Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The results of this research have been presented at International meetings and published in refereed journals. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The effect of crust freezing (20 min, -85C) on the quality of raw chicken breasts, with or without skin, during aerobic, refrigerated storage for up to 18 days was assessed by means of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color parameters L, a and b; tenderness; and total aerobic (APC) and yeasts and molds counts (YMC). Skin-on breasts had significantly higher L values compared to skinless units (average 75 vs. 55), whereas a and b remained relatively constant regardless of the presence of skin, freezing, or time. Values oscillated between -2.10 to 0.78 and 1.38 to 3.77, respectively. Shear energy varied erratically for skinless samples but tended to remain constant throughout time for skin-on breasts. Microbial load increased over time and exceeded 8.0 log10CFU/ml, which occurred before 12 days of storage. Under the experimental conditions used, crust freezing did not affect color or tenderness of raw chicken breasts, with or without skin but neither did it extend microbiological shelf life. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are ubiquitous to the poultry production environment and hence their transmission to poultry products is a concern. Industry has widely used freezing as a strategy to halt pathogen growth and more recently, crust freezing has been suggested as a means to improve mechanical operations, quality, and safety of poultry products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of crust freezing on the survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium artificially inoculated on the surface of raw poultry products with or without adhering skin. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli JM 109 and nalidixic acid-resistant S. Typhimurium were used in the experiments. A set of cultures was subjected to cold-shock stress by storage at 4C for 10 days. Commercial chicken breasts without skin and chicken thighs with skin were inoculated with each bacterium in separate experiments after being either cold-shocked or non-cold-shocked prior to inoculation. Samples were crust frozen at -85C for 20 min or completely frozen at -85C for 60 min. E. coli and S. Typhimurium were recovered on appropriate selective and non selective media containing the corresponding antibiotic. Log reductions and extent of injury were calculated and treatments were compared using ANOVA. No significant differences were observed in the reduction of cold-shocked or non-cold-shocked bacteria on products that were crust- or completely frozen, with or without skin. The average reduction for E. coli was 0.15 log10CFU/mL of rinse and for S. Typhimurium 0.10 log10CFU/mL of rinse; therefore, none of the final reductions were greater than the desired target (1 log). Bacterial cell injury was not significantly different (p>0.05) among any of the treatments. Data showed no practical significance for initial reduction of these pathogens due to crust freezing and thus, this technology should not be considered a strategy for the reduction of these pathogens on poultry.
Publications
- Chaves, B., Northcutt, J.K. and Dawson, P.L. 2011. Survival of artificially Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium on the surface of raw poultry products subjected to crust freezing. Poultry Science. December 2011 vol. 90 no. 12 2874-2878. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-01640.
- Chaves, B., Northcutt, J.K. and Dawson, P.L. 2012. Quality and shelf life of fresh chicken breasts subjected to crust freezing. Journal of Food Quality. Submitted 9-2012.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The outputs include several project areas: (1) the study on the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity by muscadine grape skin extract by determining the minimal inhibition concentrations, AGS cell proliferation, and in vivo antimicrobial activity against H. pylori attachment to mice stomach; (2) developing biological strategies for controlling Salmonella contamination in rendering processing plants; (3) studying the environmental conditions affecting the thermal inactivation of human pathogens during composting and pathogen regrowth in finished compost; (4) determining the pathogen inactivation during composting under field conditions; (5) quantitating the synergism between pasteurization and antimicrobials in food. The use of non-thermal plasma on alienation of pathogenic bacteria was determined for bologna. This information was reported and will be published in refereed journals. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
These studies will assist the food industry in reducing the incidence of foodborne illness. Also, determination of the heat-inactivation models will allow a clearer understanding the patterns of how these bacteria are destroyed by heat will result in better treatments to ensure consumer safety. THe use of non-thermal plasma will improve food safety with minimal effect on food quality. Also the development of natural antimicrobial coatings and in-package treatment for meats will increase the quality and safety of meat products.
