Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: The development of endotoxin tolerance was tested by inducing experimental endotoxin mastitis in mid-lactation Holstein cows that experienced chronic subacute ruminal acidosis or acute ruminal acidosis. Fecal shedding of Escherichia coli by Holsteins cows following subacute acidosis was tested. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli were compared between isolates from quarter milk samples submitted to a diagnostic lab in 1985-87 and those submitted in 2009. Mastitis populations in recycled manure solids used as bedding in stalls for lactating cows were compared between high and low density stocking rate based on alley surface area per cow. Sterile clinical mastitis was induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide into lactating dairy cows in controlled experiments. Behavioral and physiological responses were tested for correlations among parameters during the acute phases of mammary inflammation. The use of propane flame to reduce bacterial load and alter physical prperties in recycled sand bedding was tested in a controlled field experiment. Dissemination: Results of experiments and applications of findings were disseminated during scientific conferences, publication of abstracts, and oral presentations to dairy producers, veterinarians, and technical support personnel. PARTICIPANTS: J.S. Hogan: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation and information dissemination. K. Daniels: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation and information dissemination. J. McCormick: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. K. O'Diam: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. P. Schoenberger: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. K. Miller: dairy herd supervision, data collection. C. Payne: undergraduate education and research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy producers, veterinarians, dairy technical support personnel, dairy employees, and students. Efforts: Results and implementation of findings provided by classroom instruction to undergraduate and graduate students, continuing education classes for veterinarians and dairy producer meetings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Cows suffering from rumen acidosis undergo many physiological, biochemical, and immunological changes adversely affect their welfare and production. The highest rate of coliform mastitis in dairy herds is concurrent with the highest incidence of rumen acidosis during lactation. Results of this project demonstrated a biological relationship between the occurrences of rumen acidosis and the reduced immunological response to coliform mastitis. The emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria in food producing animals the last two decades is believed to have created a source of pathogens for humans that do not respond to typical therapeutic treatments. The discovery of an increase in susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates over the last 25 years to antimicobials commonly used in veterinary medicine implies the use of antibiotics for mastitis control has not lead to an increase in resistant among these bacteria. Preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistence in pathogens from food producing animals assures food safety and quality to consumers. Overstocking dairy cows in barns increases the likelihood of disease to cows and possibility of epizootic disease to consumers. The discovery that behavior patterns are negatively associated with production traits during inflammation and recovery from mammary disease will provide non-invasive and innovative means to monitor clinical response and recovery from acute clinical mastitis. Remote and non-invasive monitoring of disease will help researchers and dairy producers increase profitability, improve living conditions and cow comfort. The use of propane flaming has the potential to serve as a clean and rapid antibacterial procedure without contaminating the environment when bedding is removed from stalls and corrals. The results of the project will lead to optimization of cow density in barns and enhance animal welfare, food safety, and economic efficiency by reducing pathogen exposure and disease.
Publications
- Hogan, Joe and K. Larry Smith. 2012. Managing environmental mastitis. Vet. Clin. Food Anim. 28:217-224.
- Hogan, J.S., L. Raubenolt, J.L. McCormick, and W.P. Weiss. 2012. Evaluation of propane flaming for reducing bacterial counts in sand bedding. J. Dairy Sci. 95:2152-6159. Shaani, Y., G. Leitner, A. Shwimmer, M.L. Day, J.S. Hogan, O. Furman, and D. Wolfenson. 2012. Clinical mastitis is not associated with induction of luteal regression in dairy cows. Repro. Dom. Anim. 47: SI. 466-466. Supplement: 4.
- 17th International Congress on Animal Reproduction (ICAR) Conference. Smith, K. Larry, W.P. Weiss and J.S. Hogan. 2012. Relacion de la mastitis con otras enfermedades y con el comportamiento de la vaca. Proc. XVII Congreso International ANEMBE. de Medicina Bovina, Santander, Spain, pp 107-114.
- Smith, K. Larry and J.S. Hogan. 2012. Influence de las camas en la mastitis de las vacas de leche. Proc. XVII Congreso International ANEMBE. de Medicina Bovina, Santander, Spain, pp 84-70.
