Source: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
MYCOTOXINS: BIOSECURITY, FOOD SAFETY AND BIOFUELS BYPRODUCTS (NC129, NC1025)
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0223884
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
IOW05281
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
NC-_OLD1183
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2010
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2015
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Hendrich, SU.
Recipient Organization
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
2229 Lincoln Way
AMES,IA 50011
Performing Department
Food Science and Human Nutrition
Non Technical Summary
The most important relevant issues facing grain and livestock producers are preventing mycotoxin contamination of food and feed, and reducing the deleterious effects of mycotoxins on livestock. Mycotoxins in grains processed for biofuels becomes concentrated in the solid byproduct known as distillers grain (DG), thus mycotoxin contamination is a major concern. For grain buyers and food processors, the primary need is a reliable method for rapid assessment of grain quality pertaining to mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi. These stakeholders need cost-effective methods to predict, monitor, and minimize mycotoxin production in the field, and to detoxify mycotoxins. The lowering of tolerance limits for mycotoxins in overseas markets has increased the burden for grain buyers and food processors; currently, levels of mycotoxins that are acceptable for some US products are unacceptable in European and Asian markets, resulting in non-tariff trade barriers. Animal and human health workers need information about the toxicity, carcinogenicity, modes of action, and biomarkers of exposure and disease for all categories of mycotoxins. This information will help train health-care providers to identify exposure and treat related disease and to develop accurate risk assessment recommendations. The proposed research is wide-ranging and could lead to negative consequences if not completed. The presence of mycotoxins is an important health hazard. Hazard assessments including exposure assessment and evaluation of toxicity are essential. Without an aggressive research program to prevent, treat, and contain outbreaks of mycotoxins in grain, US grain producers will suffer the consequences of reduced marketability of their products. Furthermore, the proposed research addresses biosecurity concerns. Outcomes or projected Impacts: The outcomes derived from the work outlined in this proposal will contribute towards the overall goals of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Our results will contribute to the improvement of food security and safety, which should impact both human and animal health. U.S. and international government policy makers will use our research in their risk assessments for mycotoxins. The typical outcome of risk assessment data has been government recommendations on the maximum tolerable mycotoxin levels in agricultural products, which affects both national and international use and profitability of products. We anticipate that results from the research outlined in Objective 1 will have a major impact on government decision-making by providing a better understanding of how various environmental and food processing components affect mycotoxin biosynthesis. The outcomes will include new basic knowledge that can be incorporated into new management strategies to help grain growers minimize mycotoxin contamination, and maximize profitability.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
7121510115020%
7121599115020%
2125240116010%
2121510115010%
3141510115010%
3143510115020%
7121510200010%
Knowledge Area
314 - Toxic Chemicals, Poisonous Plants, Naturally Occurring Toxins, and Other Hazards Affecting Animals; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins; 212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
3510 - Swine, live animal; 1599 - Grain crops, general/other; 1510 - Corn; 5240 - Seeds and other plant propagules;

Field Of Science
1160 - Pathology; 2000 - Chemistry; 1150 - Toxicology;
Goals / Objectives
Objectives: 1. Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. 2. Establish integrated strategies to manage and to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains and distillers grains. Outputs: Refereed journal publications; many will be co-authored by the members from multiple states. Development and validation of new management tools for diagnosis and prevention of mycotoxin contamination. Transfer of valuable research information to clientele groups (industry, government, grain producers and food producers) through general publications, website, and extension programs. Milestones:(2010): We will expand the content at our website and improve the links.(2012): We will organize a mycotoxin symposium at the Midwest AOAC annual meeting. (2014): We will organize a mycotoxin symposium at the Midwest AOAC annual meeting Outreach Plan: The committee will continue to develop and maintain a webpage to provide information to the public. Previous website users have included news organizations, grain industry representatives, and the general public. The site incorporates contact information for members, annual reports, meeting announcements and links to all topics related to mycotoxins. All of our outcomes derived from this research will be communicated through organized symposia. Our MW AOAC symposia have attracted researchers from states not participating in NC1025, but have mycotoxin problems. Many of the AOAC members are involved in mycotoxin issues, and they represent industry, state and federal government. While the AOAC symposia present the work of the entire committee, each member presents his/her results at meetings specific to his/her area of expertise. Refereed journal publications will be an important outreach tool for all the listed outcomes. Many of the publications will be on applied research. Also, members who have extension activities will transfer information to grain and food producers. With respect to the anticipated outcomes several members will present their findings at the annual Fusarium Forum organized by the USDA Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative (www.scabusa.org). Attendees to the forum include growers, millers, representatives of industry, and scientists. We will coordinate with global efforts in Europe and Africa. Furthermore, the outcomes derived will be reported at the annual meetings of the Institute of Food Technologists and Experimental Biology, which are major venues for communicating on food toxicology and nutrition toxicology
Project Methods
We will continue to generate data to address the knowledge gaps related to the mechanistic basis for mycotoxin induced disease. This will be done through evaluating structure activity relationships (SAR) and investigating cell, tissue and whole animal responses at the biochemical, physiological and structural levels. IA will provide Fusarium proliferatum culture material. Dose response assessments will be used by IA to determine and model mycotoxin toxicity including acute toxicity, carcinogenesis, and immunomodulation. Exposure assessments for mycotoxins must take into account route of exposure duration of exposure to the mycotoxin. Dose response data for DON and DON-glucoside in mice will be obtained by IA. Data will be generated for risk assessment of the use of mycotoxin contaminated grains, focusing on fumonisins, with both conventional and insect-resistant transgenic maize, used in the biofuels industry and its subsequent byproducts. Systematic evaluation of structure activity relationships (SAR) has not been conducted in the mycotoxin area. IA will use the K562 human erythroleukemia cell line as a model to evaluate SAR of DON, its major metabolites and other trichothecenes. This cell system will also be used to model human urine contents of trichothecenes, by comparing individual mycotoxin dose/responses with various combinations of trichothecenes and their key metabolites. The development of a rapid, inexpensive monitoring scheme for human exposures to these mycotoxins is a goal. Rodents will be used as a model for carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and immunotoxicity for DON. Since several trichothecenes have been identified by CDC as biosecurity risks, it is critical to be able to use animal assays in conjunction with cell systems to evaluate potential natural or intentional contamination of feeds and foods by these agents. Animal assays will be critical to IA in assessing if the decontamination and detoxification strategies designed in objective 2 are successful. We will continue to assess acute toxicity of fumonisins and DON in mouse and other animal models in oral feeding studies with naturally contaminated foods or purified toxin. Adaptation to subchronic exposures to DON is a key observation in previous studies (IA) that we will assess further by studying DON metabolites and DON-metabolizing gut microbial changes over time and dose of DON exposure. For objective 2, we continue efforts to test new technologies for analysis of mycotoxins and reduction of their toxic effects. Grains with higher levels of contamination and most screenings from grain operations are unsafe for human and/or animal consumption and must be destroyed or alternate uses identified. Committee members from MO, IA, IN, and ND will collaborate on grain research on technology that will eliminate the mycotoxins or reduce their toxicity. IA will lead research that investigates chemical reactions of mycotoxins with other food constituents, with special emphasis on processes for human foods.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Faculty and staff studying mycotoxins, food and feed industry professionals, ethanol industry professionals, agricultural producers, general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?1 PhD student in Toxicology worked on this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been presented at professional meetings in plant pathology and veterinary medicine. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Work is continuing under project IOW05441.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall impact of this project's research is to provide additional assurance of mycotoxin-preventive strategies in livestock production and in crop species used for animal and human foods. Investigation of less common mycotoxigenic fungal species may also offer promise of mitigating some mycotoxin problems by drawing attention to altered risks. A preservative blend was effective against Deoxynivalenol (DON) in swine under production conditions. Newer modifications of Bacillus thuringensis (BT) genes introduced to maize were more effective in decreasing fumonisin (FB) content of maize compared with previous BT-engineered maize. Black Aspergillus species produced more fumonisin B2, which may alter FB1/FB2 ratio, decreasing FB risk but these species may also increase aflatoxin content of grains, confirming the need for monitoring vigilance. Objective 1) Develop data for use in risk assessment of mycotoxins in human and animal health. A mycotoxin binder study was completed in rats showing efficacy of a commercially available binder against fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol, according to effects on serum sphingolipids and body weight. Synthesis of deoxynivalenol glucoside (DONglu) is ongoing, to be used in mouse bioavailability studies and assessment of DONglu metabolism in human fecal samples. Synthesis of deoxynivalenol glucoside (DONglu) is ongoing, to be used in mouse studies of effects of DON forms on gastrointestinal health. Impacts of ethanol production using fumonisin-contaminated maize grain are being studied, including the fate of fumonisins, effects on ethanol production efficiency, and quality of co-products used as animal feed supplements. Clinical impact of ethanol corn byproducts to livestock health is continuously being monitored by the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Deoxynivalenol (DON)-3-glucoside (D3G) chemical synthesis was attempted and is being purified for use in cell culture (IA). Caco-2 cells, a model for human intestinal epithelial cell function, are being assessed for cytotoxicity of DON, D3G and de-epoxyDON, a major gut bacterial detoxification product of DON. Plans are to assess the ability of mouse cecal contents to form DON and de-epoxyDON from D3G, comparing conventional and altered flora mice, which may permit identification of DON detoxifying bacterial genes. A preservative/antioxidant blend mitigated DON toxicity in swine in terms of improved average daily gain. DON at 5 ppm decreased liver selenium compared with controls in swine fed for 120 d. Intra- and inter-lab validation of an HPLC method for liver aflatoxin B1 and M1 was accomplished, with intralab assay reliability well within accepted standards for Horwitz values at levels of compound fortification betwee 0.2-10 ng/g. Good interlab reliability was found at 1 and 4 ng/g for AFM1 and 1 and 7 ng/kg for AFB1 but not at 0.2 ng/g for either compound. Objective 2) Establish integrated strategies to manage and to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains and distillers grains. Genetically modified lines of maize containing newer Bacillus thuringensis (BT) genes were assessed for content of fumonisins (FB) and susceptibility to insect damage (IA). A new BT gene was very effective in reducing FB contents compared with the older BT versions. Ethanol was made from corn containing up to 8 ppm FB, which did not adversely affect ethanol yield. Spiking ethanol fermentation with even higher levels of FB also did not affect ethanol production. Dried distillers grains had about 3 fold enrichment of FB in 50 out of 57 batches. The 7 batches showing lesser increase of FB are planned to be investigated further. The role of mycotoxins as virulence-enhancing factors in plant disease was studied in seedling maize, soybeans, and wheat. Objective 3) Define the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis and the molecular relationships among mycotoxigenic fungi. The role of mycotoxins as virulence-enhancing factors in plant disease is being studied in seedling maize, soybeans, and wheat. The contribution of Aspergillus niger to fumonisin contamination of maize grain is being studied in a collaborative project with researchers in Italy. Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers and abstracts, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. One participant co-edited a special edition of Phytopathologia Mediterranea on mycotoxin risks in the Mediterranean. Work on FB production by black Aspergillus spp. showed that a good portion of these isolates produce FB2 in the laboratory, but low levels compared with F. verticillioides or F. proliferatum. Drier regions had greater black Aspergillus in maize, which co-occurred with A. flavus. The interactions between fungal species and mycotoxigenesis are planned to be further studied. The overall impact of this project's research was to improve methods for assessment of mycotoxin exposure in livestock and pets, with emphasis on aflatoxin, and to identify effects of a toxigenic Fusarium strain not previously studied and found in Iowa. This work will further facilitate efforts to control mycotoxigenic fungi. We also determined if there are Fusarium temperatum strains in the F. subglutinans collection from Iowa (based on tef1α sequence analysis), determine the pathogenic behavior of F. temperatum on maize in the laboratory and in the field, where Bt and non-Bt maize hybrids were assessed for F. temperatum infection and mycotoxin contamination and European corn borer and corn earworm infestations. Three F. temperatum strains were studied that had been identified from 1993-95 surveys. These strains were found to significantly inhibit maize germination in rolled-towel assays and to cause more severe intoxication effects than almost all of the F. subglutinans strains tested. Field study results showed that all 3 F. temperatum strains caused ear rot, with maize Bt hybrids showing less ear rot than non-Bt hybrids.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lanza, Fabricio E., Derrick A. Mayfield, and Gary P. Munkvold. First report of Fusarium temperatum causing maize seedling blight and seed rot in North America. Plant Disease. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1301-PDN
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ellis, M. L., and G. P. Munkvold. Trichothecene genotype of Fusarium graminearum isolates from soybean (Glycine max) seedling and root diseases in the United States. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128 (2015):827-838.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lanubile, A., Muppirala, U., Severin, A., MAROCCO, A., & Munkvold, G. (2015). Functional genomic analysis of soybean interactions with pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum. In APS Annual meeting (pp. 749-749). Charkowski, Amy.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Faculty and staff studying mycotoxins, food and feed industry professional, ethanol industry professionals, agricultural producers, general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 2 PhD students graduated in Toxicology with work related to this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been presented at professional meetings in plant pathology and veterinary medicine. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Obj. 1) We will seek funding to further study DON detoxification and mitigation by endogenous biotransformation in human cell/tissue models. We will continue to study mitigation of DON toxicity in swine production, especially in the context of diets including dried distillers grain solids. Obj. 2) We will continue to assess mycotoxin production by genetically modified maize variants. Obj. 3) We will continue to study novel mycotoxigenic fungal species and fungal species interactions, especially with Aspergillus spp. We will attempt to organize our project meeting in concert with Midwest AOAC in spring of 2015.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall impact of this project's research is to provide additional assurance of mycotoxin-preventive strategies in livestock production and in crop species used for animal and human foods. Investigation of less common mycotoxigenic fungal species may also offer promise of mitigating some mycotoxin problems by drawing attention to altered risks. A preservative blend was effective against Deoxynivalenol (DON) in swine under production conditions. Newer modifications of Bacillus thuringensis (BT) genes introduced to maize were more effective in decreasing fumonisin (FB) content of maize compared with previous BT-engineered maize. Black Aspergillus species produced more fumonisin B2, which may alter FB1/FB2 ratio, decreasing FB risk but these species may also increase aflatoxin content of grains, confirming the need for monitoring vigilance. Objective 1) A preservative/antioxidant blend mitigated DON toxicity in swine in terms of improved average daily gain. DON at 5 ppm decreased liver selenium compared with controls in swine fed for 120 d. Objective 2) Genetically modified lines of maize containing newer Bacillus thuringensis (BT) genes were assessed for content of fumonisins (FB) and susceptibility to insect damage (IA). A new BT gene was very effective in reducing FB contents compared with the older BT versions. Ethanol was made from corn containing up to 8 ppm FB, which did not adversely affect ethanol yield. Spiking ethanol fermentation with even higher levels of FB also did not affect ethanol production. Dried distillers grains had about 3 fold enrichment of FB in 50 out of 57 batches. The 7 batches showing lesser increase of FB are planned to be investigated further. The role of mycotoxins as virulence-enhancing factors in plant disease was studied in seedling maize, soybeans, and wheat. Objective 3) Work on FB production by black Aspergillus spp. (IA) showed that a good portion of these isolates produce FB2 in the laboratory, but low levels compared with F. verticillioides or F. proliferatum. Drier regions had greater black Aspergillus in maize, which co-occurred with A. flavus. The interactions between fungal species and mycotoxigenesis are planned to be further studied.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Madson, DM; Ensley, SM; Patience, JE; Gauger, PC; Main, RG. (2014) Diagnostic assessment and lesion evaluation of chronic deoxynivalenol ingestion in growing swine. J Swine Health Prod 22:78-83.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Susca, A; Moretti, A; Stea, G; Villani, A; Haidukowski, M; Logrieco, A; Munkvold, G. (2014) Comparison of species composition and fumonisin production in Aspergillus section Nigri populations in maize kernels from USA and Italy. Int J Food Micro 188:75-82.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Patience, JF; Myers, AJ; Ensley, S; Jacobs, BM; Madson, D. (2014) Evaluation of two mycotoxin mitigation strategies in grow-finish swine diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol. J Animal Sci 92:620-6.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Bowers, E.; Hellmich, R.; Munkvold, G. (2014) Comparison of Fumonisin Contamination Using HPLC and ELISA Methods in Bt and Near-Isogenic Maize Hybrids Infested with European Corn Borer or Western Bean Cutworm. J Agric Food Chem 62:6463-72.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Miller, JD; Schaafsma, AW; Bhatnagar, D; Bondy, G; Carbone, I; Harris, LJ; Harrison, G; Munkvold, GP; Oswald, IP; Pestka, JJ (2014) Mycotoxins that affect the North American agri-food sector: state of the art and directions for the future. World Mycotoxin J 7:63-82.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ellis, ML; Munkvold G. (2014) Trichothecene Genotype of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Soybean (Glycine max) Seedling and Root Diseases in the United States. Plant Dis. 98:1012-3.


Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Grain producers, scientists in plant pathology, toxicology, food science, nutrition, veterinary medicine, and the general public. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 3 graduate students have been working on this project, 1 of them completed a PhD in Toxicology in 2013. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Six posters/papers were presented in 2013 at the joint meeting of the American Phytopathological Society and the Mycological Society of America. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Plans are to assess the ability of mouse cecal contents to form DON and de-epoxyDON from D3G, comparing conventional and altered flora mice, which may permit identification of DON detoxifying bacterial genes. The interactions between fungal species and mycotoxigenesis are planned to be further studied.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Deoxynivalenol (DON)-3-glucoside (D3G) chemical synthesis was attempted and is being purified for use in cell culture. Caco-2 cells, a model for human intestinal epithelial cell function, are being assessed for cytotoxicity of DON, D3G and de-epoxyDON, a major gut bacterial detoxification product of DON. This work is planned to determine the role of DON and its major metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease, which will benefit consumers, and the grain and food industries by characterizing what amounts of DON should be of concern for this disease endpoint, informing regulatory decision making. Genetically modified lines of maize containing newer Bacillus thuringensis (BT) genes were assessed for content of fumonisins (FB) and susceptibility to insect damage. A new BT gene was very effective in reducing FB contents compared with the older BT versions. Ethanol was made from corn containing up to 8 ppm FB, which did not adversely affect ethanol yield. Spiking ethanol fermentation with even higher levels of FB also did not affect ethanol production. Dried distillers grains had about 3 fold enrichment of FB in 50/57 batches. The 7 batches showing lesser increase of FB are planned to be investigated further. This work shows that the continued development of genetically modified insect resistant maize prevents FB contamination of this crop, which will help to prevent FB toxicity in swine and poultry. Work on FB production by black Aspergillus spp. (IA) showed that a good portion of these isolates produce FB2 in the laboratory, but low levels compared with F. verticillioides or F. proliferatum. Drier regions had greater black Aspergillus in maize, which co-occurred with A. flavus. The presence of black Aspergillus spp. might alter FB1/FB2 ratios in maize, which could somewhat reduce FB toxicity risk, but the presence of these species also correlated with the presence of A. flavus, leading to the expectation of greater co-occurrence of FB and aflatoxins. This work shows the need for continued vigilance by grain producers and the food industry on surveillance and development of anti-mycotoxin strategies that target multiple mycotoxins, especially when grains are under drought stress.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bowers E, Hellmich R, Munkvold G. 2013. Vip3Aa and Cry1Ab proteins in maize reduce Fusarium ear rot and fumonisins by deterring kernel injury from multiple Lepidopteran pests. World Mycotoxin Journal 6(2):127-35. doi: 10.3920/wmj2012.1510. PubMed PMID: WOS:000318210800003.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mar�a M. D�az Arias, Leonor F. Leandro, and Gary P. Munkvold. 2013. Aggressiveness of Fusarium Species and Impact of Root Infection on Growth and Yield of Soybeans. Phytopathology 103(8):822-832.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Munkvold G, Logrieco A, Susca A, Sulyok M, Krska R, Mule G, et al. 2013. Fumonisin production by black Aspergillus species in maize. Phytopathology 103(6):175-. PubMed PMID: WOS:000322799501028.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Simmons HE, Dunham JP, Munkvold GP. 2013. Comparative analysis of Fusarium graminearum on two hosts using next generation sequencing. Phytopathology 103(6):134-. PubMed PMID: WOS:000322799500740.


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Synthesis of deoxynivalenol glucoside (DONglu) is ongoing, to be used in mouse studies of effects of DON forms on gastrointestinal health. Impacts of ethanol production using fumonisin-contaminated maize grain are being studied, including the fate of fumonisins, effects on ethanol production efficiency, and quality of co-products used as animal feed supplements. Clinical impact of ethanol corn byproducts to livestock health, is continuously being monitored by the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The role of mycotoxins as virulence-enhancing factors in plant disease is being studied in seedling maize, soybeans, and wheat. The contribution of Aspergillus niger to fumonisin contamination of maize grain is being studied in a collaborative project with researchers in Italy. Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers and abstracts, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. One participant co-edited a special edition of Phytopathologia Mediterranea on mycotoxin risks in the Mediterranean. PARTICIPANTS: Iowa State University graduate students: Shah, N.; Bilsten, E.; Bruns, T.; Diaz Arias, M. M. Iowa State University collaborating faculty: Rumbeiha, W.; Robertson, A.; Hurburgh, C.R.; Ensley, S.; Hellmich, R.; Takle, E. External collaborating faculty: Wu, F.; Bhatnagar, D.; Carbone, I.; Paul, P.; Payne, G.; Proctor, R.; Logrieco, A.; Moretti, A. External organizations and other external partners: Kemin Nutrisurance, Des Moines, IA.; USDA-ARS; Univ. Pittsburgh; NC State University; Ohio State University; Institute for Food Productions Sciences, Bari, Italy. TARGET AUDIENCES: General public, grain utilization industries, grain producers, toxicologists. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Dr. Wilson Rumbeiha was added as a project participant, ISU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.

Impacts
The work of this project informs the public that mycotoxins are likely to be an important challenge in the future that will require monitoring and preventive measures. These toxins in corn carry over into animal feed components derived from corn-based ethanol production, and mycotoxins are likely to increase in some world regions due to climate change.

Publications

  • Bischoff K, Rumbeiha WK. (2012) Pet food recalls and pet food contaminants in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 42(2):237-50.
  • Diaz Arias MM (2012) Fusarium species infecting soybean roots: Frequency, aggressiveness, yield impact and interaction with the soybean cyst nematode. Dissertation, Iowa State University Library, Ames, IA.
  • Ensley S, Rumbeiha W. (2012) Ruminant toxicology diagnostics. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 28(3):557-64. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.07.005. Epub 2012 Sep 13.
  • Rumbeiha WK. (2012) Toxicology and "one health": opportunities for multidisciplinary collaborations. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Jun;8(2):91-3.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: A mycotoxin binder study was completed in rats showing efficacy of a commercially available binder against fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol, according to effects on serum sphingolipids and body weight. Synthesis of deoxynivalenol glucoside (DONglu) is ongoing, to be used in mouse bioavailability studies and assessment of DONglu metabolism in human fecal samples. Impacts of ethanol production using fumonisin-contaminated maize grain are being studied, including the fate of fumonisins, effects on ethanol production efficiency, and quality of co-products used as animal feed supplements. The role of mycotoxins as virulence-enhancing factors in plant disease is being studied in seedling maize, soybeans, and wheat. The contribution of Aspergillus niger to fumonisin contamination of maize grain is being studied in a collaborative project with researchers in Italy. Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers and abstracts, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. PARTICIPANTS: Iowa State University graduate students: Qiang, Z., Shah, N.; Bilsten, E.; Bruns, T. Iowa State University collaborating faculty: Robertson, A.; Hurburgh, C.R.; Ensley, S.; Hellmich, R.; Takle, E. External collaborating faculty: Wu, F.; Bhatnagar, D.; Carbone, I.; Paul, P.; Payne, G.; Proctor, R.; Logrieco, A.; Moretti, A. External organizations and other external partners: Kemin Nutrisurance, Des Moines, IA.; USDA-ARS; Univ. Pittsburgh; NC State University; Ohio State University; Institute for Food Productions Sciences, Bari, Italy. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Hendrich assumed leadership for the project after Murphy's retirement.

Impacts
A mycotoxin binder was effective against fumonisin and deoxynivalenol, two major fungal toxins that cause serious diseases in livestock and pets, and potentially cause human cancer and immune impairment. This finding provides additional assurance for prevention of mycotoxin problems in pet foods and animal feeds. The work of this project also informs the public that mycotoxins are likely to be an important challenge in the future that will require monitoring and preventive measures. These toxins in corn carry over into animal feed components derived from corn-based ethanol production, and mycotoxins are likely to increase in some world regions due to climate change.

Publications

  • Bilsten, E., and Munkvold, G. 2011. Effects of fumonisins in ethanol production. The Toxicologist 120:521.
  • Bruns, T.L., Proctor, R., and Munkvold, G.P. 2011. The role of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum in maize seedling infection. Phytopathology 101:S22
  • Qiang Z, Truong M, Meynen K, Murphy PA, Hendrich S (2011), Efficacy of a mycotoxin binder against dietary fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in rats. J Agric Food Chem 59: 7527-33.
  • Wu, F., Bhatnagar, D., Bui-Klimke, T., Carbone, I., Hellmich, R., Munkvold, G., Paul, P., Payne, G., and Takle. E. 2011. Climate change impacts on mycotoxins risks in US maize. World Mycotoxin J. 4:79-93.
  • Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Hurburgh, C.R., and Ensley, S. (2011). Effects of natural hail damage on ear rots, mycotoxins, and grain quality characteristics of corn. Agron. J. 103:193-199