassays and proteomic methods for food and environmental analyses, (2) study the fate of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment and foods, (3) obtain chemical residue data to support regulatory clearances for use of pesticides in the production of minor crops by conducting chemical analyses according to the Good Laboratory Practices, and (4) assess and reduce worker and handler exposure to pesticides. To address the proposed research objectives, an integrated approach was taken to study food safety and environmental management. The research efforts have been made through analytical chemistry, food chemistry, biochemistry, and pesticide residue studies to support pesticide registration. Among 94 peer-reviewed papers published between 2013 and September 2017, 59 of them reported the findings obtained from this project, with an average of 12 papers per year. We have published 17 abstracts and presented our research results at the national and international conferences between 2013 and 2017. We have also completed two pesticide registration projects and filed 7 provisional patient applications during the 5-year project period. A highlight of year-5 accomplishments (11/1/2016-10/31/2017) is the study of adduct formation between human serum albumin and eleven organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers using mass spectrometry. Organophosphate (OP) and organophosphate ester (OPE) adducts of albumin are valuable biomarkers for retrospective verification of exposure. In the present study, our goal was to determine whether OPE flame retardants (OPE FRs) and OPE plasticizers can covalently bind to human serum albumin (HSA) and can be used to evaluate their exposure. Eleven OPE FRs and plasticizers were examined in a HSA-adduct in vitro assay. Pure HSA was incubated with the target OPEs, as well as with an OP insecticide (profenofos) positive control. After enzymatic cleavage with pepsin or Glu-C, the digested albumin was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatograph-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Under optimized HSA assay conditions, tyrosine adducts were formed at Y411 and Y148/Y150 with a characteristic mass shift for phosphorylation (?m/z 166) for the profenofos positive control. However, no such phosphorylated peptides were detected for the 11 target OPEs. This negative result suggests that these OPEs have very different affinities from OP insecticide. They are less reactive or they may specifically interact with other proteins. Another light is expression and characterization of windmill palm tree (Trachycarpus fortunei) peroxidase by Pichia pastoris. Currently, commercial plant peroxidases are all native and are isolated from plants such as horseradish and soybean. No recombinant plant peroxidase products have been available on the commercial market. The gene encoding peroxidase was cloned from windmill palm tree leaves. The codon-optimized gene was transformed into Pichia pastoris for expression. The recombinant windmill palm tree peroxidase (rWPTP) expressed by P. pastoris showed high stability under pH 2-10, temperature up to 70 °C, to many metallic salts and organic solvents. The substrate specificity of WPTP was determined, and among the substrates tested, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was most suitable for WPTP. The Michaelis constants with the substrates H2O2 and ABTS were 4.6 x 10-4 M and 1.6 x 10-4 M, respectively. The rWPTP expressed in P. pastoris may be a suitable enzyme for biosynthesis of polymers because of its high stability and activity under acidic conditions.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wang, Q.; Liang, Y.; Zhao, P.; Li, Q.X.; Guo, S.; and Chen, C. 2016. Potential and optimization of two-phase anaerobic digestion of oil refinery waste activated sludge and microbial community study. Scientific Reports 6:38245.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: An, F.; Li, G.; Li, Q.X.; Li, K.; Carvalho, L.J.C.B.; Ou, W.; and Chen, S. 2016. The comparatively proteomic analysis in response to cold stress in cassava plantlets. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 34(6):1095-1110.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wang, K.; Liu, Z.; Ji, P.; Liu, J.; Eremin, S.A.; Li, Q.X.; Li, Ji.; and Xu, T. 2016. A camelid VHH-based fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the detection of tetrabromobisphenol A in water. Analytical Methods 8:7265-7271.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Chen, C.; Zhan, C.; Wang, P.; Yan, G.; Li, and Q.X. 2016. Investigation of titanium silicalite ETS-4 catalyzed ozonation for chemicals in wastewater, exemplified with 4-chlorophenol. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 44(12):16441651