Publications
- Brown, J.C., J. Wang, L. Kasman, X. Jiang, and V. Haley-Zitlin. 2011. Antimicrobial activities of muscadine grape skin and quercetin against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. J. Applied Microbiol. 110:139-146.
- Dawson, Paul Catherine Bailey, Mary Barnes, Jessica Ferguson, Kevin Johnson, Danielle Lynn, Emily Martinez, Austin Taylor, Zack Vincent. 2011. Bacterial Levels on University Communal Exercise Equipment. Focus on Creative Inquiry, April 2011, Clemson University.
- Lynn, Danielle, Han, Inyee and Dawson, Paul. 2011. Antimicrobial activity of silica powders adsorbed with sodium lauryl sulfate. Focus on Creative Inquiry, April 2011, Clemson University.
- Parisi, M., Northcutt, J.K., Han, I.Y. and Dawson, P. 2011. Bioaerosol formation and bacterial transfer from commercial automatic hand dryers. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health submitted 7-14-11.
- Dawson, P.L. 2011. Nonthermal gas plasma pasteurization. International Association of Refrigerated Warehouses-World Food Logistics Organization-International Refrigerated Transportation Association Annual Convention, Scientists Speak Section. www.WFLO.org
- Singh, R., J. Kim, M. Shepherd, F. Luo, and X. Jiang. 2011. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157 in fresh compost by simulating field composting process. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:4126-4135.
- Shepherd, M, R. Singh, J. Kim, X. Jiang, and M. Doyle, and M. Erickson. 2011. Enhancing the pathogen inactivation of dairy manure-based composting using the finished compost as physical covering. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:5044-5049.
- Liu, X., G. Chao, and X. Jiang. 2011. Control of hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria by enterococci in ground chicken meat. J. Applied Microbiol. 111:83-92.
- Kim, J., C.M. Miller, M.W. Shepherd, X. Liu, and X. Jiang. 2011. Impact of indigenous microorganisms on Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth in cured compost. BioResources Technology. 102:9619-9625.
- Kim, J., J. Diao, M.W. Shepherd, R. Singh, S. Heringa, C. Gong, and X. Jiang. 2012. Validating thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in fresh and aged chicken litter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.78 (4):1302-1307.
- Singh, R., J. Kim, and X. Jiang. 2012. Heat inactivation of Salmonella spp. in fresh poultry compost by simulating early phase of composting process. J. Appl. Microbiol. (in press)
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The outputs include several project areas including developing antimicrobila packaging, biological strategies for controlling Salmonella contamination in rendering processing plants, studying the environmental conditions affecting the thermal inactivation of human pathogens during composting and pathogen regrowth in finished compost, determining the pathogen inactivation during composting under field conditions and quantifying the activity of antimicrobials on food. These studies will assist the food industry in reducing the incidence of foodborne illness. Determination of the heat-inactivation models will allow a clearer understanding of how these bacteria are destroyed by heat will result in better treatments to ensure consumer safety. PARTICIPANTS: Xiuping Jiang TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Fresh or inadequately composted animal manure has been identified as a major source of human pathogen contamination of fresh produce in pre-harvest. We have investigated the role of key variables that impact the reduction of human pathogens during the composting process as well as how risk can be further reduced during subsequent handling both in a laboratory setting and under field condition. Our research findings developed protocols for animal waste-based composting to ensure the safety of our nation's food supply.
Publications
- Kim, J., M.W. Shepherd, and X. Jiang. 2009. Evaluating the effect of environmental factors on pathogen regrowth in dairy compost extract. Microb. Ecol. 58:498-508. (DOI. 10.1007/s00248-009-9524-x)
- Erickson, M., J. Liao, L. Ma, X. Jiang, and M. Doyle. 2009. Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in cow manure composts formulated to different initial C:N ratios. BioResources Technology 100:5989-5903.
