Flies Impacting Livestock, Poultry and Food Safety

FLIES IMPACTING LIVESTOCK, POULTRY AND FOOD SAFETY

Sponsoring Institution

National Institute of Food and Agriculture

Project Status

TERMINATED

Funding Source

HATCH

Reporting Frequency

Annual

Accession No.

0217419

Grant No.

(N/A)

Project No.

FLA-ENY-004880

Proposal No.

(N/A)

Multistate No.

S-1030

Program Code

(N/A)

Project Start Date

Oct 1, 2007

Project End Date

Sep 30, 2012

Grant Year

(N/A)

Project Director
Kaufman, PH, E.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
G022 MCCARTY HALL
GAINESVILLE,FL 32611

Performing Department
Entomology and Nematology

Non Technical Summary
Muscoid flies are among the most important pests in livestock and poultry production systems. Two species in particular, house fly (Musca domestica) and stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), are responsible for damage and control costs in excess of a billion dollars per year in the United States. In addition to the direct damage these flies inflict upon livestock, their presence as a byproduct of confined livestock and poultry operations has been repeatedly cited as a common nuisance, especially when the flies enter the vicinity of human habitations and urban environments. Lawsuits, zoning limitations and animosity between farmers and homeowners have resulted. Both of these flies use manure or manure mixed with vegetative materials for larval developmental sites. In spite of their ubiquitous presence, importance as pests, and association with diseases of humans and livestock, our knowledge of the biology of these species is seriously wanting and available control technologies remain inadequate. House flies are considered to be the primary nuisance pest associated with dairy and other confined animal operations. These flies are capable of carrying more than 65 disease organisms that affect humans and animals such as the virulent Escherichia coli strain O157:H7. In poultry production, house flies can transmit Salmonella. With their painful bites, they can reduce weight gains of cattle on finishing rations up to 20%. It has been estimated that stable flies caused $432 million dollars in losses, primarily to confined livestock, in the US. Stable flies have emerged as primary pests of pasture cattle as well, doubling their economic impact. The proposed research is technically feasible and the expertise to accomplish the objectives of this project exists within the university and USDA-ARS systems. However, expertise is widely dispersed with few states having more than one livestock entomologist and many having none. A Multistate project will serve to coordinate this research effort, maximizing synergy and minimizing duplicated effort. Given the dispersal potential for these flies as well as varying cultural and climatic conditions throughout North America, multistate collaborations are necessary to address many of the issues of biology and control of muscoid flies. Successful completion of this project will provide a better understanding of the interactions between livestock production systems and the life cycles of pestiferous flies. Exploitation of these interactions will provide economically feasible and environmentally friendly technology for reducing the impact of flies on livestock production and human health. The project will provide quantitative data to analyze fly borne spread of pathogens from animal production systems into the urban environment and the ability to assess the risk of fly-borne illness associated with different production techniques and distances from production facilities. The project will develop new control technologies for flies. These technologies will be disseminated to producers to reduce the abundance of muscoid flies thereby increasing the health and quality of livestock and reducing their economic impact.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
312	3310	1130	100%

Knowledge Area
312 - External Parasites and Pests of Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3310 - Beef cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology;

Keywords

integrated pest management

Goals / Objectives
1. Characterize dispersal and population biology of stable flies and house flies, and develop monitoring methods for use in indoor and outdoor environments. 3. Improve management tactics for stable flies and house flies.

Project Methods
Objective 1: Subobjective 1. Characterize stable fly origins and dispersal C. Dispersal of Stable Flies Historical weather and first date of stable flies appearance on traps will be evaluated to estimate when northerly dispersal of stable flies is most likely to occur. Alsynite traps will be deployed along the putative northeasterly dispersal routes. Traps will be operated during the dispersal period and the number of flies caught recorded. Weather frontal systems will be identified and traps will be operated daily at least two days before and after the arrival of frontal systems. Correlation of trap collections with weather parameters will be assessed. The proportion of 3x and 5x traps in each of the study areas will be compared to the passage of frontal systems as confirmed by changes in barometric pressure, temperature and wind direction. Response of stable flies of different physiological states to changes in barometric pressure (Wellington 1945) will be assessed in the laboratory. D. Determine overwintering dynamics of stable fly throughout the USA Studies will be conducted to duplicate overwintering in the laboratory. Subsamples will be removed at intervals and held at 20 C for adult emergence. Reiterations will be run with smaller temperature increments until the optimal temperatures and limits for stable fly larvae to extend their larval stage and the upper limits of how long the larval stage can be extended have been identified. Overwintering temperature profiles will be compared to those observed in artificial overwintering sites fitted with temperature sensors to evaluate the potential for overwintering even if we fail to observe natural overwintering. Objective 3. B.Control and economic impact of adults Treated targets (TTs) will be evaluated on 2-4 small farms with 150 or fewer animals in each cooperating state. One meter square targets will be soaked until saturated in 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin or water. TTs will be deployed for 2-3 months once the action threshold of 100-300 stable flies/Alsynite trap/day is reached. Alsynite traps and leg counts will be used to evaluate the effects of TTs on stable fly populations. Upon completion of the study, targets will be bioassayed to determine residual toxicity. Subobjective 2: Develop house fly control and resistance management tactics A. Biological control with pteromalid parasitoids Natural parasite populations will be monitored with screen bags of sentinel house fly pupae. Bags are placed at each farm and replaced weekly. After exposure, emerged flies will be counted and recorded. Remaining pupae will be held for 3 weeks, emerged flies will be counted and parasites identified. Naturally occurring house fly pupae will be collected and transported to the laboratory each week. Pupae will be handled as above. C. Conduct nationwide survey for insecticide resistance Cooperators across the USA will submit house flies and obtain detailed histories of insecticide use, from one to five facilities (dairy, poultry or hog) across their state. Files would be brought back to the laboratory and eggs would be collected. Emerging flies would be used for bioassays by the lab making the collections.