- Raubenolt, L.M., and J. S, Hogan. 2012. Evaluation of propane flaming of sand for reducing bacterial counts in bedding. International Dairy Federation Animal Health Newsletter. 6:13.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Output:The development of endotoxin tolerance was tested by inducing experimental endotoxin mastitis in mid-lactation Holstein cows that experienced chronic subacute ruminal acidosis or acute ruminal acidosis. Fecal shedding of Escherichia coli by Holsteins cows following subacute acidosis was tested. Dissemination:Results of experiments and application of findings were disseminated during scientific conferences, publication of thesis, and oral presentations to dairy producers, veterinarians, and technical support staff. PARTICIPANTS: J.S. Hogan: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation and information dissemination. K. Daniels: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation and information dissemination. J. McCormick: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. K. O'Diam: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. P. Schoenberger: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. S. Romig: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. K. Miller: dairy herd supervision, data collection. P. Gott: graduate education and research. K. Jacque: undergraduate education and research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy producers, veterinarians, dairy technical support personnel, dairy employees, and students. Efforts: Results and implementation of findings provided by classroom instruction to undergraduate and graduate students, continuing education classes for veterinarians and dairy producer meetings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Subacute ruminal acidosis in cattle is associated with over consumption of high starch feeds. Subacute ruminal acidosis is common among today's dairy cows due to the feeding strategies used to increase milk production. Cows suffering from rumen acidosis undergo many physiological, biochemical, and immunological changes adversely affect their welfare and production. The highest rate of coliform mastitis in dairy herds is concurrent with the highest incidence of rumen acidosis during lactation. Results of these trials demonstrated a biological relationship between the occurrences of rumen acidosis and the reduced immunological response to coliform mastitis. These findings will assist dairy producers and veterinarians in limiting economic losses, optimizing milk production efficiency and improving animal welfare.
Publications
- Zimov, J.L., N.A. Botheras, W.P. Weiss, and J.S. Hogan. 2011. Associations among behavioral and acute physiological responses to lipopolysaccharide induced clinical mastitis. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 72:620-627.
- Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S. Masiello, and J.S. Hogan. 2011. The ability of mastitis-causing pathogens to survive as ensiling period. J. Dairy Sci. 94:5027-5032.
- Hogeveen, H., S. Pyorala, K. Persson-Waller, J. Hogan, T.Lam, S. Oliver, Y. Schukken, H. Barkema, and J. Hillerton. 2011. Current status and future challenges in mastitis research. Proceedings 50th Annual Meeting National Mastitis Council., Arlington, VA pp. 36-48.
- Hogan, J.S., L.M. Raubenolt, J.L. McCormick, and W.P. Weiss. 2011. Evaluation of propane flaming of sand for reducing bacterial counts in sand bedding. Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality. St. Louis, MO. pp 52-55.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli were compared between isolates from quarter milk samples submitted to a diagnostic lab in 1985-87 and those submitted in 2009. Mastitis populations in recycled manure solids used as bedding in stalls for lactating cows were compared between high and low density stocking rate based on alley surface area per cow. Dissemination: Results of experiments and application of findings were disseminated during scientific conferences, publication of abstracts, and oral presentations to dairy producers, veterinarians, and technical support personnel. PARTICIPANTS: J.S. Hogan: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation and information dissemination. K. Daniels: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation and information dissemination. J. McCormick: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. K. O'Diam: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. P. Schoenberger: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. S. Romig: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. K. Miller: dairy herd supervision, data collection. S. Metzger: graduate education and research. A. Tholen: undergraduate education and research. TARGET AUDIENCES: Dairy producers, veterinarians, dairy technical support personnel, dairy employees, and students. Efforts: Results and implementation of findings provided by classroom instruction to undergraduate and graduate students, continuing education classes for veterinarians and dairy producer meetings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
The emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria in food producing animals the last two decades is believed to have created a source of pathogens for humans that do not respond to typical therapeutic treatments. The discovery of an increase in susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates over the last 25 years to antimicobials commonly used in veterinary medicine implies the use of antibiotics for mastitis control has not lead to an increase in resistant among these bacteria. Preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistence in pathogens from food producing animals assures food safety and quality to consumers. The prudent use of antimicrobials for control of bovine mastitis can positively affect welfare and health of cows without leading to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Overstocking dairy cows in barns increases the likelihood of disease to cows and possibility of epizootic disease to consumers. Determining the optimum stocking rate for lactating dairy cows will enhance production, profitability, welfare and health of animals in housed production systems. Overstocking of lactating dairy cows leads to fecal accumulation in alleys to contaminate bedding material in stalls. The results of the current trials will lead to optimization of cow density in barns and enhance animal welfare, food safety, and economic efficiency by reducing pathogen exposure and disease.