- Kinley, B., J. Rieck, P. Dawson, and X. Jiang. 2010. Analysis of the bacterial content in rendered animal products. Can. J. Microbiol. 56:65-73.
- Shepherd, M., P. Liang, M. Doyle, and X. Jiang. 2010. Microbiological survey of composting operations on South Carolina poultry farms. J. Applied Microbiol. 108 (6):2067-2076. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04610x)
- Shepherd, M, R. Singh, J. Kim, and X. Jiang. 2010. Effect of heat-shock treatment on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteric Typhimurium in dairy manure co-composted with vegetable wastes under field conditions. BioResources Technology 101:5407-5413. (doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.147)
- Erickson, M., J. Liao, L. Ma, X. Jiang, and M. Doyle. 2010. Fate of manure-borne pathogen surrogates in static composting piles of chicken litter and peanut hulls. BioResources Technology 101:1014-1020. (doi:10.1016/j.biotech.2009.08.105)
- Erickson, M., J. Liao, L. Ma, X. Jiang, and M. Doyle. 2009. Pathogen inactivation in cow manure compost. Compost Sci. & Utilization. 17:229-236.
- Heringa, S., J. Kim, X. Jiang, M.P. Doyle, and M.C. Erickson. 2010. Biological control of Salmonella spp. in compost using a bacteriophage cocktail. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(15):5327-5332 (doi:10.1128/AEM.00075-10)
- Heringa, S., J. Kim, M.W. Shepherd Jr., R. Singh, and X. Jiang. 2010. The presence of antibiotic resistance and integrons in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from compost. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease. (in press)
- Singh, R., F. Luo, and X. Jiang. 2010. Thermal inactivation of heat-shocked foodborne pathogens during composting. J. Food Prot. (in press)
- Vriesekoop F., Russell C., Alvarez B., Aidoo K., Yuan Q., Scannell A., Beumer R., Jiang X., Barro N., Otokunefor K., Smith-Arnold C., Heap A., Chen J., Hernandez M., Hazeleger W., DesLandes J., Kinley B., Wilson K., Wallace C., Menz G. 2010. Dirty Money: An investigation into the hygiene of dirty money.
- Park, S., Marsh, K. and Dawson, P. 2010. Characterization of chitosan incorporated LDPE films and application on sliced fresh red meats. Meat Science (online) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.02.022
- Dawson, P.L, I.Y. Han, and B.J. Min. 2010. Antimicrobial gelatin film properties and activity against Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna.Gelatin films reduce Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna Poultry Science (in press).
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The outputs include several project areas including developing biological strategies for controlling Salmonella contamination in rendering processing plants, studying the environmental conditions affecting the thermal inactivation of human pathogens during composting and pathogen regrowth in finished compost, determining the pathogen inactivation during composting under field conditions and quantifying the activity of antimicrobials on food. These studies will assist the food industry in reducing the incidence of foodborne illness. Also, determination of the heat-inactivation models will allow a clearer understanding the patterns of how these bacteria are destroyed by heat will result in better treatments to ensure consumer safety PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Traditional methods for detecting L. monocytogenes rely on selective enrichment and subsequent culturing on a selective medium, followed by isolation, biochemical identification, and, sometimes, serological confirmation. These methods are laborious and usually take several days to give a positive result. The objective of this study was to develop a method combining nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with real-time PCR for a rapid and quantitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Our results demonstrated that both the use of nanoparticles and the choice of anti-L. monocytogenes in our IMNP-based IMS in combination with real-time PCR has improved the sensitivity of L. monocytogenes detection from both nutrient broth and milk samples. The combination of heat with nisin + lysozyme or nisin alone treatments significantly reduced the time required to reduce L. monocytogenes populations compared to heat combined with no antimicrobial or lysozyme. The rate of log reduction at each of the three temperatures did not fit a linear model thus a Weibull model was used to fit data at 65 and 62.5OC while a log-logistic model was used to best describe the log reduction vs. time relationship. The use of chitosan-incorporated polyethylene films on meat showed reductions in E. coli growth and gelatin films with added nisin reduced Listeria recovery from bologna.