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Liu, J.; Hua, R.; Lv, P.; Tang, J.; Wang, Y.; Cao, H.; Wu, X.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Novel hydrolytic de-methylthiolation of the s-triazine herbicide prometryn by Leucobacter sp. JW-1. Science of the Total Environment 579:115-123.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fan, Y.; Feng, Q.; Lai, K.; Huang, W.; Zhang, C.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Toxic effects of indoxacarb enantiomers on the embryonic development and induction of apoptosis in zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio). Environmental Toxicology 32 (1):7-16.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, Y.; Zhu, M.; Liu, J.; Na, R.; Liu, F.; Wu, X.; Fan, S.; Wang, Z.; Pan, D.; Tang, J.; Li, Q.X.; Hua, R.; and Liu, S. 2017. Comparative interactions of dihydroquinazolin derivatives with human serum albumin observed via multiple spectroscopy. Applied Sciences 7(2):200.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chen, C.; Chen, Y.; Yoza, B.A.; Du, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, Q.X.; Yi, L.; Guo, S.; and Wang, Q. 2017. Comparison of efficiencies and mechanisms of catalytic ozonation of recalcitrant petroleum refinery wastewater by Ce, Mg, and Ce-Mg oxides loaded Al2O3. Catalysts 7:72.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Zhan, Y.; Wang, Q.; Chen, C.; Kim, J.B.; Zhang, H. Yoza, B.A.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Potential of wheat bran to promote indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 44(6):845-855.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, L.; Cho, I.K.; Li, Y.; Zhang, G.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Improvement to reproducibility of programmed temperature gas chromatography retention indices in single retention model region. Journal of Chromatography A 1495: 57-63.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chen, C.; Li, Y.; Ma, W.; Wang, P.; Guo, S.; Wang, Q.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Mn-Fe-Mg-Ce loaded Al2O3 catalyzed ozonation for mineralization of refractory organic chemicals in petroleum refinery wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology 183 110.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chu, S.; Baker, M.R.; Leong, G.; Letcher, R.J.; Gee, S.J. Hammock, B.D.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Exploring adduct formation between human serum albumin and eleven organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers using MALDI-TOF/TOF and LC-Q/TOF. Chemosphere 180: 169-177.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lv, P.; Zhang, J.; Shi, T.; Dai, L.; Li, X.; Wu, X.; Li, X.; Tang, J.; Li, Q.X.; and Hua, R. 2017. Procyanidolic oligomers enhance photodegradation of chlorothalonil in water via reductive dechlorination. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 217: 137-143.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, Y.; Zhu, M.; Jiang, E.; Hua, R.; Na, R.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. A simple and rapid turn on ESIPT fluorescent probe for colorimetric and ratiometric detection of biothiols in living cells. Scientific Reports 7(1):4377.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, X.; Sun, Z.; Shi, T.; Pan, D.; Xue, J.; Li, Q.X.; and Hua, R. 2017. Influence of plant growth regulating substances on transport and degradation of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos in tomato. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 97(4):345-354.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, X.; Xue, J.; Pan, D.; Jin, L.; Shi, T.; Cheng, X.; Li, Q.X.; and Hua, R. 2017. Dissipation and residue of acephate and its metabolite metamidophos in peach and pear under field conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research 11(2):133139.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wen, B.; Baker, M.R.; Zhao, H.; Cui, Z.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Expression and characterization of windmill palm tree (Trachycarpus fortunei) peroxidase by Pichia pastoris. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65(23):46764682.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Xie, J.; Zhao, C.; Han, Q.; Zhou, H.; Li, Q.X.; and Diao, X. Effects of pyrene exposure on immune response and oxidative stress of the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 63:237-244.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, Q.H. 2017. Efficient ozonation of reverse osmosis concentrates from petroleum refinery wastewater using composite metal oxide loaded alumina supports. Petroleum Science 14: 605-615.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, R.; Peng, J.; Li, Q.X.; and Peng, Y-L. 2017. Phosphorylation-mediated regulatory networks in mycelia of Pyricularia oryzae revealed by phosphoproteomic analyses. Molecular and Cellullar Proteomics 16:1669-1682.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chen, C.; Liang, J.; Yoza, B.A.; Li, Q.X.; Zhan, Y.; and Wang, Q. 2017. Evaluation of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor containing diatomite and maifanite for the improved treatment of petroleum wastewater. Bioresource Technology 243:620-627.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wang, J.; Boesch, R.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. A case study of air quality - pesticides and odorous phytochemicals on Kauai, Hawaii, USA. Chemosphere 189:143-152.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cho, I.K.; Park, B.-J.; �Chung, K.H.; Li, Q.X.; and Kan, E. 2017. Fenton oxidation of bisphenol A using an Fe3O4-coated carbon nanotube: Understanding of oxidation products, toxicity and estrogenic activity. The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science 21(3):310-315.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ye, C.; Ching, T.H.; Yoza, B.A., Masutani, S.; and Li, Q.X. 2017. Cometabolic degradation of blended biodiesel by Moniliella wahieum Y12T and Byssochlamys nivea M1. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 125:166-169.