Publications
- Stewart, B., S.N. Masiello, J.S. Hogan, and C.S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2010. Genotypic profiling of enterococci from bovine origin. Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference pp. 369-372.
- Hogan, J.S. 2010. Management, nutrition, and coliform mastitis. 2010. Proc. Dairy Health and Nutrition Conference, Northeast Ag and Feed Alliance, pp. 13-17.
- Hogan, Joe. 2010. Mastitis: mysteries, mischief, and mistakes... Proc. Penn State Dairy Nutrition Conference, pp. 41-47.
- Fodor, A., A.M. Fodor, S. Frost, J.S. Hogan, M.G. Klein, K. Lengyel, G. Saringer, E. Stackebrandt, R.A.J. Taylor, and E. Lehoczky. 2010. Comparative analysis of antibacterial activities of Xenorhabdus species on related and non-related bacteria in vivo. J. Microbiol, Antimicrobiol. 2:36-46.
- Hogan, J.S. 2010. Environment: Biological, physical, and chemical interactions affecting mastitis. pp. 84-93 in Mastitis Research into Practice. J.E. Hillerton, Ed., VetLearn, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Rajala-Schultz, P.J., S. Holland, J.B. Walker, F.J. DeGraves, W.A. Gebreyes, J. Mathews, J.S. Hogan, and L. Da Costa. 2010. Cross-sectional sampling of dairy heifers and cows to assess genotypic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus in a dairy herd. Proc. 5th IDF Mastitis Conference pp. 220-223.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Activities: Sterile clinical mastitis was induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide into lactating dairy cows in controlled experiments. Behavioral and physiological responses were tested for correlations among parameters during the acute phases of mammary inflammation. The use of propane flame to reduce bacterial load and alter physical prperties in recycled sand bedding was tested in a controlled field experiment. Dissemination: Results of experiments and applications of findings were disseminated during scientific conferences, publication of abstracts, and oral presentations to dairy producers, veterinarians, and technical support personnel. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: J.S. Hogan: principal investigator, program oversight, design and interruption of trials, manuscript preparation, and information dissemination. J. McCormick: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection. P. Schoenberger: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, data analyses S. Romig: technical analysis, laboratory maintenance, data entry, sample collection K. Miller: dairy herd supervisor, data collection Partner Organization: Propane Education and Research Council: financial and in-kind support, collaborate on research projects TARGET AUDIENCES: Target Audiences: Dairy producers, veterinarians, dairy technical support personnel, dairy employees, students. Efforts: Results and implementation of findings provided by classroom instruction to undergraduate and graduate students, continuing education classes for veterinarians, and dairy producers meetings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The discovery that behavior patterns are negatively associated with production traits during inflammation and recovery from mammary disease will provide non-invasive and innovative means to monitor clinical response and recovery from acute clinical mastitis. Remote and non-invasive monitoring of disease will help researchers and dairy producers increase profitability, improve living conditions and cow comfort. The use of propane flaming of sand holds great potential as a beneficial farm practice to control mastitis pathogen populations in bedding. Flaming was shown as a safe and practical means of treating sand bedding in a commercial dairy. Prior attempts to mediate the growth of bacterial populations in organic bedding required use of caustic "bedding conditioners" that reduced bacterial counts for less than 24 hours, but also left potential concern for environmental contamination. The use of propane flaming has the potential to serve as a clean and rapid antibacterial procedure without contaminating the environment when bedding is removed from stalls and corrals.
Publications
- Andrew, S. M., K. M. Moyes, A. A. Borm, L. K. Fox, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Hogan, S. P. Oliver, Y. H. Schukken, W. E. Owens and C. Norman. 2009. Factors associated with the risk of antibiotic residues and intramammary pathogen presence in milk from heifers administered prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy. Vet. Microbiol. 134:150-156.
- Weiss, W .P., J. S. Hogan and D. J. Wyatt. 2009. Relative bioavailability of all-rac and RRR vitamin E based on neutrophil function and total alpha-tocopherol and isomer concentrations in periparturient dairy cows and their calves. J. Dairy Sci. 92:720-731.
- Petersson-Wolfe, C.S., S.L. Wolf, and J.S. Hogan. 2009. Experimental challenge of bovine mammary glands with Enterococcus faecium during early and late lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3158-3164.
- Boszormenyi, E., T. Ersek, A. Fodor, A. M. Fodor, L. Sz. Foldes, M. Hevesi, J. S. Hogan, Z. Katona, M. G. Klein, A. Korma ny, S. Peka, A. Szentirmai, F. Sztaricskaiand R. A. J. Taylor. 2009. Isolation and activity of Xenorhabdus antimicrobial compounds against the plant pathogens Erwinia amylovora and Phytophthora nicotianae. . J. Applied Micobiol. 107:746-759. Zimov. J.L., N. A. Botheras, and J. S. Hogan. 2009. Behavioral and physiological responses to lipopolysaccharide induced clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 92(1):174.
- Stewart, B.A., T. H. Yang, J. S. Hogan , and C. S. Petersson-Wolfe. 2009. Genotypic profiling of enterococci isolated from bovine origin. J. Dairy Sci 92(1):196.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Recycled manure solids from methane digesters and conventional solids separators potentially provide an economical and environmentally compatible material as bedding for dairy cows. A concern of using manure solids as dairy bedding is the animal and human pathogen load of this material. Trials were conducted to investigate the antibacterial properties of sodium hydrosulfate as a conditioner in recycled dairy waste used as bedding for lactating cows. Eight extension presentations to dairy producers, technical service reps, and veterinarians were the events that these outputs were disseminated. Educational materials in the form of printed slides were disseminated to audience members. Services included consultation with the private and public bioenergy organizations concerning the feasability of using recycled manure solids and methane digester solid waste as animal bedding. PARTICIPANTS: J. S. Hogan, PI; Christina Petersson-Wolfe, Graduate Research Associate TARGET AUDIENCES: Producers, researchers, dairy industry professionals; formal classroom instruction, laboratory instruction & practicum experiences; development of curriculum or innovative teaching methodologies; internships; workshops; experiential learning opportunities; extension and outreach. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
A change in knowledge resulted from trial results revealing bacterial counts in recyled manure bedding were not significantly controlled by either daily or every other day application of conditioner. The accumulative effect of daily application did reduce pH at 96 hr and yielded a marginal reduction in streptococcal counts compared with control bedding. In contrast, Klebsiella counts were greater in treated bedding than in control bedding. The initial reduction in total bacterial populations due to conditioner removed competitive inhibition of other bacteria, thus allowing enhanced growth of Klebsiella subsequently contaminating the manure solids. Enhanced growth of total bacteria populations when pH buffered toward neutral has been seen previously when acidic conditioners were used, but the apparent selective enhanced growth of Klebsiella has not been reported. A change in action resulted from recognition that use of recycled manure solids for lactating dairy cows, with or without chemical treatment, poses significant animal health and potential food safety risks.
Publications
- Petersson-Wolfe, C. S., S. Adams, S. L. Wolf, and J. S. Hogan. 2008. Genomic typing of enterococci isolated from bovine mammary glands and environmental sources. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 615-619.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The purpose of the Multi-State Mastitis Research Project (MMRP; formerly designated NE-112 and most recently designated NE-1009) is to coordinate multidisciplinary research efforts on mastitis that are being conducted at various laboratories throughout the United States. The magnitude and scope of attempting to solve these problems extend far beyond the ability of any one institution. The ability to cooperate on a regional and National basis allows the integration of resources and knowledge to address this problem. Recognition of the need for a coordinated effort to study resistance of the dairy cow to mastitis resulted in the design and initiation of the MMRP. The MMRP provides a forum for new and established researchers to develop collaborative relationships, and to share resources and expertise. Information gained from these collaborative studies will be disseminated in formal meetings of the group, extension presentations, producers meetings, veterinary conferences, and peer-reviewed journals. PARTICIPANTS: J.S. Hogan, PI; P.S. Schoenberger,Res. Associate; S. Romig, Res. Associate TARGET AUDIENCES: scientists, dairy producers, veterinarians PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Data to be generated under the auspices of the MMRP project will be used by member stations to further our knowledge in mammary defenses, improve milk quality and safety, and gain intramural and extramural funding for mastitis research. As a multi-State, multi-institution project the MMRP is uniquely situated to investigate mastitis and milk quality as a targeted area of research and education.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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