Publications
- Hughes, L.V., Dawson, P.L., and Sheldon, B.W. 2010. Decimal Reduction and ZD-Values of Escherichia coli O157 H7 and Campylobacter jejuni in Packaged Low-Fat Ready-To-Eat Turkey Bologna Subjected to a Surface Pasteurization Treatment. Journal of Food Protection. In press.
- Kinley, B., Rieck, J.R., Dawson, P.L., and Jiang, X. 2010. Analysis of the Bacterial Content in Rendered Animal Products. Can J Microbiol. 56(1) 65-73
- Park, S., Marsh, K. and Dawson, P. 2010. Characterization of chitosan incorporated LDPE films and application on sliced fresh red meats. Meat Science (online)
- Dawson, P.L, I.Y. Han, and B.J. Min. 2010. Antimicrobial gelatin film properties and activity against Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna.Gelatin films reduce Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna Poultry Science (in press).
- Book Chapters Dawson, P.L. and Stephens, C. 2009. Packaging, In Poultry Meat Processing and Quality 2nd edition Mead, ed. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England.
- Dawson, P.L. 2009. Chapter 6 Packaging In: Poultry Meat Processing, Second edition. C. Owens-Hanning, C. Alvarado, and A. Sams (eds). CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Animal manure is the major source of foodborne pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7. Composting has been used as practical animal waste management on farms. However, there is a lack of scientific information on the efficacy of pathogen inactivation by composting on the farm. The objective of this study is to determine if the composting of dairy manure performed in a field setting under uncontrolled environmental conditions would effectively eliminate E. coli O157:H7 and the indicator bacteria E. coli and coliforms throughout compost heaps. Two trials were performed involving duplicate compost heaps constructed on an outdoor, fenced site. The compost heaps were comprised of dairy manure, old hay, feed waste, a sawdust-calf feces mixture, and fresh hay. For both trials, the pathogen survived at the heap's surface for up to 4 months. The indicator microorganism, E. coli, was inactivated at a rate similar to that of E. coli O157:H7. Results indicate that composting, with periodic heap turning, can be a practical approach to inactivating E. coli O157:H7 in cattle wastes on the farm. Results on H. pylori study indicates that muscadine grape may be used as a dietary approach for controlling this human pathogen, thereby improving the health of American people in the near future. Our research on composting has generated very practical and useful information, which can be adopted easily by the farmers to produce safe compost. Consequently, food safety on the farm can be improved by reducing the pathogen loads in animal manure, which is considered the source of fresh produce, water, and environmental contamination. Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive pathogen frequently involved in outbreaks of foodborne disease. Traditional methods for detecting L. monocytogenes rely on selective enrichment and subsequent culturing on a selective medium, followed by isolation, biochemical identification, and sometimes, serological confirmation. These methods are laborious and usually take several days to give a positive result. The objective of this study is to develop a method combining nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with real-time PCR for a rapid and quantitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Our results demonstrated that both the use of nanoparticles and the choice of anti-L. monocytogenes in our IMNP-based IMS in combination with real-time PCR has improved the sensitivity of L. monocytogenes detection from both nutrient broth and milk samples. The combination of heat with nisin + lysozyme or nisin alone treatments significantly reduced the time required to reduce L. monocytogenes populations compared to heat combined with no antimicrobial or lysozyme. The rate of log reduction at each of the three temperatures did not fit a linear model thus a Weibull model was used to fit data at 65 and 62.5OC while a log-logistic model was used to best describe the log reduction vs. time relationship. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Paul Dawson Dr. Xiuping Jiang TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Several research areas are included: (1) the study on the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity by muscadine grape skin extract by determining the minimal inhibition concentrations, AGS cell proliferation, and in vivo antimicrobial activity against H. pylori attachment to mice stomach; (2) developing biological strategies for controlling Salmonella contamination in rendering processing plants; (3) studying the environmental conditions affecting the thermal inactivation of human pathogens during composting and pathogen regrowth in finished compost; (4) determining pathogen inactivation during composting under field conditions; (5) quantitating the synergism between pasteurization and antimicrobials in food. These studies will assist the food industry in reducing the incidence of foodborne illness. Determination of the heat-inactivation models will allow a clearer understanding of how these bacteria are destroyed by heat, and will result in better treatments to ensure consumer safety.
Publications
- Shepherd, M., P. Liang, M. Doyle, and X. Jiang. 2009. Survival of avirulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 during composting on the field. J. Food Prot. (in press).
- Yang, H., L. Qu, A.N. Wimbrow, Y. Sun, and X. Jiang. 2009. Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes by nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. (in press).
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Determination of the fate of foodborne pathogens in animal waste during composting will provide the scientific data for understanding the dissemination of pathogens in the preharvest environment. By combining the nanotechnology with molecular biological methods, the highly sensitive pathogen detection methods are essential for ensuring food safety. Quantitating the synergism between pasteurization and antimicrobials in ready-to-eat meat will assist the meat industry in reducing the incidence of L. monocytogenes in these products. Also, determination of the heat-inactivation models will allow a clearer understanding the patterns of how these bacteria are destroyed by heat will result in better treatments to ensure consumer safety.
Impacts
Animal manure is the major source of foodborne pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7. Composting has been used a practical animal waste management on farm. However, there is a lack of scientific information on the efficacy of pathogen inactivation by composting on farm. The objective of this study was to determine if the composting of dairy manure performed in a field setting under uncontrolled environmental conditions would effectively eliminate E. coli O157:H7 and the indicator bacteria E. coli and coliforms throughout compost heaps. Two trials were performed involving duplicate compost heaps constructed on an outdoor, fenced site. The compost heaps were comprised of dairy manure, old hay, feed waste, a sawdust-calf feces mixture, and fresh hay. For both trials, the pathogen survived at the heap's surface for up to 4 months. The indicator microorganism, E. coli, was inactivated at a rate similar to that of E. coli O157:H7. Results indicate that composting, with periodic
heap turning, can be a practical approach to inactivating E. coli O157:H7 in cattle wastes on the farm. Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive pathogen frequently involved in outbreaks of foodborne disease. Traditional methods for detecting L. monocytogenes rely on selective enrichment and subsequent culturing on a selective medium, followed by isolation, biochemical identification, and, sometimes, serological confirmation. These methods are laborious and usually take several days to give a positive result. The objective of this study was to develop a method combining nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with real-time PCR for a rapid and quantitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Our results demonstrated that both the use of nanoparticles and the choice of anti-L. monocytogenes in our IMNP-based IMS in combination with real-time PCR has improved the sensitivity of L. monocytogenes detection from both nutrient broth and milk samples. This study investigated
efficacy of in-package pasteurization combined with pre-surface application of nisin and/or lysozyme to reduce and prevent the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on bologna. Sterile bologna slices were treated with 0.1 ml (500 AU) of nisin (2 mg/ml = 5000 AU/ml), 0.1 ml (8 AU) of lysozyme (10 mg/ml = 80 AU/ml), or 0.1 ml of nisin + lysozyme (250 AU of nisin + 4 AU of lysozyme) solutions. These samples were inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 9 log10 cfu/ml culture then packaged and subjected to 65 C for 32 seconds (after a 60 s come-up time). This heat treatment was calculated to attain a 3-log reduction based on previous studies. Bologna was sample immediately and weekly through 12 weeks of refrigerated storage for L. monocytogenes population. The combination of heat with nisin + lysozyme or nisin alone treatments significantly reduced the time required to reduce L. monocytogenes populations compared to heat combined with no antimicrobial or lysozyme. The rate of log reduction at each of the
three temperatures did not fit a linear model thus a Weibull model was used to fit data at 65 and 62.5OC while a log-logistic model was used to best describe the log reduction vs. time relationship.