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences of this project include scientific communities, farmers, rangers, government agencies, food safety, pest control and management, pesticide companies, pesticide users, and local communities. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The research opportunities were provided to one undergraduate student (A. Kwan), 12 graduate students or visiting graduate students, 5 visiting researchers and post-doctoral fellows, 2 junior researchers and one research associate in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles, and posters and oral presentations to target audiences. Three provisional patens were filed. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?There will be no objective changes next year. We plan to perform the project according to the objectives proposed. 1. To develop rapid diagnostics methods for food and environmental analyses 2. To study the fate of pesticides and other chemicals in the environment and foods 3. To obtain chemical residue data to support regulatory clearances for use of pesticides in the production of minor crops by conducting chemical analyses according to the Good Laboratory Practices 4. To assess and reduce worker and handler exposure to pesticides

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Plant secretory (Class III) peroxidases are redox enzymes that rely on N-glycosylation for full enzyme activity and stability. Peroxidases from palm tree leaves comprise the most stable and active plant peroxidases characterized to date. Herein, site-specific glycosylation and microheterogeneity of windmill palm tree (Trachycarpus fortunei) peroxidase are reported. The workflow developed in this study includes novel tools, written in R, to aid plant glycan identification, pGlycoFilter, for annotation of glycopeptide fragmentation spectra, gPSMvalidator, and for relative quantitation of glycoforms, glycoRQ. Mass spectrometry analysis provided a detailed glycosylation profile at the 13 sites of N-linked glycosylation on windmill palm tree peroxidase. Glycan microheterogeneity was observed at each site. Site Asn211 was the most heterogeneous and contained 30 different glycans. Relative quantitation revealed 90 % of each glycosylation site was occupied by three or fewer glycans and two of the 13 sites were partially unoccupied. Although complex and hybrid glycans were identified, the majority of glycans were paucimannosidic, characteristic of plant vacuolar glycoproteins. Further studies pertaining to the glycan structure-activity relationships in plant peroxidases can benefit from the work outlined here. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common brain disorder worldwide. The aberrant tau hyperphosphorylation and accumulation play a critical role in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles highly associated with neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment in AD pathogenesis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a key kinase responsible for tau hyperphosphorylation. Selective inhibition of GSK3β is a promising strategy in AD therapy. Corn silks (CS, Zea mays L.) have been traditionally used as a medicinal herb and recently noted for their potentially cognitive benefits. However, the neuroprotective components of CS and their molecular mechanism have received little attention to date. As part of our efforts screening phytochemicals against a broad panel of kinases targeting AD tauopathy, we found inhibition of GSK3β by CS extracts. Subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation and identification of two 6-C-glycosylflavones, isoorientin (1) and 3'-methoxymaysin (2), with selective inhibition against GSK3β in vitro. Enzyme kinetics and molecular docking studies demonstrated that 1 specifically inhibited GSK3β via an ATP noncompetitive mechanism, acting as a substrate competitive inhibitor of GSK3β. Further in vitro cellular studies demonstrated that 1 effectively attenuated tau phosphorylation mediated by GSK3β, and was neuroprotective against β-amyloid induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The C-glycosylflavones represent new lead candidates with a novel mechanism of action for the development of AD phytopharmaceuticals.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Liang, Z., Zhang, B., Su, W.W., Williams, P.G., and Li, Q.X. 2016. C-Glycosylflavones alleviate tau phosphorylation and amyloid neurotoxicity through GSK3? inhibition. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 7(7): 912-923.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kim, H.W., Kim, D.H., Jang, G.H., Lee, S.H., Jang, H.H., Cho, I.K., Li, Q.X., Lee, S.M., and Kim, J.B. 2016. Purification of cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulatefrom rice bran and their effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Academia J. Agricultural Res. 4(7): 411-419.