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies on the usefulness of freeze-killed house fly pupae to serve as effective, distance parasitoid sampling tool have been completed and resulted in a publication. A survey of cattle producer pest and pesticide use assessment was conducted. Responses were obtained from beef cattle producers with operation sizes from 10 animals to 1,000 animals. Most producers (58%) applied pesticides once per season for flies on pastured animals. Approximately 78% of producers treated for cattle grubs and 70% treated for lice. Producers identified flies on pastured animals and fire ants (principally damaging equipment) as their major pests. A publication and a presentation on the use of Beauveria bassiana against house flies of varied ages were delivered in 2008. House flies from four dairy farms were colonized and studies with imidacloprid, nithiazine, permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin documented house fly resistance against all insecticides tested. Training of students is critically important to our mission. To this extent, four undergraduate students participated in independent research projects during the this project. Additionally, three high school students interned with our program. House flies collected from four dairy farms described above were consolidated into a mixed-strain. These mixed-source flies demonstrated a lower resistance level as compared to the parental strains. Imidacloprid resistance was successfully selected for over the course of 5 generations, demonstrating the capability of the fly to rapidly develop resistance to imidacloprid. This selected house fly strain was pressured for 5 additional selections and evaluated for behavioral resistance. This colony was provided to a colleague and is being tested for genetic resistance mechanisms. Studies identifying the dispersal using host-blood meal analysis documented the arrival of adult stable flies on equine farms from non-equine sources within 16 hr of feeding. Additionally, stable flies were colonized and determination of Lethal Concentration analysis on these flies and several wild fly collections documented similar resistance patterns across farms in Florida. This colony was selected for permethrin resistance and genetically profiled for resistance by colleagues. The fly strain showed a 100% mutation at a sodium channel site known to confer resistance to permethrin in other fly species. The specific amino acid substitution conferring resistance was unique among fly species. Studies documented house fly dispersal from dairies at distances greater than 1 km. We have established a diagnostic dose assay to assess stable fly resistance to permethrin without the use of intensive dose-concentration protocols. This assay was offered to entomologists across the US and in Canada, France and Greece. Further characterization of stable fly host bloodmeal fate is currently being evaluated to determine the role of fly sex, gonodotrophic cycle and amplicon size. Research results have been delivered to multiple audiences from scientists to residents through presentations at universities, professional meetings and public-attended extension meetings. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Jimmy Pitzer; Dr. Roxanne Burrus; Sonia Nunez, OPS technician; Lois Wood, Program Technician; Mark Halvorsen, undergraduate research student; Heather Olsen, undergraduate research student; Krista Seryader, undergraduate research student; Sarahlynne Guerrero, undergraduate research student Max Segal, high school student Linda Yang, undergraduate research student Tanner Johnson, high school student Dr. Chris Geden, USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Dr. Jerry Hogsette, USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Dr. Mike Scharf, University of Florida; Dr. Drion Boucias, University of Florida; Dr. Pia Olfson, USDA, ARS, KBLIRL Dr. Phil Kaufman is the project PI and provided oversight for all objectives. Dr. Chris Geden assisted with parasitoid and insecticide resistance studies. Dr. Jerry Hogsette assisted with stable fly studies. Dr. Mike Scharf provided guidance for the insecticide resistance study. Dr. Drion Boucias provided guidance and training for the undergraduates working on the pathogen transmission project. Dr. Pia Olfson conducted genomic studies with stable fly resistance. Dr. Jimmy Pitzer conducted all equine stable fly and stable fly:pteromalid studies. Dr. Roxanne Burrus conducted E. coli studies. Sonia Nunez conducted the insecticide resistance studies with house flies. Mark Halvorsen conducted blood meal analysis work with stable fly. Krista Seryader conducted imidacloprid selection studies with house flies. Lois Wood assisted in most of the aforementioned studies. Sarahlynne Guerrero and Heather Olsen conducted pathogen transmission work with house fly and stable fly, respectively. Tanner Johnson was a high school student working with pteromalid parasitoids of stable flies. Linda Yang conducted studies on house fly dispersal at a horse farm. Max Segal was a high school student working on pteromalid searching studies. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy farmers, poultry farmers, horse owners, cooperative extension agents, insecticide manufacturers, veterinarians, Florida's rural residents Many of the topics of this project are utilized in Dr. Kaufman's Medical and Veterinary Entomology courses taught at the University of Florida. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
House flies collected from local dairies demonstrate resistance to imidacloprid and nithiazine bait insecticides. To identify the higher levels of resistance, a new technique for presentation of the insecticide has been developed. Resistance to imidacloprid is considerably greater than to nithiazine. This reflects the much greater use-pattern of the imidacloprid baits. Additionally, these flies also are highly resistant to permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin. That beta-cyfluthrin resistance has approached permethrin suggests that this much newer insecticide may no longer be effective on Florida dairies, further staining control efforts and community relations. The successful Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique developed in our laboratory that can identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs was published in the (Pitzer et al. 2011, below). Our results suggest that significant numbers of flies collected on equine facilities had fed on cattle blood within 24 hr. That cattle are not on or near the premise strongly suggests that the flies originated elsewhere and subsequently moved to the horse farm. Further work on this project suggests that there is a relationship between egg laying stage and host-detection capabilities. Our new technique for presentation of bait-formulated insecticides allowed for the selection-for-resistance technique that was utilized to develop an imidacloprid-resistant house fly strain. This technique has been published (Kaufman et al. 2010, below). A publication on the selection technique is being developed for submission in 2010. A wild-caught stable fly colony has been selected for resistance to permethrin and is currently housed in our laboratory. This colony was subjected to genetic analysis and the resistance mechanism has been determined. Two manuscripts have been accepted for publication from this work (Pitzer et al. 2010, Olafson et al. 2011). Studies with E. coli sampling on dairy farms suggest that utilization of house flies for sample detection was more reliable than the use of other techniques. Manuscript is in preparation. Three new-to-science chemistries were identified and patents were filed. These chemistries have been shown to be effective against house flies and stable flies (Kaufman et al. 2011). Two manuscripts have been published on the abundance and seasonality of stable flies and their pteromalid parasitoids on equine farms in Florida (Pitzer et al. 2011a,b). Our results document that the predominant parasitoids are from the genus Spalangia, with negligible other species recovered from naturally-occurring fly pupae. The impact from this research indicates that equine owners should only release parasitoids from this genus, avoiding species that do not do well in Florida conditions. Studies have been completed on selection for resistance to the insecticide bait, imidacloprid and a manuscript was published in 2011. Fly samples have been submitted for genetic profiling of resistance mechanisms.

