Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Included in the last year of this project was a focus on disseminating knowledge by: Providing training and continuing education opportunities and dissemination of information to students, producers, veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories. The course "International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health" was offered for the sixth time in a row in summer 2012 with five US students and 18 students from East Africa. Six of eight students enrolled in the newly approved Master of Science (M.S.) degree in "International Infectious Disease Management and Biosecurity" graduated at the end of fall 2012 semester; two more plan to graduate in the next semester. A new cohort of six students from Makerere University have enrolled into the program (since spring 2012) funded by USAID project; they are projected to graduate by end of spring 2013 semester. The research conducted on this project provided evidence of shedding of O157 and non-O157 STEC in feces of apparently healthy feedlot and ranch cattle in North Dakota. Additionally, these STEC shed frequently harbor virulence genes, including stx1, stx2, eaeA, and ehlyA. Furthermore, the preliminary results of feedlot runoff study indicate that the O157 and non-O157 STEC serotypes are present in the runoff. This research will directly benefit food industry and public Health regarding foodborne infections associated with STEC. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The summer study abroad course provided an opportunity for international training and exposure of students from several US institutions through the course "International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health". The joint Master of Science (M.S.) degree in "International Infectious Disease Management and Biosecurity" provided career opportunities that did not exist before. An added international perspective to our research and training further provided opportunities for faculty and student collaborations. NDSU and MAK had faculty exchange plus student research conducted at MAK. The conference in summer 2012 in Uganda provided a forum for scientists from North America and East Africa to share their experiences and expertise in infectious disease management. In February 2012, USDA-FSIS declared 6 Shiga Toxin producing E. coli (STEC) serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 as adulterants in beef trimmings (77Federal Register 34; Feb 12, 2012).The research conducted on STEC led to a new collaboration with a scientist at USDA-ARS who is developing monoclonal antibodies for laboratory diagnostic methods for non-O157:H7. Her work contributed to development of the new regulations.
Publications
- Tabe,E.S., J Oloya, Dawn K. Doetkott, M. L. Khaitsa. 2011.Genotypic diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica typhimurium var Copenhagen isolated from feedlot cattle during finishing. Africa Journal of Animal and Biomedical Sciences 5 (3), 2010.ISSN: 1819-4214.
- Tabe, E. S., J. Oloya, D. K. Doetkott, M. L. Khaitsa. 2011. Evaluation of Fecal Enrichment and Non-enrichment Methods for the detection of shiga toxin Escherichia coli in Feces of Naturally Infected Feedlot cattle. Africa Journal of Animal and Biomedical Sciences. 6(1): 42-50.
- Khaitsa, M.L. and Dawn Doetkott. 2012 (Accepted in August 2011). Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Domestic Animals, Humans and Meat Products, In Salmonella - A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen, Barakat S. M. Mahmoud (Ed.), ISBN 978-953-307-782-6.
- M. Muleme, R. Barigye, ML. Khaitsa, E. Berry, AW. Wamono, C. Ayebazibwe. 2012. Effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination programs for the control of foot and mouth disease in Uganda, 2001 to 2010. Tropical Animal Health and Production, September 2012.
- Gemmeda R. D., D. Landblom, Doetkott D. Muleme M. and Margaret L. Khaitsa. 2012. Prevalence and Characterization of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 and virulence genes in STEC isolated from healthy feedlot and range cattle in western North Dakota, and isolates O45, O145, O157, O111, O103, O113, O121 and O26 serotypes in beef cattle at NDSU Research Extension Center, Dickinson. In: 72nd Annual North Central Brach of ASM (American Society for Microbiology) meeting at North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, October 12-13, 2012.
- Nessie Libone, ML Khaitsa, D. Doetkott, S. Rahman. 2012. Occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella in Feedlot runoff. In: 72nd Annual North Central Brach of ASM (American Society for Microbiology) meeting at North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, October 12-13, 2012.
- Tofteland, J., D. Landblom, D. Doetkott, M.L. Khaitsa. 2012. Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157H:7 in Beef Cattle at North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center, Dickinson, ND. In: 72nd Annual North Central Brach of ASM (American Society for Microbiology) meeting at North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, October 12-13, 2012.
- Tofteland J., D. Landblom, D. Doetkott, R. Gemmeda, M. Muleme, S. Olet and M.L Khaitsa. 2012. The Prevalence & Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotypes from Feedlot and Range Cattle in the US Midwest. In: Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL, Dec.2-4, 2012. Food and Environmental Safety Section: Poster No. 58.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A study was conducted to investigate prevalence of Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in beef cattle in North Dakota at different production stages from post-weaning to slaughter & testing for presence of Shiga toxin 1 (stx1), Shiga toxin 2 (stx2), Intimin (eaeA) and Enterohemolysin (ehlyA) genes using PCR. STEC serotypes tested included O157, 0145, 0111, 0103, 026. We established that several serotypes of Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) (O157, 0145, 0111, 0103, 026) were shed in feces of beef cattle (both calves and adult cattle) in ND. Research on characterization of Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in beef cattle at different production stages from post-weaning to slaughter was completed. The NDSU/ Makerere University joint course International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health was offered for the fifth time in summer 2011 with 9 students (8 from NDSU & 1 from University of California, Davis. NDSU and MAK USAID initiative on Africa-US Capacity building in Higher Education for Development (HED) - a project through AFRUS-IDM (Africa-US Integrated Disease Management), a network of higher education institutions in East & Central Africa and the US and Canada continued to be implemented. The consortia of universities will enable resource sharing and enable increased student access to valuable educational, research, and community service programs. This initiative encompasses many institutions that are also participating in the Multistate project of Enteric diseases of swine and cattle that NC-1041 addresses. Some NC-1041 members and member institutions (Michigan State University, Washington State University, University of Minnesota, Kansas State University) are a part of the NDSU led university consortium under this initiative and could play a significant role in accomplishing the goals of the strategic plan. The joint collaborative programs developed support land grant universities missions and definitely NDSU's mission to address the needs and aspirations of people in a changing world, its vision to be globally identified as a contemporary metropolitan land grant institution, and its core values to reflect and serve geographically and culturally diverse populations, remain committed to serving people globally, and value collaboration with colleges and universities around the world. We added an international perspective to our research and training thus providing opportunities for faculty and student collaborations. NDSU and MAK had faculty exchange plus student research conducted at MAK. A consortium of universities that will act as a resource for future collaborations among faculty and for student exchange opportunities was formed. PARTICIPANTS: Dawn Doetkott - Research Technician Jennifer Tofteland - Graduate student who since then left and joined the College of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University. TARGET AUDIENCES: Students, producers of cattle and swine especially in North Dakota, food industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No major changes in approach.
Impacts
Provided preliminary data (the first ever reported) on Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in beef cattle at different production stages from post-weaning to slaughter in North Dakota. Provided an opportunity for international training and exposure of students from several US institutions through the course "International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health" and the joint Master of Science (M.S.) degree in "International Infectious Disease Management and Biosecurity". Added an international perspective to our research and training thus providing opportunities for faculty and student collaborations. NDSU and Makerere University had faculty exchange plus student research conducted at Makerere. The consortia of universities under AFRUS-IDM project funded by USAID will enable resource sharing and enable increased student access to valuable educational, research, and community service programs. This consortium is largely networked electronically and has been meeting twice a month. A consortium of East and Central African (ECA)Universities with Makerere University as the lead institution will provide students from that region greater access to institutions of higher learning not only in the African partners but in the U.S. institutions, as well. Also, regional ECA partners will provide opportunities for on-the-ground research projects for faculty & students from both African and US institutions. Already, the 8 students currently enrolled in the (NDSU and Makerere University) joint MS degree in International Infectious Disease Management and Biosecurity have conducted research in Uganda and North Dakota; also, NDSU, Michigan State University, Washington State University will collaborate on providing internships for these students & offering a course jointly in summer 2012. This initiative and strategic plan could encompass many of the enteric diseases of swine and cattle that NC-1041 addresses. Some NC-1041 members and member institutions are a part of the NDSU led university consortium under this initiative and could play a significant role in accomplishing the goals of the strategic plan.
Publications
- Jennifer A. Tofteland, D. Doetkott and Margaret L. Khaitsa, 2012. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Non O157 Shiga toxin producing E. coli in ND beef cattle from post weaning to slaughter. Journal of Food Protection Trends (Manuscript in preparation).
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The USDA-FSIS has been conducting a regulatory microbiological testing program on ready to eat (RTE) meat and poultry products since 1983 and has set a zero tolerance policy on the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on RTE meats. In partnership with ND Meat Inspection program, we investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in RTE meats from processing plants and retail outlets in ND. Additionally, we completed research on Salmonella occurrence in beef cattle in North Dakota along the production points from post weaning to slaughter and a comparative study of the characterization of Salmonella isolates from cattle and humans in ND and Uganda. The lab also completed research on the characterization of Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in beef cattle at different production stages from post-weaning to slaugher. The course "International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health" was offered for the fourth time in Summer 2010 with 8 US students (6 from NDSU & 2 from Dickinson State University, Dickinson, ND) and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. PARTICIPANTS: Brenton Nesemeier - M.S Graduate Student Michael Mahero - M.S. Graduate Student Jeniffer Tofteland - M.S Graduate student Dawn Doetkott - Research Technician TARGET AUDIENCES: Students, producers of cattle and swine, food industry. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No major changes in approach
Impacts
Of 154 ready to eat meat samples tested so far 23 (15%) were positive for Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella (this study still ongoing) with 4 (2.6%) and 19 (12.3%) testing positive for Listeria monocytogenes & Salmonella, respectively. Overall, 19% and 17% of sausages and hotdogs, respectively, tested positive for Salmonella; 4% of deli meats were positive for Listeria monocytogenes. The risk of contamination of RTE meats originating from ND compared to the other states (MN, WI, IL, KS, NE, MO, OH) was similar. The majority of positive samples (7/15, 46.7%) were within 7 days of expiration. Limitations of this study included the fact that the samples were not screened with PCR as the USDA protocol requires before they were cultured. A possibility of false positive samples exists and is being investigated. Regarding the study on Salmonella occurrence in beef cattle in North Dakota, overall, the prevalence of Salmonella ranged from 7.9% to 92.1% in adult cattle while in calves at post weaning it ranged from 27.7% to 54.4%, with one month, December 2008, displaying 100% prevalence. Salmonella isolates displayed the most AMR towards Chloramphenicol (57.3%), Streptomycin (54.7%) and Tetracycline (54.7%) in both groups. For the comparative study between ND and Uganda, out of 359 Salmonella isolates tested 24.79% were resistant to ≥5 antimicrobials while 36.2% were resistant to at least 2. Pan susceptible isolates were mostly (65.05%) from human isolates. The most common multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype among the tested isolates was the classic ACSSuT penta-resistance at 29.06% (50/172). The highest resistance frequency was seen against Tetracycline (39.6%)and Streptomycin (34.7 %) while 5.2% (17) of the isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid and 56 (15.7%) to Ceftiofur. All Ugandan Salmonella isolates tested (100%, 74/74) were resistant to ≥5 antimicrobials. The highest resistance was observed against Sulfisoxazole and Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole and 45.8% of human and 46.2% of cattle isolates tested positive for presence of class 1 integrons. The data indicated high AMR among antimicrobials widely used in veterinary and human medicine. Also, AMR was observed against drugs whose veterinary use is restricted, implying possible horizontal transmission. Results on the characterization of Ssigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in beef cattle at different production stages from post-weaning to slaughter are currently being analyzed. Preliminary data from the study on the surveillance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on ready to eat meats from led to obtaining a grant ($8,010) from ND State Board of Agriculture, Research Education (SBARE). Additionally, two MS graduate students completed their degrees. The course International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health was offered for the fourth time in Summer 2010.
Publications
- Ebot S.Tabe, James Oloya, Dawn K. Doetkott, Margaret L. Khaitsa. 2010. Characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium serovar Copenhagen isolated from feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection Trends, Journal of Food Protection Trends, Vol. 30, No. 5, Pages 273-279.
- CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM BEEF CATTLE FROM POST WEANING TO SLAUGHTER. A Thesis Submitted to North Dakota State University By Brenton Nesemeier in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY. April 2010.
- ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND PRESENCE OF INTEGRONS IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM ANIMALS AND HUMANS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA & UGANDA. A Thesis Submitted to North Dakota State University By Michael Wandanje Mahero in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FOOD SAFETY, May 2010.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The PI (Dr. Khaitsa) presented information on the project at the annual meeting of the NC-1041 multistate project "Enteric Diseases of Swine and Cattle: Prevention, Control and Food Safety" held December 5-6, 2009 in conjunction with The Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases in Chicago, IL on December 6-8, 2009. Summary of North Dakota NC-1007 Report Salmonella occurrence in beef cattle in North Dakota along the production points was monitored and Salmonella isolates characterized by antimicrobial resistance & presence of the integrase gene which encodes for Integron 1. Additionally, a comparative study of characterization of Salmonella isolates from Cattle and humans in ND and Uganda was accomplished. The course "International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health" was offered for the third time in summer 2009 with 8 US and 2 MAK students. The joint Master of Science (M.S.) degree as well as a graduate certificate in "International Infectious Disease Management and Biosecurity" (2008-2011) program was submitted to the college curriculum committee for approval. A planning grant ($50,000) was awarded from USAID/HED for Africa-US Capacity building in Higher Education for Development (HED); Additionally, a 10 year strategic Plan (2010-2020, $28 Million) was submitted to USAID for funding further collaborations on November 30, 2009. PARTICIPANTS: Graduate Students: Brenton Nessemeier and Michael Mahero Senior Research Technician: Dawn Doetkott TARGET AUDIENCES: Students and researchers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Salmonella prevalence trends in calves from postweaning to slaughter and cows during normal routine production cycle was evaluated. Isolated Salmonella from beef cattle and humans in ND and Uganda was characterized and showed widespread AMR with the presence of class 1 integrons evident particularly in isolates from Uganda. the project provided an opportunity for international training and exposure of students from several US institutions through the course International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health. the project also added an international perspective to our research and training thus providing opportunities for faculty and student collaborations. NDSU and MAK had faculty exchange plus student research conducted at MAK. A consortium of universities was formed that will act as a resource for future collaborations among faculty and for student exchange opportunities. The research of the project was produced as abstracts and manuscripts that were presented at conferences & submitted to various journals for publication, respectively. A joint Master of Science (M.S.) degree as well as a graduate certificate in International Infectious Disease Management and Biosecurity (2008-2011) program at NDSU was submitted for approval. The process is currently ongoing.
Publications
- Michael Mahero, Susan Olet, Dawn Doetkott, Margaret Khaitsa. 2009. Characterisation of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Presence of Class 1 Integrons In Salmonella Serovars Isolated From Clinical Cases of Animals And Humans In North Dakota. North Dakota Academy of Science, April 30, 2009 Fargo ND, p.58.
- M.W.Mahero, D. K. Doetkott, S. Olet, D.K. Byarugaba, M. L.Khaitsa. 2009. Characterisation of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella Isolated from Animals and Humans In North Dakota, USA and Kampala Uganda. North Dakota EPSCOR Conference, September 24, 2009 at North Dakota State University, Fargo ND. Poster #70.
- Nesemeier, B., Doetkott, D., Olet, S and Khaitsa, ML. 2009. Characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from beef cattle from post weaning to slaughter. North Dakota EPSCOR Conference, September 24, 2009 at North Dakota State University, Fargo ND. Poster #71.
- Michael Mahero, D. K. Doetkott, S. Olet, D.K. Byarugaba, M. L.Khaitsa. 2009. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella Isolated from Animals and Humans In North Dakota, USA and Kampala Uganda. North Dakota. In Proceedings of the 69th annual meeting of the North Central Branch of the American Society for Microbiology, October 9-10, at La Crosse, WI
- Oloya, D. Doetkott, M.L. Khaitsa. 2009. Antimicrobial drug resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from domestic animals, humans and meat products. J. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease, 2009, 6(3) 273-284.
- Luke C. Heider, M.L. Khaitsa, et al. 2009. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the blaCMY gene from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, humans, the environment and retail meat. J. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease, 2009, 6(3) 273-284.
- Tabe ES, Oloya J, Doetkott DK, Bauer ML, Mahero MW, Khaitsa ML. 2009. Comparative effect of direct-fed-microbials on fecal shedding and genotypic diversity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in Feedlot cattle. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), August 10-14, 2009 Durban, South Africa.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: We established that accuracy of detection methods needs to be factored in the choice of protocols for E. coli O157:H7 detection in cattle feces. We determined that there is occurrence and reoccurrence of new genotypes of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, in feedlot cattle during finishing probably due to their transient introduction in the feedlot by other means in addition to bacteria that were resident in the gut of the cattle. Also direct fed microbials (DFM ) protected cattle from re-occurant E. coli O157:H7 infections and not Salmonella. Salmonella Typhimurium serovars isolated from naturally infected feedlot cattle in North Dakota were characterized by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), presence of integrons and genotypic relatedness using PFGE assays; Salmonella Typhimurium serovars isolated showed widespread AMR with presence of class 1 integron and a wide variety of distinguishable PFGE profiles. The course - International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health - was offered for the second time in summer 2008. Accomplishments. Produced abstracts and manuscripts that were presented at conferences & submitted to various journals for publication, respectively. Expanded the course-International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health- to four other institutions in the US. PARTICIPANTS: Tabe Ebot Sahidu, MS graduate student, Great Plains institute of Food Safety, North Dakota State University James Oloya, Postdoctoral Research Associate, North Dakota State University (at the time). Dawn Doetkott, Research Technician, North Dakota State University TARGET AUDIENCES: Students who acquired knowledge through training both domestic and international. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Evaluated accuracy of three methods (fecal DNA purification methods and conventional culture methods) for the detection of E. coli O 157:H7 in feces of naturally infected feedlot cattle. Contributed data on genotypic diversity of isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from feedlot cattle during finishing. Characterized Salmonella Typhimurium serovars isolated from naturally infected feedlot cattle in ND and showed widespread AMR with presence of class 1 integron and a wide variety of distinguishable PFGE profiles. Provided an opportunity for international training and exposure of students from several US institutions through the course - International Animal Production, Disease Surveillance and Public Health. Added an international perspective to our research and training thus providing opportunities for faculty and student collaborations.
Publications
- Tabe ES, Doetkott DK, Oloya J, Khaitsa ML, 2008. Evaluation of Fecal DNA Purification Methods and Conventional Culture Methods for the Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feces of Naturally Infected Feedlot Cattle. The 95th Annual Meeting of International Association for Food Protection, Columbus, Ohio, August 3-6, 2008: Program Number: T5-05.
- Oloya J, Theis M, Doetkott D, Dyer N, Gibbs P, Khaitsa ML, 2008. Genotypic Similarites and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates in Humans and Animals in North Dakota. The 95th Annual Meeting of International Association for Food Protection, Columbus, Ohio, August 3-6, 2008: Program Number: T7-07.
- Tabe ES, Oloya J, Doetkott DK, Khaitsa ML, 2008. Antimicrobial-resistance and genotypic relatedness of Salmonella Typhimurium serovars Copenhagen isolated from feedlot cattle. In: Proceedings of the 89h Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. Chicago, IL, December 7 - 9, 2007. Food and Environmental Safety Section.
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