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Liang, Z. and Li, Q.X. 2015. Neuroprotective compounds from corn silks alleviate amyloid cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Pacifichem 2015, December 15-20, 2015. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Zhao, H. and Li, Q.X. 2015. Expression and site-directed mutagenesis of the highly stable royal palm peroxidase in pichia pastoris. Pacifichem 2015, December 15-20, 2015. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Liang, Z.and Li, Q.X. 2015. Glycosylflavone as glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor alleviates tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid neurotoxicity. 252nd ACS National Meeting, August 21-25, 2016. Philadelphia, PA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Liang, Z., Zhang, B., Su, W.W., Williams, P.G., and Li, Q.X. 2016. Glycosylflavone as glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor alleviates tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid neurotoxicity. Hawaii 2016 Neuroscience Symposium. August 20, 2016. Honolulu, HI.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chen, S., An, F., Zhu W., Li, K., Carvalho, L.J.C.B., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Application of proteomics in cassava breeding. Biotechnology Bulletin 31(11):18-26.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kim, J., Kagawa, A., Kurasaki, K., Ataie, N., Cho, I.K., Li, Q.X., and Ng, H.L. 2015. Large scale identification of membrane proteins with properties favorable for crystallization. Protein Science 24 (11): 1756-1763.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Li, Q.X. and Chang, C.L. 2016. Chapter 25. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) oils. In: Victor Preedy (Ed.), Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier. p231-238.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: An, F., Chen, T., Mouafi Astride St�phanie, D., Li, K., Li, Q.X., Carvalho, L.J.C.B., Tomlins, K.I., Li, J., Gu, B., and Chen, S. 2016. Domestication syndrome is investigated by proteomic analysis between cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its wild relatives. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0152154.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Baker, M.R., Tabb, D.L., Ching, T., Zimmerman, L.J., Sakharov, I.Y., and Li, Q.X. 2016. Site-specific N-glycosylation characterization of windmill palm tree peroxidase using novel tools for analysis of plant glycopeptide mass spectrometry data. Journal of Proteome Research 15(6): 2026-2038.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences of this project include scientific communities, farmers, rangers, government agencies, food safety, pest control and management, pesticide companies, pesticide users, Kauai residents, Kauai school students and teachers, Kauai community leaders, and Kauai community groups. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The research opportunities were provided to 2 undergraduates students (T. Pan, A. Kwan), 6 Brazilian summer undergraduate interns (R. Santos Pereira, K. Mayara Scheuer, A. Pittella de Freitas, S. Vasconcelos de Freitas, P. Gustavo Rossi, and L. de Araujo Soares), 15 graduate students or visiting graduate students (M.R. Baker, S. Doello, S.-M. Gao, J. Ge, M. Green, J. Liu, J. Murison, N. Ngamhui, C. Ortega, A. Paer, D. Roettger, B.-T. Wen, R.-J. Wang, R. Wu; C. Ye), 17 visiting researchers and post-doctoral fellows (R. Beosch, Z. Cao, C. Chen, S. Chu, Y. Fan, B. Fu, R. Jia, J.B. Kim, M. Lu, H. Peng, A. Sheng, W. Tan, D. Si, X. Wang, L. Wu, H.W. Zhao, L. Zhou), 4 junior researchers (I.K. Cho, Z.-B. Liang, Y. Li and J. Wang) and one research associate (G. Leong) in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles, submission of technical reports to appropriate authorities, and posters and oral presentations to target audiences such as Kauai residents, Kauai school students and teachers, Kauai community leaders, and Kauai community groups. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?There will be no objective changes next year. We plan to perform the project according to the objectives proposed.