Source: WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
DEVELOPING ADAPTED VARIETIES AND OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR QUINOA IN DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
OTHER GRANTS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0230469
Grant No.
2012-51300-20100
Project No.
WNP03105
Proposal No.
2012-02270
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
113.A
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2012
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2017
Grant Year
2012
Project Director
Murphy, K.
Recipient Organization
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
240 FRENCH ADMINISTRATION BLDG
PULLMAN,WA 99164-0001
Performing Department
Crop & Soil Sciences
Non Technical Summary
Quinoa is a broadly adapted grain crop in huge demand in the US because it is highly nutritious, with excellent protein quality and quantity. The current organic quinoa supply from the quinoa producing Andean countries is insufficient to meet the existing and growing demand in the US, driving distributors, wholesalers, and retailers to seek out domestic, reliable sources of quinoa. Domestic supply is essentially nonexistent for several reasons, primarily due to the lack of information regarding regionally adapted varieties, best management practices for organic farms, or marketing options for quinoa. This project will provide the information urgently needed by farmers wanting to capitalize on the rapidly expanding quinoa market. Organic growers and quinoa distributors have been instrumental in the development of all stages of this proposal. Our goals are to 1) identify and quantify domestic demand and future marketing opportunities for domestically grown organic quinoa; 2) evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest; 3) develop best management practices for organic quinoa production; 4) evaluate the end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines; and 5) disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing. A Stakeholder Advisory Committee has been formed, consisting of representative growers, wholesalers, retailers, and end-users. The results of the project will contribute to OREIs legislatively-defined goals 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8 by generating research information and educating different clientele on quinoa production and marketing.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
10%
Applied
80%
Developmental
10%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1031599108110%
1111599107010%
2011599108120%
2021599108110%
2031599108110%
2041599108110%
2051599107010%
2161599107010%
7011599108010%
Knowledge Area
202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 204 - Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest); 701 - Nutrient Composition of Food; 205 - Plant Management Systems; 203 - Plant Biological Efficiency and Abiotic Stresses Affecting Plants; 111 - Conservation and Efficient Use of Water; 103 - Management of Saline and Sodic Soils and Salinity; 216 - Integrated Pest Management Systems; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1599 - Grain crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology; 1080 - Genetics; 1081 - Breeding;
Goals / Objectives
The overall, long-term goals of this project are to: 1) quantify the current demand and the market potential for US-grown organic quinoa; 2) select quinoa varieties adapted to organic systems through further development of the WSU quinoa breeding program and through variety testing in Washington, Oregon, and Utah; 3) evaluate and develop best management practices to optimize organic quinoa production systems; and, 4) disseminate information to diverse audiences using a range of outreach methods. The primary stakeholders of this project include organic growers, and current quinoa distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. Critical needs described by growers at roundtables, field days and in phone conservations and email communications include: 1) the development of varieties adapted to their region and to organic farming, 2) the identification of best management practices for quinoa production, and 3) the development of new marketing channels for growers. Critical needs outlined by growers include heat, drought, and salinity tolerant varieties; saponin-free, highly nutritious varieties; intercropping options; optimal nitrogen fertility regimes; seeding rates and dates; irrigation requirements and timing; and marketing options. Growers emphasized repeatedly that none of these critical needs were being met at present. Research (1-4) and Extension (5) Objectives 1. Identify and quantify demand and future marketing opportunities for domestically grown organic quinoa 2. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest 3. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production 4. Evaluate the end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines 5. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing There is currently very little known about locally adapted quinoa varieties and even less about agronomic and best management practices for quinoa production in the US. The most immediate impact will be a significant increase in knowledge regarding varieties of quinoa that are best adapted to the various climates and organic farming systems of Washington, Oregon, and Utah. Traits of importance will be quickly understood by growers and researchers and varieties with specific traits will be shared among other farmers at field days and conferences, and through handouts and newsletter publications. Quinoa production for seed and local consumption will begin to approach and take advantage of the demand for locally grown grains. This expanded market will encourage farmers to grow grains as a component in their current cropping rotations, resulting in increased diversity and resiliency in their farming systems. This is already being realized with wheat on small- to mid-scale farms in western Washington after a very short time span of coordinated farmer/researcher collaboration.
