Progress 11/01/07 to 10/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: pi terminated PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
pi terminated
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The proovigenic and thelytokous stink bug parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is synchronized with its host the Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula), lives ca. 3 wks and produces ca. 170 offspring. Field parasitism appears low, but mortality of collected stink bugs may mask parasitism. 5 releases of Pseudacteon tricuspis have been made against red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) in Georgia since 2000. Pseudacteon curvatus was released at 3 locations (2006-2008), and P. obtusus at 1 location in 2011. In a 3-year survey, P. curvatus was recovered from 129 counties, P. tricuspis from 69 counties, and both species from 39 of those counties. Establishment of P. obtusus is not yet confirmed. The biology of Leptoypha hospita (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a potential biocontrol agent from China for Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense, was studied. L. hospita has a mean life cycle of 25 d. Females laid ca. 240 eggs each, and lived ca. 75 d. Evaluated 4 hemlock species (Tsuga) under 3 fertilizer regimes (long-term fertilization, short-term fertilization, and no fertilizer) to assess fertility effects on resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, and feeding preferences of adelgid predators Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae. Among unfertilized hemlocks, foliar N was highest in Tsuga mertensiana and lowest in T. chinensis. More ovisacs or eggs were on T. mertensiana than on other hemlock species, none on T. chinensis. A. tsugae adults on T. heterophylla had unaffected fertility, densities of A. tsugae nymphs were higher on unfertilized T. heterophylla plants than on fertilized T. heterophylla in all treatments. Both L. nigrinus and S. tsugae ate more adelgid eggs from females that developed on fertilized T. canadensis than on unfertilized plants. Predators did not exhibit this preference for eggs of females that developed on T. heterophylla or T. mertensiana. An egg parasitoid (Paratelenomus saccharalis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)) of the invasive kudzu bug Megacopta cribraria has been imported from Japan into quarantine in Mississippi for testing against native Heteropterans. 13 heteropteran species, representing the families Pentatomidae (9 spp), Coreidae (2 spp), Rhopalidae (1 sp), and Reduviidae (1 sp) have been tested so far, with no effect. The influence of turfgrass genotype (bermudagrass, Cynodon daetylon; centipedegrass Eremochloa ophiuroides; St Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum; zoysiagrass, Zoysia spp., and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea) on hymenopteran parasitoids was evaluated in residential turf in summer 2005. Most wasps were Chalcidoidea (55%) and Platygastroidea (29%). Adult Mymaridae, Platygastridae, Scelionidae and Braconidae were captured in all turfgrasses. 26.5% of all wasps were mymarids, including Gonatocerus sp. and Mymar species. Eulophidae - Aprostocetus and Pnigalio sp. - were less abundant in centipedegrass than other turfgrasses. Trichogrammatids (18.2% of all wasps) were more abundant in St Augustine grass or tall fescue than in zoysiagrass. Platygastrid wasps, Allotropa and Fidiobia sp., were most common in zoysiagrass and St Augustinegrass. PARTICIPANTS: Projects reported here involved a number of collaborators from various organizations: the U.S. Forest Service (Dr. James Hanula and others) and the University of Tennessee (Dr. Jerome Grant) with the hemlock woolly adelgid project; USDA-ARS (Dr. Dawn Olson) and University of Georgia (Dr. Phillip Roberts and numerous extension personnel) in the stink bg parasitoid project; the University of Kyushu, Japan (Dr. Keiji Takasu), USDA-ARS (Drs. Walker Jones and Dawn Olson), Clemson University (Dr. Jeremy Greene) and the University of Georgia (Drs. David Buntin, Wayne Gardner, Tracie Jenkins, Phillip Roberts, and Dan Suiter) in the kudzu bug project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
-- The biology of the adventive parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus is well adapted for the life history of its hosts, chiefly Nezara viridula. The parasitoid appears to be relatively uncommon, but the current survey methods preclude accurate assessments. The parasitoid represents the only nymphal parasitoid of N. viridula in North America, so enhancing populations of this parasitoid may fill a significant niche in managing stink bug populations. -- Parasitoids of the red imported fire ant are established throughout Georgia. The full impact of these parasitoids remains to be assessed. -- Effective biological control agents against Chinese privet would be invaluable in the urban landscape against a highly invasive problem weed. Because it feeds on Chinese privet, has multiple generations per year and a high reproductive rate, L. hospita may be a good biological control agent for this invasive plant. -- Understanding the role of plant nutrition across trophic levels in the hemlock-hemlock woolly adelgid system is important for understanding outcomes in the field, given the variability in plant nutritional quality in the field. The inverse relationship between hemlock woolly adelgid and the activity of their predators on well-fertilized and unfertilized trees may be problematic for trees growing under nutritional stress. -- Integration of pesticides and natural enemies for control of landscape pests, such as the azalea lace bug, can go a long way toward reducing reliance on pesticides in the urban system, where pesticide use is high, and risks of exposure to humans are likewise high. -- Native parasitoids have failed to exploit eggs of Megacopta cribraria. The parasitoid Paratelenomus saccharalis may effectively fill this niche, as it is effective in its home locations, is highly specific, and can likely be matched with the climate in the release regions in the US. -- Organic producers in the southeastern United States are very interested in developing farmscape systems for enhancing natural enemy activity and efficacy. At present, there is very little useful information on the subject. The completion of the current farmscaping studies should provide organic vegetable producers with valuable lab-to-land information that can guide decisions. -- Pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in the native lady beetle Hippodamia convergens, in addition to be a highly unusual biological case, allows us to effectively integrate biological control and insecticides in crop systems where broad-spectrum insecticides are used. Given that these beetles are aphid predators, and that the organophosphates and pyrethroids have little efficacy against most aphids, there is a significant opportunity here. -- Characterizing the predator complex of stink bugs will help us to pinpoint which species to target for further assessments, and for conservation biological control programs.
Publications
- Joseph, S.V. and S.K. Braman. 2011. Occurrence of Hymenopteran parasitoids in residential turfgrass in central Georgia. J. Entomol. Sci. 46: 112-123.
- Joseph, S.V., S.K. Braman and J.L. Hanula. 2011. Effects of Fertilization of Four Hemlock Species on Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Growth and Feeding Preference of Predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 288-298.
- Ni, X., Y. Chen, BE Hibbard, JP Wilson, WP Williams, GD Buntin, JR Ruberson, and X Li. 2011. Foliar resistance to fall armyworm feeding in corn germplasm that confers root- and ear-feeding insect resistance. Florida Entomologist 94: 971-981.
- Olson, DM, JR Ruberson, AR Zeilinger, and DA Andow. 2011. Colonization preference of Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula in transgenic cotton varieties, peanut and soybean. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 139: 161-169.
- Wickings, KG, and JR Ruberson. 2011. Impact of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on epigeic Arthropods of cotton agroecosystems. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 104: 171-179.
- Zhang, Y., J. L. Hanula, S. Horn, S. K. Braman and J. Sund. 2011. Biology of Leptoypha hospita (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a potential biological control agent of Chinese privet. Annals Entomol. Soc. Am. 104: 1327-1333.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010 confirmed occurrence of the fire ant parasitoids Pseudacteon curvatus in 121 and P. tricuspis in 69 Georgia counties. At least one species of the flies occurs in 150 of Georgia's 159 counties with both species in 39 counties. The 9 counties from which they have not been reported have not yet been surveyed; thus, it is likely that at least one species of the phorids occurs in all Georgia counties. Continued studies of the exotic, adventive stink bug parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus 25C. Average longevity was 23.3 days, and average fecundity 141.7. Offspring sex ratio was 98.4% female. Parasitoids pupate in white cocoons in soil beneath plants. Evaluated native enemies of the exotic pest Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). 170 and 117 egg masses were collected in soybean and kudzu, respectively; no parasitism was observed. Predation was evaluated with adult Geocoris punctipes, G. uliginosus, Spanagonicus sp., Nabis roseipennis, Hippodamia convergens, Harmonia axyridis, and Scymnus loewii; and larval H. convergens (L3) and Chrysoperla rufilabris (L3) for 24 hr. Both Geocoris species consumed all 10 M. cribraria nymphs. Larvae of C. rufilabris and H. convergens ate 93.2 and 85.8% of nymphs, respectively. No other predators ate more than 30% of nymphs. Nymphal predation by G. punctipes and C. rufilabris was observed in kudzu. Stink bugs of all life stages were surveyed weekly in corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean fields. 1,757 bugs were collected, of which 31 were parasitized. The dominant parasitoid species of the Brown stink bug, E. servus, was Cylindromyia binotata, followed by Euthera tentatrix. All parasitism of the Southern green (N. viridula) and Green (A. hilare) stink bugs was by Trichopoda pennipes and parasitism rates were unusually low (1.2% for Green and 5.8% for Southern green stink bugs). Parasitism rates observed for E. servus in this study (1.7% of all, or 2.5% of the 753 5th-instar nymphs and adults) were typically low. Evaluated 4 hemlock species (Tsuga) under 3 different fertilizer regimes to assess fertility effects on resistance to the adelgid and feeding preferences of the adelgid predators Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae. Treatments were long-term fertilization, short-term fertilization, and no fertilizer. Among unfertilized hemlocks, foliar N was highest in Tsuga mertensiana and lowest in T. chinensis. Significantly more progredien ovisacs or sisten eggs were present on T. mertensiana than on other hemlock species with none on unfertilized T. chinensis. A. tsugae adults on T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. were unaffected by fertility; but densities of developing A. tsugae nymphs were higher on unfertilized T. heterophylla plants than on fertilized T. heterophylla plants regardless of fertilizer treatment. Both L. nigrinus and S. tsugae consumed more adelgid eggs that developed on fertilized T. canadensis than on unfertilized plants. Predators did not exhibit this preference for adelgid eggs from females that developed on T. heterophylla or T. mertensiana. PARTICIPANTS: Project participants are Drs. S. Kristine Braman (Univ. of Georgia), G. David Buntin (Univ. of Georgia), Wayne Gardner (Univ. of Georgia), and John R. Ruberson (Univ. of Georgia). TARGET AUDIENCES: Various audiences. The fire ant work cuts across a broad range of audiences, from homeowners to agricultural producers. STudoes of the hemlock woolly adelgid system affect conservationists and forest biologists, along with the general public who utilize natural areas where hemlocks occur. The studies of stink bug enemies and enemies of the new pest Megacopta cribraria affect row crop and vegetable producers (organic and conventional), and homeowners, who are affected by incursions of M. cribraria in homes in the fall. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
-- Parasitoids of the red imported fire ant are established throughout Georgia. The impact of these parasitoids remains to be assessed. -- The biology of the adventive parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus is well adapted for the life history of its hosts, chiefly Nezara viridula. The parasitoid appears to be relatively uncommon, but the current survey methods preclude accurate assessments. The parasitoid represents the only nymphal parasitoid of N. viridula in North America, so enhancing populations of this parasitoid may fill a significant niche in managing stink bug populations. -- Native entomophages are capable of feeding on Megacopta cribraria and are doing so in the field. The range of predators to which this invasive pest is susceptible is not yet clear, but native natural enemies may become very important in suppressing the massive populations of this pest observed in northern Georgia. The lack of an egg parasitoid suggests that this may be a life stage worth targeting through foreign exploration, particularly as some fairly effective egg parasitoids are know from Asia. -- Organic producers in the southeastern United States are very interested in developing farmscape systems for enhancing natural enemy activity and efficacy. At present, there is very little useful information on the subject. The completion of the current farmscaping studies should provide organic vegetable producers with valuable lab-to-land information that can guide decisions.
Publications
- Barros, EM, JB Torres, JR Ruberson, MD Oliveira. 2010. Development of Spodoptera frugiperda on different hosts and damage to reproductive structures in cotton. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 137: 237-245.
- Chen, Y., DM Olson, and JR Ruberson. 2010. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on tritrophic interactions. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4:81-94.
- Joseph, S. V., S. K. Braman, and J. L. Hanula. 2011. Effects of fertilizer on the four hemlock species resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Adelgidae) and influence on predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 104: 288-298.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Phorid parasitoids (2 species) released against imported fire ants have established and spread in Georgia. Surveys in 2009 showed that Pseudacteon curvatis is established in 19 and P. tricuspis in 28 GA counties. Predatory Heteroptera were most abundant in St. Augustinegrass and zoysiagrass and included Anthocoridae, Lasiochilidae, Geocoridae, and Miridae. Anthocorid and lasiochilid abundance correlated positively with Blissidae and Delphacidae, which are pests of turfgrass. Anthocorids/lasiochilids were more numerous on taller grasses. Geocorids and Mirids were most common in zoysiagrass and with increasing weed density. Predatory potential and performance of Geocoris punctipes, G. uliginosus (Geocoridae), and Orius insidiosus (Anthocoridae) were evaluated with fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, as prey on different turfgrass taxa. FAW reduction on TifSport by O. insidiosus was 92.6% above mortality in the no-predator treatment on that grass. Predator induced mortality was rarely significant on the highly resistant zoysiagrass cultivar Cavalier because mortality was high with or without predators. FAW survival on TifSport was reduced by addition of 2 O. insidiosus per pot in laboratory trials. Increased predator density to 4, 6, 8 or 10 further suppressed larval survival. On Sea Isle 1 a density of 2 O. insidiosus reduced FAW >50% compared to no predator treatment in laboratory trials, but not in the field with alternative prey and predators. O. insidiosus densities of 6 or more per 181.4 cm2 reduced FAW survival on TifSport as much as 80% over 5d in the field. Predator induced mortality was most consistent on intermediately resistant TifSport bermudagrass. Numbers of the predator Lasiochilus palidulus varied among St. Augustinegrass genotype and were least abundant in resistant cultivars and most abundant in Winchester. Adult tiger beetles reduced numbers of FAW in laboratory and field experiments. Japanese beetle larvae were reduced by tiger beetles in lab but not field tests. Collected 1810 stink bugs, representing four species (Nezara viridula (SGSB)- Euschistus servus, Acrosternum hilare, Piezodorus guildinii)- 12.3% were parasitized. Most parasitized bugs were SGSB (206 of 232), and parasitism of SGSB was 27.2%. Nearly all parasitism was observed in adults due to one parasitoid - Trichopoda pennipes. 5 bugs, all nymphs (2 from E. servus, 3 from SGSB), yielded parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus, now known from Decatur, Mitchell, Sumter, and Tift Counties, from 2 host species (E. servus and SGSB) in corn, cotton, and soybeans. Developmental rate of A. rufotestaceus (59-65d at 20C, 40-41d at 25C, 35-36d at 30C) was best fit by a nonlinear regression model. Predation of stink bug eggs by chewing predators averaged 11.8% in cotton when fire ants were present, and 4.5% where ants were excluded. Sucking predators had little impact (<1%) on egg mortality. Egg predation was high in peanuts (86%) and lower in soybeans (39%), Bt-cotton (34%) and Roundup -ready (RR) cotton (7%). Most egg predation in Bt-cotton and peanuts was attributable to fire ants. Most predation in soybeans and RR-cotton was attributable to tettigoniid grasshoppers. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Establishment and spread of the parasitoids of fire ants should contribute to some reduction in overall populations of this invasive ant. Improved understanding of tritrophic interactions will better inform pest management in outdoor urban, suburban and forested environments and encourage IPM programs in various systems. Stink bugs remain a challenging problem for pest managers in Georgia, and effective insecticides are almost entirely broad-spectrum products that are highly disruptive. Clarifying effective natural enemies will allow us to devise programs for their conservation and encouragement to reduce the need for broad-spectrum insecticides. Fire ants offer promise as stink bug biological control agents because of their effectiveness, and because we can manipulate them through tillage practices. The exotic parasitoid A. rufotestaceus offers biological control potential. Host range testing of A. rufotestaceus revealed that the parasitoid is capable of successfully developing in a variety of pest stink bugs, including the Southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula), brown stink bugs (Euschistus servus and E. quadrator), Green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare), and red-banded stink bug (Piezodorus guildinii), although the rates of successful parasitism were quite variable among species and life stages. The parasitoid's developmental biology synchronizes it well with that of its hosts. We will continue to study this wasp and produce it for releases. Planned work - Impact of Megacephala carolina on common turf grass pests influenced by turfgrass species will continue to be evaluated in the field. Study of the effects of fertilizer and low rates of insecticide on hemlock woolly adelgid to enhance predator retention will be completed. Testing insects from china as potential biological controls for chinese privet, ligustrum sinense will continue in collaboration with Dr. James Hanula, USFS. Biological control for management of arthropod pests of gerberas will be evaluated. We will continue to conduct routine surveys of areas in the state to determine establishment of phorid flies and help identify locations for additional releases. We plan 1 or 2 additional releases in 2010. We will continue a fourth and final year of surveys for stink bug parasitoids in the southern tier of Georgia, and will assess the role of fire ants in determining stink bug population dynamics in peanuts through selective exclusion studies. We will continue to investigate the biology and host range of the adventitious parasitoid Aridelus rufotestaceus. Predation studies of stink bugs will be expanded through collaborative work with Dr. James Harwood (Univ. of Kentucky) developing Southern green stink bug-specific primers that will allow us to more efficiently identify the complex of stink bug predators.
Publications
- Lundgren, JG, J Bernal, JJ Duan, A Gassman, JR Ruberson. 2009. Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control. Crop Protection 28: 1017-1030.
- Torres, JB, JR Ruberson, M Whitehouse. 2009. Transgenic cotton for sustainable pest management. In: E. Lichtfouse (ed.), Sustainable Agricultural Reviews 1:15-53. Springer Verlag.
- Chong, J.-H., Braman, S. K., Waltz, F. C. (2009). St. Augustinegrass Cultivar Influences on Southern Chinch Bug and Predator Populations. Applied Turfgrass Science, http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/ats/research/2009/chinch/ch inch.pdf. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.1094/ATS-2009-1123-01-RS.
- Joseph, S. V., Braman, S. K. (2009). Predatory Potential of Geocoris spp. and Orius insidiosus (Say) on Fall Armyworm in Resistant and Susceptible Turf. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3), 1151-1156.
- Joseph, S. V., Braman, S. K. (2009). Influence of plant parameters on occurrence and abundance of arthropods in residential turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3), 1116-1122.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Continued surveys in 2008 evaluating the complex of natural enemies of stink bugs in Georgia, concentrating on soybean and cotton in Tift, Sumter, and Decatur counties. Stink bugs of all life stages and species were collected at each location and were returned to the laboratory to assess parasitism. Egg masses were placed in cotton fields in Tift County to assess egg predation. Parasitism of stink bug nymphs and adults was highest (35-100%) in the early and middle of the season, and remained low (10-30%) for the remainder of the season as stink bug populations increased. Parasitism rates were highest in Sumter County, with early season rates of 100% and late season 20-30%. Nearly all parasitism of nymphs and adults was by the tachinid Trichopoda pennipes. Eight 5th-instar nymphs of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, and 1 5th-instar nymph of the stink bug Euschistus servus were parasitized by the wasp Aridelus rufotestaceus. This (and the 2 individuals found in 2007) is the first record of this species in the Americas. It was previously known only from Europe. Some egg masses were collected at all locations and held for parasitism. Egg parasitism was low accounting for less than 10% of egg masses, with all parasitism due to scelionid wasps. Assessed acute toxicity of novel insecticides (spinetoram, flubendiamide, acetamiprid) to the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Spinetoram was highly toxic at all rates, even rates below lowest recommended field rates. Acetamiprid exhibited dose-dependent toxicity, but never exceeded 50% mortality. Flubendiamide was not toxic at any rate. Evaluated toxicity of flubendiamide to the predator Podisus maculiventris. Development and survival of 5th instar nymphs and size of emerging adults was unaffected by flubendiamide. Flubendiamide did not affect adult survival, fecundity, or predation rates at any rate. Therefore, flubendiamide is compatible with natural enemies. Spinetoram will be disruptive where hymenopteran parasitoids are important enemies. Stink bug egg masses were placed in cotton throughout the growing season at 1-2 week intervals. Fire ants were suppressed in half the plots, the remainder had normal ant populations. Predation of sentinel egg masses was low (<5% ) where fire ant populations were suppressed, but loss of southern green stink bug eggs was higher (23%) where fire ants were present. Fire ants may be important in reducing stink bug populations. This was reinforced in studies with Dr. Dawn Olson that identified fire ants as the most important predators of stink bug eggs in peanuts (73% of eggs) and cotton (22% of eggs). Ants did little in soybeans, where grasshoppers were the dominant egg predators (64% of eggs). Therefore, fire ants may provide increased biological control of stink bug populations in at least some crops. The importance of grasshoppers as predators in soybeans is rather more problematic due to the pestiferous nature of these organisms in soybeans. Other predators were also recorded feeding (or at least attempting to feed) on stink bug eggs, but much less frequently and had much less impact on stink bug egg survival than did fire ants or grasshoppers. PARTICIPANTS: John R. Ruberson (University of Georgia) S. Kristine Braman (University of Georgia) G. David Buntin (University of Georgia) TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Over the past two years we (Ruberson and collaborators) have been characterizing a suite of predators and parasitoids that attack stink bugs in Georgia, including a nymphal parasitoid previously known only from southern Europe and the Caucasus (the euphorine Braconid Aridelus rufotestaceus Tobias). The appearance of this wasp may be highly beneficial, as the nymphal stages of stink bugs have very few parasitoid enemies. Thus, we are studying this wasp to assess its biological control potential and the possibility of enhancing its performance. The predator complex of stink bug eggs varies among crop systems, with fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) dominating in cotton and peanuts, and grasshoppers (chiefly Tettigoniidae of the genus Conocephalus) dominating in soybeans. Rates of egg predation also varied among crops, with the highest loss rates observed in soybeans and peanuts, and the lowest in cotton. There is potential to more effectively integrate some of these natural enemies (notably fire ants and A. rufotestaceus) into pest management systems. Understanding impacts of novel insecticides on natural enemies is important for devising integrated pest management schemes, and anticipating outcomes. The novel insecticide spinetoram was found to be highly toxic to the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris, which corresponds with previous studies indicating high toxicity of this material to Hymenopterans. This product would not be a good tool in systems where hymenopteran parasitoids are important. In contrast, the new insecticide flubendiamide exhibited no acute toxicity to C. marginiventris, or acute or chronic toxicity to the predator Podisus maculiventris at any of the rates tested. Therefore, flubendiamide would integrate readily with biological control agents. This information is being distributed through extension presentations and production meetings.
Publications
- Chen, Y, JR Ruberson & DM Olson. 2008. Nitrogen fertilization rate affects larval performance and feeding, and oviposition preference of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on cotton. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 126: 244-255.
- Chen, Y & JR Ruberson. 2008. Impact of variable nitrogen availability on arthropods in cotton. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 126: 281-288.
- Chen, Y, E Schmelz, F Waeckers, JR Ruberson. 2008. Cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum L., defense in response to nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34: 1553-1564.
- Ruberson, JR, and KW Wickings. 2008. Importance of natural enemies for stink bug control in Georgia. In: Cotton Research-Extension Report 2007 (Grey, T., M. Toews, and C. Perry, Eds.) UGA/CPES Research-Extension Publication No. 6, pp. 111-121. Found online at http://ugacotton.com
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