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have continued the studies on concentrations, distributions, sources, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and other persistent pollutants in the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major crop worldwide and can accumulate much higher amounts of Cadmium ion (Cd2+) than other crops. Cd2+ is one of the most toxic elements to animals and humans. We have studied cellular and subcellular localization and quantification of cadmium Ions in wheat. The distribution of metallic ions in plant tissues is associated with their toxicity and is important for understanding mechanisms of toxicity tolerance. A quantitative histochemical method can help advance knowledge of cellular and subcellular localization and distribution of heavy metals in plant tissues. An immunohistochemical (IHC) imaging method for cadmium ions (Cd2+) was developed for the first time for wheat grown in Cd2+-fortified soils. Also, 1-(4-isothiocyanobenzyl)-ethylenediamine-N,N,N,N- tetraacetic acid (ITCB-EDTA) was used to chelate the mobile Cd2+. The ITCB-EDTA/Cd2+ complex was fixed with proteins in situ via the isothiocyano group. A new Cd2+-EDTA specific monoclonal antibody, 4F3B6D9A1, was used to locate the Cd2+-EDTA protein complex. After staining, the fluorescence intensities of sections of Cd2+-positive roots were compared with those of Cd2+-negative roots under a laser confocal scanning microscope, and the location of colloidal gold particles was determined with a transmission electron microscope. The results enable quantification of the Cd2+ content in plant tissues and illustrate Cd2+ translocation and cellular and subcellular responses of T. aestivum to Cd2+ stress. Compared to the conventional metal-S coprecipitation histochemical method, this new IHC method is quantitative, more specific and has less background interference. The subcellular location of Cd2+ was also confirmed with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The IHC method is suitable for locating and quantifying Cd2+ in plant tissues and can be extended to other heavy metallic ions.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chen, C., Yu, J., Yoza, B.A., Li, Q.X., and Wang, G. 2015. A Novel wastes-treat-wastes technology: role and potential of spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst in catalytic ozonation of petrochemical wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management 152: 58-65.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chen, C., Wang, Y., Li, Q.X., Wang, P., Yoza, B.A., and Guo, S. 2015. Catalytic ozonation of petroleum refinery wastewater utilizing Mn-Fe-Cu/Al2O3 catalyst. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(7): 5552-5562.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fu, X., Wang, X., Cui, Y., Wang, A., Lai, D., Liu, Y., Li, Q.X., Wang, B., and Zhou, L. 2015. A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of ustiloxin A in rice false smut balls and rice samples. Food Chem. 181: 140-145.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Cho, I.K., Jeong, M., You, A.-S., Park, K.H., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Pulmonary proteome and protein networks in response to the herbicide paraquat in rats. J. Proteomics & Bioinformatics 8(5): 67-79.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wang, J., Caccamise, S.A.L., Woodward, L.A., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the plasma and preen oil of black-footed albatross (Diomedea nigripes) chicks and adults on Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0123041.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Kim, H.W., Kim, J.B., Cho, S.M., Cho, I.K., Li, Q.X., Jang, H.H., Lee, S.H., Lee, Y.M., and Hwang, K.A. 2015. Characterization and quantification of ?-oryzanols in grains of 16 Korean rice varieties. J. Food Sciences and Nutrition 66(2): 166-174.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Jia, R.Z., Zhang, R.J., Wen, Q., Chen, W.F., Cho, I.K., Chen, W.X., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Identification and classification of rhizobia by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Proteomics & Bioinformatics 8(6): 98-107.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chu, S.; Wang, J.; Leong, G.; Woodward, L.A.; Letcher, R.; Li, Q.X. 2015. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and carboxylic acids in liver, muscle and adipose tissues of black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) from Midway Island, North Pacific Ocean. Chemosphere 138: 60-66.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wen, B., Yuan, X., Li, Q,X., Ren, J., Liu, J., Wang, X., and Cui, Z. 2015. Comparison and evaluation of concurrent saccharification and anaerobic digestion of Napier grass after pretreatment by three microbial consortia. Bioresource Technology 175: 102-111.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yan, Q.X., Li, K.M., Li, Q.X., Huang, D.Y., Zhang, X.Q., Ye, J.Q., and Chen, S.B. 2014. Quantitative trait locus analysis for yield traits of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Applied Mechanics and Materials 651: 277-288.