Project Methods
Objective 1. Identify and quantify domestic demand and future marketing opportunities for domestically grown organic quinoa. This socioeconomic research will involve surveys of quinoa distributors, wholesalers, and retailers across the US in Years 1 and 4 of the project. Dr. Goldberger, an agricultural sociologist at Washington State University (WSU), will oversee survey development, implementation, and analysis. This objective is of utmost importance as this information is not available and this is one of the most pressing questions we receive from US farmers interested in growing quinoa. Objective 2. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest. Three multi-year and multi-state experiments will be conducted to help achieve the overall goals of Objective 2: 1) multi-state organic variety trials; 2) breeding line evaluation and phenotyping; and 3) salinity tolerance trials. Objective 3. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production. Within Objective 3, two experiments will be conducted, described below. Experiment 3.1: Deficit Irrigation x Intercropping Trial Dr. Murphy and Dr. Desta will coordinate the deficit irrigation x intercropping trial. To date, the focus of the WSU quinoa program has been on dryland agriculture. In order to optimize yields in most environments, supplemental irrigation will be critical. One goal of this experiment will be to identify the most effective irrigation amounts at important stages in the quinoa life cycle. The second goal of this experiment will be to gather baseline data on the potential of leguminous intercropping on soil fertility, soil quality, and weed suppression in organic systems. Experiment 3.2: Seeding Rate, Row Spacing, and Planting Date Trial Drs. Petrie and Machado of OSU will coordinate the seeding rate and date trial in high and low rainfall regions of Oregon. The goal of this trial is to elucidate the important question of how much seed per acre should be planted to maximize production in low rainfall/dryland conditions and higher rainfall/irrigated conditions. Some of this information can be found in the literature, but it has not been identified for the target regions. Additionally, the optimal seeding dates for each mega-environment should be identified to allow for maximum days to maturity and grain yield. Objective 4. Evaluate the end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines. Dr. Baik of WSU will coordinate this component of the project. Quinoa varieties and advanced generation breeding lines will be tested for comprehensive physical and compositional characteristics of seed affecting processing and food product quality as well as nutritional value to determine the variations of traits and identify the elite lines and varieties for food uses. The early generation breeding lines will be determined for physical grain characteristics, and protein and ash contents for their screening.

Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, consumers, quinoa researchers, processors, distributors Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Over 25 class lectures were delivered to undergraduate students since 2012 across three universities that focused on quinoa research. Three graduate students fully or partially funded through this OREI program have received their M.S. degrees, and an additional four students (2 Ph.D. and 2 M.S.) are expected to graduate by the end of this grant cycle. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Selected conference presentations: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Development of the WSU quinoa breeding program from the ground up: Lessons learned and the way forward. National Association of Plant Breeding, Webinar, April 20, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding for nutritional and rotational diversity in dryland cereal and seed crops in the Palouse prairie ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest. Texas A&M Plant Breeding Symposium, College Station, TX, February 18, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding grains for regional organic adaptation. Organic Seed Growers Conference, Corvallis, OR, February 5, 2016. Murphy, K., J. Kellogg, L. Hinojosa, C. Habiyaremye, M. Hagler, J. Davison (2016). Faculty-led study abroad: Agroecology and participatory research in Ecuador. Crop and Soil Science Seminar Series, Fall 2016. Pullman, WA, October 3, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016. Field Days and Workshops: Our research team has organized and/or participated in approximately 25 field days and workshops since 2012 that focused on quinoa production and research in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Washington, at which an estimated 800 stakeholders participated. Graduate and undergraduate students: Over 26 class lectures were delivered to undergraduate students since 2012 across three universities that focused on quinoa research. Three graduate students fully or partially funded through this OREI program have received their M.S. degrees, and an additional four students (2 Ph.D. and 2 M.S.) are expected to graduate by the end of this grant cycle. Conference Organized and Hosted: International Quinoa Research Symposium, August 12-14, 2013. Pullman, WA. 160 participants representing 24 countries and 18 states attended the 3-day conference. A total of 14 webinars of the invited presentations were made available to the public through eXtension and YouTube. These 14 webinars have together been viewed over 7,000. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Our research has clearly demonstrated the need for future work. Among the highest priorities include: 1) breeding for heat tolerant varieties; 2) investigating proper management of three major pests, including stem borer, aphid and lygus bug; 3) conducting variety and agronomic trials across potential quinoa producing regions of the U.S.; 4) selection for downy mildew resistance and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wetter climates; 5) more focused research on agronomic questions like optimal seeding rate, planting date, fertility rates, planting and harvesting equipment, and irrigation, 6) an in-depth economic analysis to determine the profitability of regionally and domestically grown quinoa within different marketing options; and 7) continued characterization of end-use quality parameters and nutritional traits in different quinoa populations. These and other priorities can be accomplished through an expansion of our current organic research team to: 1) include scientists and farmers from across the U.S.; and 2) expand our research focus to include a strong entomology, pathology, soil fertility and microbiology component.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our research has contributed to organic, domestic production by providing growers with accurate data on yield, disease resistance, heat tolerance and seed quality through multi-year evaluations of hundreds of quinoa varieties and breeding lines across diverse environments. Approximately 70% of the quinoa imported into the U.S. each year is certified organic, indicating a potential preference for organic quinoa among consumers. Based on a 2014 survey of national food co-ops, locally and/or domestically grown quinoa is also strongly preferred by U.S. consumers. In addition, we tested different methods of growing quinoa, including with and without irrigation; transplanted vs. direct seeding; hand, mechanical and weeder geese cultivation; variations in row spacing and plant density; and hand and mechanical harvesting. The extension component of this project has focused on disseminating this research to interested growers across all scales of farm management and in multiple unique climatic ecosystems. Our research team has conducted and/or facilitated 20 informative webinars, over 36 presentations at scientific and farmer meetings, and 25 field days and workshops since 2012 and we hosted an International Quinoa Research Symposium in 2013 in order to exchange ideas and share knowledge with organic stakeholders.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kowalski, R.J., I.G. Medina-Meza, B.B. Thapa, K. Murphy, G.M. Ganjyal (2016). Extrusion processing characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) var. Cherry Vanilla. Journal of Cereal Science 70: 91-98.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wu, G., A.J. Peterson, C.F. Morris, K. Murphy (2016). Quinoa seed quality response to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate salinity. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 790.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Walters, H., L. Carpenter-Boggs, K. Desta, L. Yan, G.J. Matanguihan, K. Murphy (2016). Effect of irrigation, intercrop and cultivar on agronomic and nutritional characteristics of quinoa. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 40: 783-803.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Aluwi, N., B-J. Gu, G. Dhumal, I.G. Medina-Meza, K. Murphy, G. Ganjyal (2016). Impacts of scarification and degermination on the expansion characteristics of select quinoa varieties during extrusion processing. Journal of Food Science 81: E2939-E2949.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K., D. Bazile, J. Kellogg, M. Rahmanian (2016). Development of a worldwide consortium on evolutionary participatory breeding in quinoa. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 608. IF=4.495.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, K. Murphy, C.F. Ross (2017). Lexicon development, consumer acceptance, and drivers of liking of quinoa varieties. Journal of Food Science 82: 993-1005.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wu, G., C. Morris, K. Murphy (2017). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations with the texture profile analysis (TPA) of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 82: 2387-2395.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Development of the WSU quinoa breeding program from the ground up: Lessons learned and the way forward. National Association of Plant Breeding, Webinar, April 20, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding for nutritional and rotational diversity in dryland cereal and seed crops in the Palouse prairie ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest. Texas A&M Plant Breeding Symposium, College Station, TX, February 18, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding grains for regional organic adaptation. Organic Seed Growers Conference, Corvallis, OR, February 5, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K., J. Kellogg, L. Hinojosa, C. Habiyaremye, M. Hagler, J. Davison (2016). Faculty-led study abroad: Agroecology and participatory research in Ecuador. Crop and Soil Science Seminar Series, Fall 2016. Pullman, WA, October 3, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016.


Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Farmers, consumers, quinoa researchers, processors, distributors. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Over 25 class lectures were delivered to undergraduate students since 2012 across three universities that focused on quinoa research. Three graduate students fully or partially funded through this OREI program have received their M.S. degrees, and an additional four students (2 Ph.D. and 2 M.S.) are expected to graduate by the end of this grant cycle. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Selected conference presentations: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Development of the WSU quinoa breeding program from the ground up: Lessons learned and the way forward. National Association of Plant Breeding, Webinar, April 20, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding for nutritional and rotational diversity in dryland cereal and seed crops in the Palouse prairie ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest. Texas A&M Plant Breeding Symposium, College Station, TX, February 18, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding grains for regional organic adaptation. Organic Seed Growers Conference, Corvallis, OR, February 5, 2016. Murphy, K., J. Kellogg, L. Hinojosa, C. Habiyaremye, M. Hagler, J. Davison (2016). Faculty-led study abroad: Agroecology and participatory research in Ecuador. Crop and Soil Science Seminar Series, Fall 2016. Pullman, WA, October 3, 2016. Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016. Field Days and Workshops: Our research team has organized and/or participated in approximately 25 field days and workshops since 2012 that focused on quinoa production and research in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Washington, at which an estimated 800 stakeholders participated. Graduate and undergraduate students: Over 26 class lectures were delivered to undergraduate students since 2012 across three universities that focused on quinoa research. Three graduate students fully or partially funded through this OREI program have received their M.S. degrees, and an additional four students (2 Ph.D. and 2 M.S.) are expected to graduate by the end of this grant cycle. Conference Organized and Hosted: International Quinoa Research Symposium, August 12-14, 2013. Pullman, WA. 160 participants representing 24 countries and 18 states attended the 3-day conference. A total of 14 webinars of the invited presentations were made available to the public through eXtension and YouTube. These 14 webinars have together been viewed over 7,000. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Our research has clearly demonstrated the need for future work. Among the highest priorities include: 1) breeding for heat tolerant varieties; 2) investigating proper management of three major pests, including stem borer, aphid and lygus bug; 3) conducting variety and agronomic trials across potential quinoa producing regions of the U.S.; 4) selection for downy mildew resistance and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wetter climates; 5) more focused research on agronomic questions like optimal seeding rate, planting date, fertility rates, planting and harvesting equipment, and irrigation, 6) an in-depth economic analysis to determine the profitability of regionally and domestically grown quinoa within different marketing options; and 7) continued characterization of end-use quality parameters and nutritional traits in different quinoa populations. These and other priorities can be accomplished through an expansion of our current organic research team to: 1) include scientists and farmers from across the U.S.; and 2) expand our research focus to include a strong entomology, pathology, soil fertility and microbiology component.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our research has contributed to organic, domestic production by providing growers with accurate data on yield, disease resistance, heat tolerance and seed quality through multi-year evaluations of hundreds of quinoa varieties and breeding lines across diverse environments. Approximately 70% of the quinoa imported into the U.S. each year is certified organic, indicating a potential preference for organic quinoa among consumers. Based on a 2014 survey of national food co-ops, locally and/or domestically grown quinoa is also strongly preferred by U.S. consumers. In addition, we tested different methods of growing quinoa, including with and without irrigation; transplanted vs. direct seeding; hand, mechanical and weeder geese cultivation; variations in row spacing and plant density; and hand and mechanical harvesting. The extension component of this project has focused on disseminating this research to interested growers across all scales of farm management and in multiple unique climatic ecosystems. Our research team has conducted and/or facilitated 20 informative webinars, over 36 presentations at scientific and farmer meetings, and 25 field days and workshops since 2012 and we hosted an International Quinoa Research Symposium in 2013 in order to exchange ideas and share knowledge with organic stakeholders.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Aluwi, N., B-J. Gu, G. Dhumal, I.G. Medina-Meza, K. Murphy, G. Ganjyal (2016). Impacts of scarification and degermination on the expansion characteristics of select quinoa varieties during extrusion processing. Journal of Food Science 81: E2939-E2949.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Walters, H., L. Carpenter-Boggs, K. Desta, L. Yan, G.J. Matanguihan, K. Murphy (2016). Effect of irrigation, intercrop and cultivar on agronomic and nutritional characteristics of quinoa. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 40: 783-803.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K., D. Bazile, J. Kellogg, M. Rahmanian (2016). Development of a worldwide consortium on evolutionary participatory breeding in quinoa. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 608.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wu, G., A.J. Peterson, C.F. Morris, K. Murphy* (2016). Quinoa seed quality response to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate salinity. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 790.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Maliro, M.F.A., V.F. Guwela, J. Nyaika, K. Murphy (2017). Preliminary studies of the performance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions of central Malawi. Frontiers in Plant Science 8:227.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Quinoa cultivation in western North America: Lessons learned and the path forward. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 8, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K., J. Kellogg, L. Hinojosa, C. Habiyaremye, M. Hagler, J. Davison (2016). Faculty-led study abroad: Agroecology and participatory research in Ecuador. Crop and Soil Science Seminar Series, Fall 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Murphy, K. (2016). Breeding for nutritional and rotational diversity in dryland cereal and seed crops in the Palouse prairie ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest. Texas A&M Plant Breeding Symposium, College Station, TX, February 18, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Gill, N. Kumar, K. Murphy (2016). High-throughput phenotyping to evaluate heat stress response in quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, November 7, 2016.


Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The primary stakeholders of this project include organic growers, and current quinoa distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate and undergraduate students: Over 22 class lectures were delivered to undergraduate students since 2012 across three universities that focused on quinoa research. Three graduate students fully or partially funded through this OREI program have received their M.S. degrees, and an additional four students (2 Ph.D. and 2 M.S.) are expected to graduate by the end of this grant cycle on June 30, 2016. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Extension and/or education activities completed or upcoming: Conference Organized and Hosted: International Quinoa Research Symposium, August 12-14, 2013. Pullman, WA. 160 participants representing 24 countries and 18 states attended the 3-day conference. A total of 14 webinars of the invited presentations were made available to the public through eXtension and YouTube. These 14 webinars have together been viewed 6,753 times as of Oct. 6, 2015. Webinars: Keen on quinoa breeding. National Institute of Plant Breeding Webinar Series titled 'How to breed new plant varieties: Imagining and engineering crops', June 3, 2014. 346 views as of Oct. 6, 2015. Quinoa breeding for North America. TCAP Webinar Series: "Ahead of the curve: Technologies for next generation plant breeding" March 20, 2013. 45 views as of Oct. 6, 2015. Organic quinoa production in the Pacific Northwest. eOrganic Webinar Series, February 25, 2013. 17,825 views as of Oct. 6, 2015. *Webinar scheduled with eOrganic for March 2016 that will serve as an update of our research since the 2013 eOrganic webinar. Selected Invited conference presentations: Our research team has given over 18 oral presentations and 16 poster presentations at scientific conferences and grower meetings from 2012 to present. A representative sample is presented here. Development of a worldwide consortium on evolutionary participatory breeding in quinoa. European Association of Plant Breeding: International Symposium on Protein Crops V. Pontevedra, Spain, May 5, 2015. Challenges and opportunities of breeding quinoa in the Pacific Northwest. University of Minnesota Plant Breeding Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, March 27, 2015. Growing and marketing specialty grain crops in the Pacific Northwest. Cascadia Grains Conference, Olympia, WA, Jan. 10, 2015. Cultivating the future: Growing the Northwest quinoa crop. Washington State University Innovators Luncheon, Seattle, WA, April 24, 2014. Growing quinoa in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon Small Farms Conference, Corvallis, OR, Feb. 22, 2014. Specialty grain production in the Pacific Northwest: Examples from amaranth, buckwheat, millet, spelt and quinoa. Cascadia Grains Conference, Tacoma, WA, Jan. 11, 2014. Organic quinoa production. Washington Tilth Producers Annual Conference, Yakima, WA, Nov. 10, 2013. Breeding for farmers needs: Quinoa, barley and buckwheat. Student Organic Seed Symposium, Mount Vernon, WA, Aug. 5, 2013. Quinoa production in the Pacific Northwest. Focus on Farming Conference. Everett, WA, Nov. 15, 2012. Field Days and Workshops: Our research team has organized and/or participated in approximately 20 field days and workshops since 2012 that focused on quinoa production and research in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Washington, at which an estimated 800 stakeholders participated. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Our research has clearly demonstrated the need for future work. Among the highest priorities include: 1) breeding for heat tolerant varieties; 2) investigating proper management of three major pests, including stem borer, aphid and lygus bug; 3) conducting variety and agronomic trials across potential quinoa producing regions of the U.S.; 4) selection for downy mildew resistance and pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wetter climates; 5) more focused research on agronomic questions like optimal seeding rate, planting date, fertility rates, planting and harvesting equipment, and irrigation, 6) an in-depth economic analysis to determine the profitability of regionally and domestically grown quinoa within different marketing options; and 7) continued characterization of end-use quality parameters and nutritional traits in different quinoa populations. These and other priorities can be accomplished through an expansion of our current organic research team to: 1) include scientists and farmers from across the U.S.; and 2) expand our research focus to include a strong entomology, pathology, soil fertility and microbiology component.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Approximately 70% of the quinoa imported into the U.S. each year is certified organic, indicating a potential preference for organic quinoa among consumers. Based on a 2014 survey of national food co-ops, locally and/or domestically grown quinoa is also strongly preferred by U.S. consumers. Our research has contributed to organic, domestic production by providing growers with accurate data on yield, disease resistance, heat tolerance and seed quality through multi-year evaluations of hundreds of quinoa varieties and breeding lines across diverse environments. In addition, we tested different methods of growing quinoa, including with and without irrigation; transplanted vs. direct seeding; hand, mechanical and weeder geese cultivation; variations in row spacing and plant density; and hand and mechanical harvesting. The extension component of this project has focused on disseminating this research to interested growers across all scales of farm management and in multiple unique climatic ecosystems. Our research team has conducted and/or facilitated 17 informative webinars, over 30 presentations at scientific and farmer meetings, and 20 field days and workshops since 2012 and we hosted an International Quinoa Research Symposium in 2013 in order to exchange ideas and share knowledge with organic stakeholders.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Peterson, A.J., S.-E. Jacobsen, A. Bonifacio, K. Murphy* (2015). A crossing method for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Sustainability 7: 3230-3243.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Matanguihan, J.B., P.J. Maughan, E.N. Jellen, B. Kolano (2015). Quinoa Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Diversity, In: Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production, K.M. Murphy and J.G. Matanguihan, (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Development of a worldwide consortium on evolutionary participatory breeding in quinoa. European Association of Plant Breeding: International Symposium on Protein Crops V. Pontevedra, Spain, May 5, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Challenges and opportunities of breeding quinoa in the Pacific Northwest. University of Minnesota Plant Breeding Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, March 27, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Growing and marketing specialty grain crops in the Pacific Northwest. Cascadia Grains Conference, Olympia, WA, Jan. 10, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Khati, K., J. Davenport, K.G. Desta, K. Murphy (2015). Effect of Organic Nitrogen Amendments and Irrigation Regimes on Agronomic Performance of Two Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivars. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hinojosa, L., K. Murphy, G. Wu (2015). Quinoa photoperiod sensitivity. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Nichols, V.A., K. Murphy, K. Schroeder (2015). Direct-seeded quinoa: Some considerations. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Buckland, K., J. Reeve, E. Creech (2015). Developing organic quinoa cropping systems for quinoa. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Peterson, A.J., K. Murphy (2015). Quinoa Cultivation for Temperate North America: Considerations and Areas for Investigation, In: Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production, K.M. Murphy and J.G. Matanguihan, (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Reeve, J., K. Buckland, A. Nafziger (2015). Developing quinoa for production in Utah. Western Society of Crop Science, June 16-17, Logan, UT.


Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences reached by our efforts include: farmers, processors, distributors, scientists, students, and end users. We reached these target audiences though a multi-pronged approach. This included field days across the region target primarily to farmers; undergraduate student internships; formal classroom instruction in four distinct courses; a Interntational Quinoa Research Symposium; webinars and multiple invited and/or keynote presentatons at local, regional, national and international levels. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to communities through multiple field days in Washington, Oregon and Utah,. Several poster presentations showcasing quinoa research were heldat venues including the 2014 WSU BIOAg Symposium 'Saving Nature and Improving Agriculture: Where does Nature's Wisdom Lie?'; the American Association of Cereal Chemistry Annual Meeting in 2014 in Providence, Rhode Island; the Experimental Biology Annual Meeting in San Diego, California in 2014; the WSU Academic Showcase in Pullman, WA; Tilth Producers Annual Conference in Yakima, WA in 2013. Invited oral presentations were delivered at the Cascadia Grains Conference in Olympia in 2014 and 2015; for the Greater Spokane Incorporated Agribusiness Council; at the SOLIBAM Congress in 2014 in Nantes, France; at the Berkeley Food Institute, UC Berkeley; at the WSU Innovators Luncheon in Seattle, WA; at the Oregon Small Farms Conference in Corvallis, OR, and at the Washington Tilth Producers Annual Conference in Yakima, WA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Continue multi-state organic variety trials. 2. Continue salinity trials. 3. Continue heat tolerance trials in the field, lab and greenhouse. 4. Publish results on the intercropping trials. 5. Publish results on Food Co-op survey. 6. Submit a survey to WA State organic farmers about quinoa production. 7. Continue agronomic trials on seeding rate and date.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Identify and quantify demand and future marketing opportunities for domestically grown organic quinoa. A PhD student,Emily Green-Tracewicz, in collaboration with Dr. JessicaGoldbergerhas developed and sent out a survey to Food Cooperatives across the US. The data has been compiled and is currently being analyzed. Research results have been presented at two conferences to date. 2. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest. In 2014, 7 variety trials consisting of30 varieties and 6 breeding lines were grown on farms in three states, including Washington (3 sites), Oregon (3 sites), andUtah (1 site). Morphological characteristics were evaluated throughout the growing season, as well as disease and insect resistance. Yield and other post-harvest traits were recorded in Fall 2014. Additionally, 10 advanced early generation populationswere grown on organic farmsin Pullman and Quilcene, WA. 3. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production. Intercropping trialswere completedin Utah and Washington (2 separate trials), and are currently being written up for publication.Heat tolerance trials are in progress in Lewiston, Idaho and Prosser, Washington. A pilot salinity trial was planted in Utah, and a greenhouse salinity trial at WSU was completed and a manuscript was accepted and published in Crop Science in 2015. A seeding rate/planting date/row spacing trial was planted at two locations in Oregon. 4. Evaluate the end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines. Quinoa varieties from the greenhouse salinity x nitrogen trial were analyzed for a suite of end-use quality and nutritional traits.This manuscript is currently in progress. Additionally, 14 other quinoa varieties from the field were analyzed for end-use quality traits and nutritional value and results from this paper were published in Journal of Food Science in 2014. 5. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing.Several field days were held across three states during Summer 2014 that provided connections for farmers and marketers of quinoa. A webinar was conducted in 2013 that discussed organic quinoa production and marketing.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Peterson, A. and K. Murphy (2015). Tolerance of lowland quinoa cultivars to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate salinity. Crop Science 55: 331-338.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wu, G., K. Murphy, C. Morris (2014). Evaluation of texture differences among varieties of cooked quinoa. Journal of Food Science 79(11): S2337-S2345.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2015 Citation: Peterson, A.J., K. Murphy, S.-E. Jacobsen, A. Bonifacio (in review). A crossing method for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Submitted to Sustainability.
  • Type: Books Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Murphy, K., J.B. Matanguihan (eds.) (2015, in press). Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production, Wiley-Blackwell. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Peterson, A.J., K. Murphy (2015). Quinoa Cultivation for Temperate North America: Considerations and Areas for Investigation, In: Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production, K.M. Murphy and J.G. Matanguihan, (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Peterson, A.J., K. Murphy (2014). Quinoa in the USA and Canada, In: The State of the Worlds Quinoa, D. Bazile (ed.), Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Noratto, G., R. Carrion-Rabanal, K. Murphy, G. Ganjyal, R. Kowalski (2014). Quinoa as a source of bioactive compounds with potential for intestingal health. Experimental Biology Annual Meeting 2014, San Diego, April 2014. Abstract published in FASEB JOURNAL APR 2014, 28:647.18.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Murphy, K. (2014). Keen on quinoa breeding. National Institute of Plant Breeding Webinar Series titled How to breed new plant varieties: Imagining and engineering crops, June 3, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Murphy, K., M. Dillon, C. Brummer, L. Carlisle (2014). Developing seeds in diversified farming systems: A panel discussion. Berkeley Food Institute, University of California, Berkeley, April 28, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Murphy, K., (2014). Cultivating the future: Growing the Northwest quinoa crop. Washington State University Innovators Luncheon, Seattle, WA, April 24, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Murphy, K. and F. Morton (2014). Growing quinoa in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon Small Farms Conference, Corvallis, OR, February 22, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Murphy, K. (2014). Specialty grain production in the Pacific Northwest: Examples from amaranth, buckwheat, millet, spelt and quinoa. Cascadia Grains Conference, Tacoma, WA, January 11, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Murphy, K. and I. Clark (2013). Organic quinoa production. Washington State Tilth Producers Annual Conference, Yakima, WA, November 10, 2013.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, K. Murphy (2014). Quinoa starch characteristics and their correlations to cooking quality. WSU BIOAg Symposium, Saving Nature and Improving Agriculture: Where does Natures Wisdom Lie? Pullman, WA, October 28, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, K. Murphy (2014). Evaluation of texture differences among varieties of cooked quinoa. American Association of Cereal Chemistry Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, October 6, 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Noratto, G., R. Carrion-Rabanal, K. Murphy, G. Ganjyal, R. Kowalski (2014). Quinoa as a source of bioactive compounds with potential for intestingal health. Experimental Biology Annual Meeting 2014, San Diego, April 2014.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Peterson, A. and K. Murphy (2013). Pre-harvest sprouting, mold susceptibility, senescence, and seed set in quinoa cultivars grown in Northwest Washington State. Tilth Producers Conference, Yakima, WA, Nov. 11, 2013.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wu, G., C.F. Morris, and K. Murphy (2014). Texture differences of cooked quinoa among thirteen varieties. WSU Academic Showcase, Pullman, WA, March 29, 2014.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hannah Walters, MS in Crop Science, Graduated Spring 2014 Thesis: Agronomic and Nutritional Characteristics of Quinoa Grown under Different Intercrop and Irrigation Regimes in an Organic System
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Adam Peterson, MS in Crop Science, Graduated Spring 2013 Thesis: Salinity Tolerance and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Quinoa for Expanded Production in Temperate North America
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Morgan Gardner, MS in Environmental Science, Graduated Summer 2013 Thesis: Assessing the Potential Adoption of Quinoa for Consumption in Central Malawi
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: MS Thesis, Rocio Jackelyn Carrion Rabanal Assessing the Andean Crops Sacha Inchi and Quinoa for their bioactive compounds and their potential health benefits


Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/13

Outputs
Target Audience: A wide range of people representing various segments of our target audience were reached through efforts that included: 1)classroom teaching to university undergraduates; 2) five multi-state research and extension field days; 3) a national organic student seed symposium presentation and field day for graduate students;4) a webinar on organic quinoa production (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7j_VdwrFSA)through eOrganic and YouTube (1,644 views from February 26, 2013 to August 30, 2013); 5) poster presentations at regional, national and international meetings; and 6) an International Quinoa Research Symposium (https://www.etouches.com/ehome/quinoa/)hosted by Washington State University, which had 150 in-person attendees (representing 23 countries) and an average of 50 online attendees per presentation. The symposium was recorded by eOrganic and available at the following website: http://www.extension.org/pages/68467/international-quinoa-research-symposium-broadcast-webinar. This diversity of outreach efforts led to a target audience that included farmers, gardeners, social scientists, plant breeders, soil scientists, agronomists, distributors, retailers, processors, extension specialists, interested consumers, media, entrepreneurs and economists. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated to communities of interest through numerous, geographically interspered field days, a webinar, multiple poster presentations - including poster sessions at the WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources symposium, WSU Academic Showcase, International Quinoa Research Symposium, and the American Society of Agronomy International Meetings -, and an oral presentation at a Focus on Farming conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Accomplishments in relation to the research and extension objectives stated above. 1.Identify and quantify demand and future marketing opportunities for domestically grown organic quinoa. A PhD student was identified and funded who will be working onthe first stageof this objective. To date, potential markets to survey have been identified, and a list of questions has been drafted. The survey will be sent to retail markets in Year 2 of the project. 2. Evaluate and select quinoa varieties and breeding lines in organic systems for critical traits of interest. First-year variety trials, consisting of26 varieties and 6breeding lines are being grown on organic farmsin four states, including Washington (2 sites), Oregon (1 site), Utah (1 site) and Idaho (1 site). At the time of this progress report, all plots are still standing in the field, approximately two to three weeks from harvest. Morphological characteristics have been evaluated throughout the growing season, as well as disease and insect resistance. Yield and other post-harvest traits will be recorded in Fall 2013 and available through the project website. Additionally, 800+ advanced breeding lines are currently growing as headrows at WSU in Pullman. These are being phenotyped and will complement genotype data generated by BYU. The most promising of these lines will be included in the organic variety trials in 2014. 3. Develop best management practices for organic quinoa production. Intercropping trials are currently underway in Utah and Washington (2 separate trials). Heat tolerance trials are in progress in Lewiston, Idaho and Prosser, Washington. A pilot salinity trial was planted in Utah, and a greenhouse salinity trial at WSU was completed and a manuscript is currently in preparation. A seeding rate/planting date/row spacing trial was planted at two locations in Oregon. All trials are currently in progress and results will be available in Fall/Winter of 2013/2014. 4. Evaluate the end-use quality traits and nutritional value of quinoa varieties and breeding lines. Quinoa varieties from the greenhouse salinity x nitrogen trial are currently being analyzed for a suite of end-use quality and nutritional traits. Additionally, 14 other quinoa varieties from the field are being analyzed for end-use quality traits and nutritional value. 5. Disseminate information about, and develop farmer/distributor relationships for, organic quinoa production and marketing. Five field days were held across three states during Summer 2013 that provided connections for farmers and marketers of quinoa. A webinar was conducted in February 2013 that discussed organic quinoa production and marketing. The International Quinoa Research Symposium hosted farmers and distributors, processors, and retailers from over 14 states in the US (a total of 23 countries were represented at the symposium), and many valuable connections were forged.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2012 Citation: Walters, H. and K. Murphy (2012). Breeding and agronomy of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources 20th Anniversary Symposium. Dec. 6, 2012.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2012 Citation: Peterson, A. and K. Murphy (2012). Salinity tolerance of four lowland varieties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): responses to three levels of NaCl and Na2SO4 under two fertilization levels. CSSA-ASA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, October 2012.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2013 Citation: Murphy, K. (2013). Opening remarks: Quinoa research at Washington State University. International Quinoa Research Symposium, August 12, 2013.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2012 Citation: Murphy, K. (2012). Quinoa production in the Pacific Northwest. Focus on Farming Conference. Everett, WA, November 15, 2012.