Publications
- Yang, H., L. Qu, Y. Lin, Y. Sun, and X. Jiang. 2007. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in biofilms using immunonanoparticles. J. Biomed. Nanotech. 3:131-138.
- Boinapally, K., and X. Jiang. 2008. Microbiological analysis of wild-caught South Carolina shrimp and farm-raised imported shrimp. Can. J. Microbiol. (in press).
- Yang, H., L. Qu, A.Wimbrow, X. Jiang and Y.-P. Sun. 2007. Enhancing antimicrobial activity of lysozyme against Listeria monocytogenes using immunonanoparticles. J. Food Prot. 70:1844-1849.
- Shepherd, M., P. Liang, M. Doyle, and X. Jiang. 2007. Survival of avirulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 during composting on the field. J. Food Prot. (in press).
- Yang, H., L. Qu, A.N. Wimbrow, Y. Sun, and X. Jiang. 2007. Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes by nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. (in press).
- Dawson, P., I. Han, B. Cox, C. Black and L. Simmons. 2007. Residence time and food contact time effects on transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium from tile, wood and carpet: Testing the five-second rule. Journal of Applied Microbiology (In print).
- Antony, S., J.R. Rieck, J.C. Acton, I.Y. Han, E.L. Halpin, and P.L. Dawson. 2006. Effect of dry honey on the shelf life of packaged turkey roll slices. Poultry Science (85:1821-1828).
- Dhananjayan, R., I.Y. Han J.C. Acton and P.L. Dawson. 2006. Growth depth effects of bacteria on ground turkey meat patties subjected to high carbon dioxide or high oxygen atmosphere. Poultry Science (85:1811-1820).
- Shepherd, M.W. Jr., P. Liang, X. Jiang, M.P. Doyle, and M. Erickson. 2007. Inactivation of Salmonella and Listeria in dairy manure-based compost. Abs. 94th Annu. Mtg. Intern. Assoc. Food Prot., Lake Buena Vista, FL., July 8-11.
- Kinley, B., A. Leland, and X. Jiang. 2007. Microbiological analysis of U.S. currency collected from food service. Abs. 94th Annu. Mtg. Intern. Assoc. Food Prot., Lake Buena Vista, FL., July 8-11.
- Dawson, P.L, Lina Ramirez-Lopez, and Inyee Han,. Thermal Process Preliminary Calculations: Enumeration of Thermally Resistant Bacteria in Raw Rendering Materials, Animal Co-Products Research Conference, Clemson University. April 2006.
- Crane, E., B. Ballieu, K. Horm, H. Johnson, A. Spokowski, J. Trevino, R. Yost, P. Dawson. 2006. The Effect of Cleaning on Survival of E. coli on Common Food Preparation Surfaces Focus on Creative Inquiry, April 2006, Clemson University.
- Min, B.J., I.Y. Han and P.L. Dawson. Effects of antimicrobial edible films against Listeria monocytogenes in a liquid and solid system. Institute of Food Technologists Meeting in Orlando, FL. June 2006.
- Mangalassary, S., Inyee Han, and Paul Dawson. Carry-over effect of nisin in antimicrobial treatment of ready-to-eat meat. Institute of Food Technologists Meeting in Orlando, FL. June 2006.
- Crane, E., B. Ballieu, K. Horm, H. Johnson, A. Spokowski, J. Trevino, R. Yost, P. Dawson. 2006. The Effect of Cleaning on Survival of E. coli on Common Food Preparation Surfaces. Institute of Food Technologists Meeting in Orlando, FL. June 2006.
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