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fu, X., Wang, A., Wang, X., Lin, F., He, L., Lai, D., Liu, Y., Li, Q.X., Wang, B., and Zhou, L. 2015. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for detection of ustiloxin B in rice false smut balls and rice grains. Toxins 7:3481-3496.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wei, L.F.; Yang, Y.; Li, Q.X.; Wang, J. 2015. Composition, distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water sources in south China. Water Quality, Exposure and Health 7(1): 89-97.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gao, S., Zhang, Y., Jiang, N., Luo, L., Li, Q.X., and Li, J. 2015. Novosphingobium fluoreni sp. nov., isolated from rice seeds. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65(Pt 5):1409-1414.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gao, W., Nan, T., Tan, G., Tan, W., Zhao, H., Meng, F., Li, Z., Li, Q.X., and Wang, B. 2015. Cellular and subcellular immunohistochemical localization and quantification of cadmium ions in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PLoS ONE 10(5): e0123779.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Zhang, R., Liu, K., Cui, Y., Zhang, W., He, L., Guo, S., Chen, Y., Li, Q.X., Liu, S., and Wang, B. 2015. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of the insecticide cyantraniliprole. RSC Advances 5 (45): 35874-35881.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Chen, C., Yoza, B.A., Chen, H., Li, Q.X., and Guo, S. 2015. Manganese sand ore is an economical and effective catalyst for ozonation of organic chemicals in petrochemical wastewater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 226 (6): 182.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Liu, Z., Liu, J., Wang, K., Li, W., Shelver, W.L., Li, Q.X., Li, J., and Xu, T. 2015. Selection of phage-displayed peptides for the detection of imidacloprid in water and soil. Analytical Biochemistry 485: 28-33.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ngamhui, N.; Tantisuwichwong, N.; Roytrakul, S.; Zhu, Y.J.; Li, Q.X.; Akkasaeng, C. 2015. Correlation of drought tolerance with activities of ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase in sugarcane. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 20(2): 145-150.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wang, J., Huang, B., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Organochlorine pesticides in follicular fluid of women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Environmental Pollution 207:266-272.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Baker, M.R. and Li, Q.X. 2014. Characterization of the amino acid sequence and site-specific glycosylation of windmill palm peroxidase. 2014 Joint Annual Meeting of Society for Glycobiology and Japanese Society of Carbohydrate Research. November 16-19, 2014. Honolulu, Hawaii.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wang, J., Qu, W., Bittenbender, H.C., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Kavalactone content and chemotype of kava beverages prepared from roots and rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea varieties and extraction efficiency of kavalactones using different solvents. Journal of Food Science and Technology 52(2): 1164-1169.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Li, Q.X., Baker, M.R., and Sakharov, I.Y. 2015. Structural characterization of windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) peroxidase with mass spectrometry. International conference biocatalysis  2015: fundamentals and applications. June 21-25, 2015. Moscow, Russia.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Deng, S., Chen, Y., Wang, D., Shi, T., Wu, X., Ma, X., Li, X., Hua, R., Tang, X., and Li, Q.X. 2015. Rapid biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by Stenotrophomonas sp. G1. J. Hazadous Materials 297: 17-24.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences of this project include scientific communities, farmers, rangers, government agencies, food safety, pest control and management, pesticide companies, pesticide users, Kauai residents, Kauai school students and teachers, Kauai community leaders, and Kauai community groups. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The research opportunities were provided to 2 undergraduates students (T. Pan, A. Kwan), 14 graduates students (M.R. Baker, S. Doello, S.-M. Gao, J. Ge, M. Green, J. Liu, J. Murison, N. Ngamhui, C. Ortega, A. Paer, D. Roettger, B.-T. Wen, R.-J. Wang, R. Wu), 13 visiting researchers and post-doctoral fellows (R. Beosch, Z. Cao, C. Chen, Y. Fan, R. Jia, M. Lu, H. Peng, A. Sheng, W. Tan, D. Si, L. Wu, H.W. Zhao, L. Zhou), 4 junior researchers (I.K. Cho, Z.