Publications

Juneau, K.J. and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Little Blue Cattle Louse, Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae). Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. EENY-422 (IN798).
Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Prevalence and population dynamics of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on north central Florida dairy farms. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2008. How do external parasites impact dairy cattle Progressive Dairyman. January, Issue 1. pp. 31-35.
Waldron, J.K., P.E. Kaufman and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Expanding livestock integrated pest management in the Northeast: An IPM training opportunity for Northeast US Animal Agriculture Industry Personnel. Project Reports 2007-2008, Agricultural and Community IPM, NYS IPM Pub. No. 506. pp. 102-109.
Kaufman, P.E., A.C. Gerry, D.A. Rutz and J.G. Scott. 2006. Monitoring susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica L.) in the United States to imidacloprid. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 23: 195-200.
Kaufman, P.E., L.A. Wood, J.I. Goldberg, S.J. Long and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Host age and pathogen exposure level as factors in the susceptibility of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Beauveria bassiana. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 841-847.
Wood, L.A. and P.E. Kaufman. 2008. Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Tribe Coprini): Its presence and relative abundance in cattle pastures in Northcentral Florida. Florida Entomologist, 91: 128-130.
Kaufman, P.E. and C.J. Geden. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenopter: Pteromalidae) on live and freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. Florida Entomologist, 92: 492-496.
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites Around Animal Facilities. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 10 pp. DLN: IG054 (Revised).
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites of Dairy Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG050 (Revised).
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised).
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites on Horses. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG139 (Revised). Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. Management of External Parasites with Forced-Use Dust Bags. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 7 pp. DLN: IG135 (Revised).
Hogsette, J.A., P.G. Koehler and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Pesticide Safety Around Animals. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. DLN: IG128 (Revised).
Koehler, P.G. and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Horn Flies. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 3 pp. DLN: IG137 (Revised).
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak and S.A. TenBroeck. 2009. Identification of blood meals from stable flies collected at four equine facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.
Kaufman, P.E. 2009. Integrated pest management of house flies, Musca domestica L., on livestock facilities. 6th Asian-Pacific Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China. October 19-21, 2009.
Kaufman, P.E. 2010. The role and future of universities in animal health product evaluations. 54th Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 27, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E., and J.B. Pitzer. 2009. Celebrating a lack of insecticide resistance in stable flies! 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.
Olafson, P., P.E. Kaufman, and J.B. Pitzer. 2009. Selecting for pyrethroid resistance in stable flies: screening the sodium channel for mutations associating with the resistant phenotype. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.
Rutz, D.A., P.E. Kaufman, and J.K. Waldron. 2009. Delivering scientific information in applied terms to our stakeholder colleagues. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.
Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2009. House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in north central Florida. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 14, 2009.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and C.J. Geden. 2009. Hymenopteran pupal parasitoids attacking filth flies in Florida. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 14, 2009.
Kaufman, P.E., S. Nunez, R.S. Mann, C.J. Geden and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Management Science, 66: 290-294.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and S.H. TenBroeck. 2010. Assessing permethrin resistance in the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in Florida using laboratory selections and field evaluations. Journal of Economic Entomology. 103: 2258-2263.
University of Florida Veterinary Entomology program web site: 2012. http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/kaufman/vetentlab/
Kaufman, P.E., C. Reasor, J.K. Waldron and D.A. Rutz. 2012. Individual and paired releases of Muscidifurax raptor and M. raptorellus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as a biological control tactic targeting house flies in dairy calf facilities. Journal of Medical Entomology. 49: 1059-1066.
Mann, R.S., and P.E. Kaufman. 2012. Natural product pesticides: their development, delivery and use against insect vectors. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry. 9: 185-202.
Kaufman, P.E., and L.A. Wood. 2012. Indigenous and exotic dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Geotrupidae) collected in Florida cattle pastures. Annals Entomological Society of America. 105: 225-231.
Kaufman, P.E. 2012. Unraveling the Caterpillar and MRLS mystery: What every horse owner should know. Proceedings of the Florida Equine Institute & Allied Trade Show. Ocala, FL. 09/13/2012.
Mann, R.S., and P.E. Kaufman. 2012. Natural product pesticides: their development, delivery and use against insect vectors. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry. 9: 185-202. Koehler, P.G., R.M. Pereira, and P.E. Kaufman. 2012. Sticktight Flea, Echidnophaga gallinacea. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 2 pp. ENY-244 (MG236) (reviewed). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_mg236
Kaufman, P. E. and E. N. I. Weeks. 2012. Pesticide Safety Around Animals. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. DLN: IG128 (major revision). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_ig128
Ragassa, E.* and P.E. Kaufman. 2012. A mosquito, Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). University of Florida EDIS- Electronic Data Information Source. Extension Publication No. IN-967/ENY-540. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in967
Kaufman, P. E., and E. N. I. Weeks. 2012 (replacement). Horn Fly Management. University of Florida EDIS- Electronic Data Information Source. Extension Publication No. IN-952/ENY-288. Available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in952.
Weeks, E. N. I., and P. E. Kaufman. 2012 (replacement). Mange in Companion Animals. University of Florida EDIS- Electronic Data Information Source. Extension Publication No. IN-953/ENY-289. Available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in953.
Kaufman, P. E., and E. N. I. Weeks 2012 (revision). Stable Fly (Dog Fly) Control. University of Florida EDIS- Electronic Data Information Source. Extension Publication No. IG-133/ENY-267. Available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ig133.
Weeks, E. N. I., and P. E. Kaufman. 2012 (revision). Self-Treatment Methods for Livestock - Backrubbers. University of Florida EDIS- Electronic Data Information Source. Extension Publication No. IG-134/ENY-279. Available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ig134.
Kaufman P. E. and J. B. Pitzer. 2012. Florida s stable flies and equine farms: a dynamic like no other. A celebration of the life and scientific contributions of Carl Jones. 2012 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Knoxville, TN. November 13, 2012.
Kaufman, P.E., J.K. Waldron, C. Strong, and D.A. Rutz. 2012. Individual and paired Muscidifurax raptor and M. raptorellus releases in dairy calf facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kalispell, MT. June 26, 2012.
Kaufman, P.E., C. Strong, J.K. Waldron, and D.A. Rutz. 2012. Individual and paired releases of house fly pupal parasitoids in dairy calf facilities. Joint Meeting of the Southeastern and Southwestern Branches of the Entomological Society of America, Little Rock, AR. March 06, 2012.
Kaufman, P.E. 2012. Flies and pies: Florida s livestock pests. Native or Invasive: Florida harbors everyone. Florida Entomological Society Annual Meeting, Jupiter Beach, FL. July 24, 2012.
Kaufman, P.E. 2012. Relationship of Florida s cattle and equine farms from a flies perspective. Symposia to honor Howard Weems. Florida Entomological Society Annual Meeting, Jupiter Beach, FL. July 25, 2012.
Kaufman, P. 2012. How to measure dispersal in a pestiferous fly 9th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop. St. Augustine, FL. March 29, 2012.
Kaufman, P.E. 2012. Shifting traditional integrated pest management programs from conventional approaches to ecological understandings. School of Natural Resources and the Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. February 14, 2012.
Holderman, C.J., P.E. Kaufman, D.R. Swale, F. Tong and J.R. Bloomquist. 2012 Determination of resistance mechanisms within field populations of Haematobia irritans through toxicological and biochemical techniques. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Knoxville, TN. November 12, 2012.
Holderman, C., J.R. Bloomquist and P.E. Kaufman. 2012. Biological and molecular insecticide resistance in Florida horn flies. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Kalispell, MT.
Holderman, C,.J., P.E. Kaufman, and J.R. Bloomquist. 2012. A revised look at insecticide resistance in Florida horn fly populations. Joint Meeting of the Southeastern and Southwestern Branches of the Entomological Society of America. Little Rock, AR. Mar 06, 2012.
Seraydar, K. and P.E. Kaufman. 2012. The role of house fly behavior in resistance expression to QuickBayt. Florida Entomological Society Meeting, Jupiter Beach, FL. July 23, 2012.
Holderman, C.J., P.E. Kaufman, D.R. Swale, F. Tong and J.R. Bloomquist. 2012. Determination of resistance mechanisms within field populations of Haematobia irritans through toxicological and biochemical techniques. Emerging Pathogens Institute Research Day, University of Florida. February 24, 2012.
Holderman, C,.J., P.E. Kaufman, and C.J. Geden. 2012. Beauveria bassiana efficacy against the horn fly (Haematobia irritans): Implications for biological control in beef cattle herds. Joint Meeting of the Southeastern and Southwestern Branches of the Entomological Society of America. Little Rock, AR. Mar 06, 2012.
Seraydar, K. and P. Kaufman. 2012. QuickBayt: Not so quick. 9th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop. St. Augustine, FL. March 29, 2012.
Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Selection for resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 1937-1942.
Mann, R.S., P.E. Kaufman, and J.F. Butler. 2010. Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science 66: 816-824.
Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, R.S. Mann, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance in house flies from Florida dairies. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 29, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Selection for resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 29, 2010.
Kaufman, P. 2010. Insecticide resistance and management of house flies. 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop, St. Augustine, FL. March 23, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E. 2010. External parasites of horses. Proceedings of the Florida Equine Institute & Allied Trade Show. Ocala, FL. 09/16/2010.
Kaufman, P.E. 2010. Dung beetle diversity and ecology on Florida cattle pastures following the introduction of several exotic species. Departmental Seminar, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. March 18, 2010.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.A. TenBroeck. 2010. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2010. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on north-central Florida dairies with comparison of prevalence rates from house flies, manure and grain. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Olfson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2010. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and S.A. TenBroeck. 2010. Permethrin resistance status of the stable fly in Florida. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Burrus, R.A., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2010. House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in North Central Florida. 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop. St. Augustine, FL. March 23, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance. Pest Management Science 67: 26-35.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.H. TenBroeck. 2011. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 1108-1115.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, C.J. Geden, and J.A. Hogsette. 2011. The ability of selected pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate. Environmental Entomology 40: 88-93.
Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 250-257.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, S.H. TenBroeck, and J.E. Maruniak. 2011. Host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between livestock facilities. Journal of Medical Entomology. 48: 53-60.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Where Are All of those Flies Coming From The Answer May Surprise You. Proceedings of the Florida Equine Institute & Allied Trade Show. Ocala, FL. 09/15/2011.
Machtinger, E. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Eye gnats, grass flies, eye flies, fruit flies, Liohippelates spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Chloropidae). 6 pp. EENY-485 (IN485). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in884
Fitzpatrick, D. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus) Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae). Featured Creatures. 7 pp. EENY-490 (IN885) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in885
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler, and J.F. Butler. 2011. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_ig130
Diaz, L.A., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. A flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Marquart (Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Featured Creatures. 6 pp. EENY-503. http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassi palpis.htm
Anderson, M., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Common green bottle fly, sheep blow fly, Lucillia sericata (Meigen) (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae). Featured Creatures. 4 pp. EENY-406. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/flies/lucilia_seri cata.htm
Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Performance of novel semiochemicals in the control of veterinary pests. Joint meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, the Livestock Insect Workers Conference and the International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, St. Louis, MO.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Using Traditional Techniques and Modern Tools to Answer Rural:Rural and Rural:Urban Interface Questions in Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal activity of novel compounds against pests of medical and veterinary importance. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Dermatological reactions to insect bites and associated diseases. Dermatology Grand Rounds at Shands Medical Plaza, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Applied Management of Fly Control. Florida Beef Cattle Short Course. Gainesville, FL.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: A mixed-origin, field collected house fly strain that had been selected for resistance to imidacloprid over five consecutive generations was pressured for 5 additional selections. This colony is currently housed in our laboratory and awaits final testing procedures before being examined for genetic mechanisms. Further characterization of stable fly host bloodmeal fate is currently being evaluated to determine the role of fly sex, gonodotrophic cycle and amplicon size. Training of students is critically important to our mission. To this extent, two undergraduate students participated in an independent research projects during this report period. The first included selection of imidacloprid resistance in house flies and the second further characterized stable fly host identification. Results of stable fly insecticide resistance and dispersal of stable flies and house flies in the environment have been delivered to multiple audiences from scientists to residents through presentations at universities, professional meetings and public-attended extension meetings. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Jimmy Pitzer; Dr. Roxanne Burrus; Sonia Nunez, OPS technician; Lois Wood, Program Technician; Mark Halvorsen, undergraduate research student; Krista Seryader, undergraduate research student; Dr. Chris Geden, USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Dr. Jerry Hogsette, USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Dr. Pia Olfson, USDA, ARS, KBLIRL Dr. Phil Kaufman is the project PI and provided oversight for all objectives. Dr. Chris Geden assisted with parasitoid and insecticide resistance studies. Dr. Jerry Hogsette assisted with stable fly studies. Dr. Pia Olfson conducted genomic studies with stable fly resistance. Dr. Jimmy Pitzer conducted all equine stable fly and pteromalid studies. Dr. Roxanne Burrus conducted E. coli studies. Sonia Nunez conducted the insecticide resistance studies with house flies. Mark Halvorsen conducted blood meal analysis work with stable fly. Krista Seryader conducted imidacloprid selection studies with house flies. Lois Wood assisted in most of the aforementioned studies. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy farmers, poultry farmers, horse owners, cooperative extension agents, insecticide manufacturers, veterinarians, Florida's rural residents Many of the topics of this project are utilized in Dr. Kaufman's Medical and Veterinary Entomology courses taught at the University of Florida. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Two manuscripts have been published on the abundance and seasonality of stable flies and their pteromalid parasitoids on equine farms in Florida. Our results document that the predominant parasitoids are from the genus Spalangia, with negligible other species recovered from naturally-occurring fly pupae. The impact from this research indicates that equine owners should only release parasitoids from this genus, avoiding species that do not do well in Florida conditions. Studies have been completed on selection for resistance to the insecticide bait, imidacloprid and a manuscript was published in 2011. Fly samples have been submitted for genetic profiling of resistance mechanisms. A multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique developed in our laboratory can identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs. The resultant manuscript from this work was published in 2011. Further work on this project suggests that there is a relationship between egg laying stage and detection capabilities. A wild-caught stable fly colony has been selected for resistance to permethrin and is currently housed in our laboratory. This colony was subjected to genetic analysis and the resistance mechanism has been determined. Two manuscripts have been published from this work.

Publications

Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.H. TenBroeck. 2011. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 1108-1115.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, C.J. Geden, and J.A. Hogsette. 2011. The ability of selected pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to locate stable fly hosts in a soiled equine bedding substrate. Environmental Entomology 40: 88-93.
Olafson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 250-257.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, S.H. TenBroeck, and J.E. Maruniak. 2011. Host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between livestock facilities. Journal of Medical Entomology. 48: 53-60.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Where Are All of those Flies Coming From The Answer May Surprise You. Proceedings of the Florida Equine Institute & Allied Trade Show. Ocala, FL. 09/15/2011.
Machtinger, E. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Eye gnats, grass flies, eye flies, fruit flies, Liohippelates spp. (Insecta: Diptera: Chloropidae). 6 pp. EENY-485 (IN485). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in884
Fitzpatrick, D. and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus) Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae). Featured Creatures. 7 pp. EENY-490 (IN885) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in885
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler, and J.F. Butler. 2011. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_ig130
Diaz, L.A., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. A flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis Marquart (Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Featured Creatures. 6 pp. EENY-503. http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/flies/sarcophaga_crassi palpis.htm
Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Performance of novel semiochemicals in the control of veterinary pests. Joint meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, the Livestock Insect Workers Conference and the International Symposium on Ectoparasites of Pets, St. Louis, MO.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Using Traditional Techniques and Modern Tools to Answer Rural:Rural and Rural:Urban Interface Questions in Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal activity of novel compounds against pests of medical and veterinary importance. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Reno, NV.
Anderson, M., and P.E. Kaufman. 2011. Common green bottle fly, sheep blow fly, Lucillia sericata (Meigen) (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae). Featured Creatures. 4 pp. EENY-406. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/livestock/flies/lucilia_seri cata.htm
University of Florida Veterinary Entomology program web site (2011): http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/kaufman/vetentlab/
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Dermatological reactions to insect bites and associated diseases. Dermatology Grand Rounds at Shands Medical Plaza, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Kaufman, P.E. 2011. Applied Management of Fly Control. Florida Beef Cattle Short Course. Gainesville, FL.

Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: A mixed-origin, field collected house fly strain was selected for resistance to imidacloprid over five consecutive generations. This colony is currently housed in our laboratory. Studies have been completed examining the dispersal of house flies from dairies in Florida. Marked house flies were documented to disperse greater than 1 km. As a result of the permethrin-induced resistance profiling, we have established a diagnostic dose assay to assess stable fly resistance to permethrin without the use of intensive dose-concentration protocols. This assay was offered to entomologists across the US and in Canada, France and Greece. This study is expected to have widespread utilization during the 2011 stable fly season. Training of students is critically important to our mission. To this extent, an undergraduate student participated in an independent research project during this report period. The ability of stable flies to harbor a mastitis inducing pathogen was examined. PARTICIPANTS: Jimmy Pitzer, Ph.D. candidate; Roxanne Burrus, Ph.D. candidate; Sonia Nunez, OPS technician; Lois Wood, Program Technician; Heather Olsen, undergraduate research student; Dr. Chris Geden, USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Dr. Jerry Hogsette, USDA, ARS, CMAVE; Dr. Mike Scharf, University of Florida; Dr. Drion Boucias, University of Florida; Dr. Pia Olfson, USDA, ARS, KBLIRL; Dr. Phil Kaufman is the project PI and provided oversight for all objectives. Dr. Chris Geden assisted with the pteromalid and insecticide resistance studies. Dr. Jerry Hogsette assisted with stable fly studies and with E. coli studies. Dr. Mike Scharf provided guidance for the insecticide resistance study. Dr. Drion Boucias provided guidance and training for the undergraduates working on the pathogen transmission project. Dr. Pia Olfson conducted genomic studies with stable fly resistance. Jimmy Pitzer conducted all equine stable fly and pteromalid studies. Roxanne Burrus conducted E. coli studies on dairies. Sonia Nunez conducted the insecticide resistance studies with house flies. Heather Olsen conducted pathogen transmission work with stable fly. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy farmers, poultry farmers, horse owners, cooperative extension agents, insecticide manufacturers, veterinarians, Florida's rural residents Many of the topics of this project are utilized in Dr. Kaufman's Medical and Veterinary Entomology courses taught at the University of Florida. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Studies have been completed on selection for resistance to the insecticide bait, imidacloprid and a manuscript has been accepted for publication. A multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique developed in our laboratory can identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs. The resultant manuscript from this work has been accepted for publication. Our results suggest that significant numbers of flies collected on equine facilities had fed on cattle blood within 24 hr. That cattle were not on or near the premise strongly suggests that the flies originated elsewhere and subsequently moved to the horse farms. A wild-caught stable fly colony has been selected for resistance to permethrin and is currently housed in our laboratory. This colony was subjected to genetic analysis and the resistance mechanism has been determined. Two manuscripts have been accepted for publication from this work. Studies with E. coli sampling on dairy farms suggest that utilization of house flies for sample detection was more reliable than the use of other techniques. Three new-to-science chemistries were identified and patents were filed. These chemistries have been shown to be effective against house flies and stable flies.

Publications

Kaufman, P.E. 2009. Integrated pest management of house flies, Musca domestica L., on livestock facilities. 6th Asian-Pacific Congress of Entomology, Beijing, China. October 19-21, 2009.
Kaufman, P.E. 2010. The role and future of universities in animal health product evaluations. 54th Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 27, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E., and J.B. Pitzer. 2009. Celebrating a lack of insecticide resistance in stable flies! 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.
Kaufman, P.E., R.S. Mann, and J.F. Butler. 2011. Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance. Pest Management Science 67: 26-35.
Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Selection for resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 1937-1942.
Mann, R.S., P.E. Kaufman, and J.F. Butler. 2010. Evaluation of semiochemical toxicity to houseflies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science 66: 816-824.
Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, R.S. Mann, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance in house flies from Florida dairies. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 29, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E., S.C. Nunez, C.J. Geden, and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Selection for resistance to imidacloprid in the house fly. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN. June 29, 2010.
Kaufman, P. 2010. Insecticide resistance and management of house flies. 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop, St. Augustine, FL. March 23, 2010.
Kaufman, P.E. 2010. Dung beetle diversity and ecology on Florida cattle pastures following the introduction of several exotic species. Departmental Seminar, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. March 18, 2010.
Olafson, P., P.E. Kaufman, and J.B. Pitzer. 2009. Selecting for pyrethroid resistance in stable flies: screening the sodium channel for mutations associating with the resistant phenotype. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.
Rutz, D.A., P.E. Kaufman, and J.K. Waldron. 2009. Delivering scientific information in applied terms to our stakeholder colleagues. 2009 Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Indianapolis, IN. December 15, 2009.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.A. Hogsette, C.J. Geden, and S.A. TenBroeck. 2010. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2010. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on north-central Florida dairies with comparison of prevalence rates from house flies, manure and grain. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Olfson, P.U., J.B. Pitzer, and P.E. Kaufman. 2010. Identification of a mutation associated with permethrin resistance in the para-type sodium channel of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and S.A. TenBroeck. 2010. Permethrin resistance status of the stable fly in Florida. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, Knoxville, TN.
Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2009. House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in north central Florida. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 14, 2009.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, and C.J. Geden. 2009. Hymenopteran pupal parasitoids attacking filth flies in Florida. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Indianapolis, IN. December 14, 2009.
Burrus, R.A., J.A. Hogsette, P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak, V. Mai, and A.H. Simonne. 2010. House fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) dispersal from and Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence on dairy farms in North Central Florida. 7th Arbovirus Surveillance and Mosquito Control Workshop. St. Augustine, FL. March 23, 2010.

Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies on the usefulness of freeze-killed house fly pupae to serve as effective, distance parasitoid sampling tool has been published in the Florida Entomologist. Studies have recently been completed on selection for resistance to the insecticide bait, imidacloprid. These studies are currently being analyzed and prepared for publication. House flies that had been collected from four farms were consolidated into a mixed-strain. These flies demonstrated a lower resistance level as compared to the parental strains. Resistance was successfully selected for over the course of a few generations, demonstrating the capability of the fly to rapidly develop resistance to imidacloprid. Studies identifying the dispersal of stable flies have been completed and are currently undergoing analysis. In this approach, we will utilize blood meal analysis to determine if adult stable flies are arriving on equine farms from non-equine sources. Additionally, stable flies have been colonized and determination of Lethal Concentration analysis on these flies has been completed for the laboratory strain and field-tested on one wild strain. Insecticide selection pressure on the colony is underway. Training of students is critically important to our mission. To this extent, two undergraduate students participated in independent research projects during this report period. These students are examining pathogen transmission by house and stable flies in laboratory and field studies. A high school student interned with our program during the summer of 2009, working with parasitoid searching capabilities. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Phil Kaufman is the project PI and provided oversight for all objectives. Dr. Chris Geden assisted with the pteromalid and insecticide resistance studies. Dr. Mike Scharf provided guidance for the insecticide resistance study. Dr. Drion Boucias provided guidance and training for the undergraduates working on the pathogen transmission project. Jimmy Pitzer conducted all equine stable fly and pteromalid studies, including oversight for the high school intern. Sonia Nunez conducted the insecticide resistance studies with house flies. Sarahlynne Guerrero and Heather Olsen were conducted pathogen transmission work with house fly and stable fly, respectively. Max Segal was the high school student working on pteromalid searching studies. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The successful Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique developed in our laboratory that can identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs is currently being written for publication. Our results suggest that significant numbers of flies collected on equine facilities had fed on cattle blood within 24 hr. That cattle are not on or near the premise strongly suggests that the flies originated elsewhere and subsequently moved to the horse farm. Our new technique for presentation of bait-formulated insecticides allowed for the selection-for-resistance technique that was utilized to develop an imidacloprid-resistant house fly strain. This technique has been published (Kaufman et al. 2010, below). A publication on the selection technique is being developed for submission in 2010.

Publications

Kaufman, P.E., S. Nunez, R.S. Mann,** C.J. Geden and M.E. Scharf. 2010. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida dairies. Pest Management Science (in press).
Kaufman, P.E. and C.J. Geden. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenopter: Pteromalidae) on live and freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. Florida Entomologist, 92: 492-496.
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites Around Animal Facilities. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 10 pp. DLN: IG054 (Revised).
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites of Dairy Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG050 (Revised).
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites on Beef Cattle. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG130 (Revised).
Burrus, R.G., J.A. Hogsette and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Prevalence and population dynamics of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on north central Florida dairy farms. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.
Pitzer, J.B., P.E. Kaufman, J.E. Maruniak and S.A. TenBroeck. 2009. Identification of blood meals from stable flies collected at four equine facilities. Livestock Insect Workers Conference, French Lick, IN.
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. External Parasites on Horses. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 24 pp. DLN: IG139 (Revised). Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2009. Management of External Parasites with Forced-Use Dust Bags. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 7 pp. DLN: IG135 (Revised).
Hogsette, J.A., P.G. Koehler and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Pesticide Safety Around Animals. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. DLN: IG128 (Revised). Koehler, P.G. and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Horn Flies. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 3 pp. DLN: IG137 (Revised).
Juneau, K.J. and P.E. Kaufman. 2009. Little Blue Cattle Louse, Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Linognathidae). Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communications. 4 pp. EENY-422 (IN798).

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Studies on the usefulness of freeze-killed house fly pupae to serve as effective, distance parasitoid sampling tool have been completed. A publication has been submitted. A survey of cattle producer pest and pesticide use assessment was conducted. Despite the widespread distribution of surveys, very few were returned. Responses were obtained from beef cattle producers with operation sizes from 10 animals to 1,000 animals. Most producers (58%) applied pesticides once per season for flies on pastured animals. Approximately 78% of producers treated for cattle grubs and 70% treated for lice. Producers identified flies on pastured animals and fire ants (principally damaging equipment) as their major pests. A publication and a presentation on the results of the Beauveria bassiana use against house flies of varied ages were delivered in 2008. Studies are currently underway examining the insecticide resistance status of house flies to commercially-available fly baits. House flies from four farms have been colonized and studies are nearly complete with imidacloprid, nithiazine, permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin. Resistance is present in house flies for all insecticides tested. Studies identifying the dispersal of stable flies are underway. In this approach, we will utilize blood meal analaysis to determine if adult stable flies are arriving on equine farms from non-equine sources. Addtionally, stable flies have been colonized and determination of Lethal Concentration analsysis on these flies has been completed. Selection pressure on the colony is underway. Training of students is critically important to our mission. To this extent, one undergraduate student participated in independent research projects during the summer of 2008. This student examined dispersal of house flies on an equine farm. A high school student interned with our program during the summer of 2008, working with stable flies on horse farms. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
A successful Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique that can identify the blood meal source of stable flies that have fed on humans, horses, cattle and dogs has been developed. This technique now allows us to test flies to determine where they are obtaining their blood meals. The advantage of this is in effectively managing this highly annoying pest by potentially identifying sources of breeding. Flies that have been collected on equine facilities will be tested for source blood meals. If flies on equine facilities have blood from dog or cattle, but these animals are not on the premise, it strongly suggests that the flies originated elsewhere and subsequently moved to the horse farm. House flies collected from local dairies demonstrate resistance to imidacloprid and nithiazine bait insecticides. To identify the higher levels of resistance, a new technique for presentation of the insecticide has been developed. Resistance to imidacloprid is considerably greater than to nithiazine. This reflects the much greater use-pattern of the imidacloprid baits. Additionally, these flies also are highly resistant to permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin. That beta-cyfluthrin resistance has approached permethrin suggests that this much newer insecticide may no longer be effective on Florida dairies, further staining control efforts and community relations.

Publications

Kaufman, P.E., L.A. Wood, J.I. Goldberg, S.J. Long and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Host age and pathogen exposure level as factors in the susceptibility of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to Beauveria bassiana. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 841-847.
Wood, L.A. and P.E. Kaufman. 2008. Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Tribe Coprini): Its presence and relative abundance in cattle pastures in Northcentral Florida. Florida Entomologist, 91: 128-130.
Kaufman, P.E., A.C. Gerry, D.A. Rutz and J.G. Scott. 2006. Monitoring susceptibility of house flies (Musca domestica L.) in the United States to imidacloprid. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 23: 195-200.
Waldron, J.K., P.E. Kaufman and D.A. Rutz. 2008. Expanding livestock integrated pest management in the Northeast: An IPM training opportunity for Northeast US Animal Agriculture Industry Personnel. Project Reports 2007-2008, Agricultural and Community IPM, NYS IPM Pub. No. 506. pp. 102-109.
Kaufman, P.E., P.G. Koehler and J.F. Butler. 2008. How do external parasites impact dairy cattle Progressive Dairyman. January, Issue 1. pp. 31-35.