-B. Liang, Y. Li and J. Wang) and one research associate (G. Leong) in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results were disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles, submission of technical reports to appropriate authorities, and posters and oral presentations to target audiences such as Kauai residents, Kauai school students and teachers, Kauai community leaders, and Kauai community groups. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? There will be no objective changes next year. We plan to perform the project according to the objectives proposed.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We have studied concentrations, distributions, sources, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and other persistent pollutants in the environment. In addition we have studied the structures of an anionic peroxidase from the windmill palm tree Trachycarpus fortunei. Peroxidases are an important component of biosensors and immunochemical kits due to their fast catalysis properties. Peroxidase-based biosensors have been commonly used for detection of antioxidants, which gives an indication of the nutritional quality of foodstuffs. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been commonly used as the report enzyme in enzyme immunoassays to detect food allergens and pesticides that may contaminate food and the environment. However, HRP is not stable. Anionic peroxidases purified from palm tree leaves possess extremely high stability. Moreover, these enzymes showed distinct substrate specificity compared with HRP. Their unique properties have allowed for development of novel and improved applications. Palm peroxidase-based biosensors were more stable and could tolerate higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The exceptional stability of palm peroxidases at acidic pH met the requirement for synthesis of conductive and chiral polymers under environmentally safe conditions. This study was designed to fill in the knowledge gap about the structures of a peroxidase from the windmill palm tree. The complete amino acid sequence and partial glycosylation were determined by MALDI-top-down sequencing of native windmill palm tree peroxidase (WPTP), MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS of WPTP tryptic peptides, and cDNA sequencing. The propeptide of WPTP contained N- and C-terminal signal sequences which contained 21 and 17 amino acid residues, respectively. Mature WPTP was 306 amino acids in length and its carbohydrate content ranged from 21 - 29%. Comparison to closely related royal palm tree peroxidase revealed structural features that may explain differences in their substrate specificity. The obtained results can be used to guide engineering of WPTP and its novel applications.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Baker, M.R.; Zhao, H.; Sakharov, I.Y.; Li, Q.X. 2014. Amino acid sequence of anionic peroxidase from the windmill palm tree Trachycarpus fortunei. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62 (49): 1194111948.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tan, Y.; Huang, Q.; Shi, T.; Song, J.; Wu, X.; Li, X.; Li, X.; Cao, H.; Tang, J.; Ma, X.; Li, Q.X. 2014. Promoting photosensitized reductive dechlorination of chlorothalonil using epigallocatechin gallate in water. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62(50): 12090-12095.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Liu, M.; Yang, Y.; Yan, X.; Zhang, M.; Li, Q.X.; Wang, J. 2014. Distribution and ecological assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the East Lake, China. Ecotoxicology 23(1): 92-101.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Yang, Y.; Woodward, L.A.; Li, Q.X.; Wang, J. 2014. Concentrations, source, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86441.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Yang, Y.; Yun, X.; Liu, M.; Jiang, Y.; Li, Q.X.; Wang, J. 2014. Concentrations, distributions, sources, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in surface water of the East Lake, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(4): 3041-3050.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ge, J.; Liu, M.; Yun, X.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Li, Q.X.; Wang, J. 2014. Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface waters of the East Lake, China. Chemosphere 103:256-262.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Baker, M.; Li, Q.X. 2014. Site-specific glycosylation of windmill palm peroxidase. Plant Biology 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Society of Plant Biologists. Portland, Oregon. July 12-16, 2014.


Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences of this project include scientific communities, farmers, rangers, government agencies, food safety, pest control and management, pesticide companies, pesticide users, Kauai residents, Kauai community leaders, and Kauai community groups. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The research and extension opportunities were provided to 2 undergraduates students (T. Pan, M. Nishio), 12 graduates students (M.R. Baker, S.-M. Gao, J. Ge, R. Jia, C. Miller, J. Murison, C. Ortega, D. Roettger, J.-S. Seo, B.-T. Wen, R.-J. Wang, X.-F. Ye), 3 post-doctoral fellows (H.W. Zhao, S.-W. Qi, T. Xu), 2 visiting scientist (H.-J. Park, L.-J. Wu), one visiting researcher (R. Beosch), 7 junior researchers (I.K. Cho, R.M. Harada, Y.-S. Keum, Z.-B. Liang, Y.R. Romero, L. Seale and J. Wang) and one research associate (G. Leong). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results were disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles, submission of technical reports to appropriate authorities, and posters and oral presentations to target audiences such as Kauai residents, Kauai school students and teachers, Kauai community leaders, and Kauai community groups. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? There will be no objective changes next year. We plan to perform the project according to the objectives proposed.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Success of this project directly supports to maintain food security and food safety as well as the quality, quantity and competitiveness of agricultural produce in the global economy. Field studies were performed and samples were collected according to the well-established good field operation procedures. The samples were delivered to the pesticide residue laboratory for residue analysis. Pesticide residues were then analyzed according to the well-defined good laboratory practices. The quality assurance officer had performed audits, in-life inspections and other inspections to assure the quality of the work. In the past year, we completed two projects. The completed project reports were submitted, via the Western Region IR-4 Office, to IR-4 Headquarters at Rutgers University. The IR-4 Headquarters submitted the reports to the U.S. EPA to apply for clearance of the pesticide use. The residue data are essential in establishing tolerance levels. Growers have benefitted from the work for using the registered pesticides. Pesticide companies have benefitted from the work for marketing their pesticide products. The work ensures crop production and food safety by managing pests and minimizing human exposure to pesticides. The US EPA conducted a neutral scheme inspection of our research facility as part of quality assurance on June 11-13, 2013 and found no major findings. This demonstrated our research quality and good laboratory practices. In extension activities, an ambient air study was conducted in response to community concerns about occurrences at Kauai’s Waimea Canyon Middle School during which time some students and staff exhibited symptoms such as throat irritation, tearing, and dizziness. Studies were conducted to determine (1) potential pesticide exposure and (2) if a locally common plant, stinkweed (Cleome gynandra), is producing odorous chemicals that may affect Waimea Canyon Middle School students and staff. The stinkweed plant was studied using multiple methodologies including plant tissue and chemical air emission analyses. A closed chamber laboratory air emission study identified 29 chemicals (some with insecticidal activities) produced by stinkweed. Those findings are consistent with the chemicals detected through the plant extraction method. The 29 chemicals were also found in a high volume ambient air sampling study within a stinkweed-infested field. Approximately half of the 29 chemicals produced by stinkweed were detected in both indoor and outdoor air samples from passive air samplers and high volume air samplers positioned at Waimea Canyon Middle School and other Kauai schools. One of the 29 natural chemicals was methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). Five pesticides were detected in the indoor and outdoor passive air samples and the high volume outdoor air samples collected at Waimea Canyon Middle School. Those pesticides were chlorpyrifos, metolachlor, bifenthrin, benzene hexachlorides (BHCs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). BHCs and DDTs, likely from past uses and ubiquitous throughout the world, were detected in all air samples collected from Kauai. Concentrations of the pesticides and MITC were well below health concern exposure limits or applicable screening levels.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Baker, M.R.; Li, Q.X. 2013. Guanidination tryptic peptides without desalting for MALDI MS analysis. Analytical Chemistry 85(18):88738880.
  • Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Leong, G.; Li, Q.X. 2013. Magnitude of residues of NAA and its metabolites in or on pomegranate. IR-4 headquarters, Rutgers Univ., NJ (4 trials).
  • Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Leong, G.; Li, Q.X. 2013. Magnitude of residues of fluazifop-p-butyl and its metabolites in or on coffee. IR-4 headquarters, Rutgers Univ., NJ (1 trial).
  • Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Li, Q.X.; Wang, J.; Boesch, R. 2013. Air sampling and analysis for pesticide residues and odorous chemicals in and around Waimea, Kauai. Project report submitted to the Office of Economic Development of Kauai County and the Pesticides Branch of State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture.