Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During the three-year duration of this project, several reduced-risk insecticides have been evaluated for effectiveness against codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and additional pests in apples and peaches. Results of those evaluations have been disseminated to growers via articles in the Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News newsletter, the annual Illinois Fruit and Vegetable Research Report, and numerous statewide and area extension meetings for growers. New plantings of peaches (one acre at Urbana) and disease-resistant apple cultivars (approximately seven acres in total) were established at University of Illinois research farms near Simpson, Urbana, and St. Charles and in grower orchards near Belleville and Dekalb. As these plantings begin to bear fruit, they will be used to continue evaluations of insect management practices. They also will serve as demonstration sites for grower education programs. Laboratory evaluations of baseline susceptibility of two colonies of oriental fruit moth to reduced-risk insecticides are nearing completion. Results have been communicated to other scientists via presentations at professional meetings; journal publications will be prepared in 2009. PARTICIPANTS: P.I.: Richard Weinzierl, Professor and Extension Specialist in Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801. Others (graduate students and hourly employees) who worked in related apple and peach insect management studies were not supported by Hatch or other USDA funds. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this research has been the apple and peach growers of Illinois and nearby states. Information generated in this project has been delivered to this audience via numerous newsletter articles (in the Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News), research reports written for grower audiences (including the Illinois Fruit and Vegetable Research Report) and numerous extension outreach programs such as the annual Illinois Specialty Crops and Agritourism Conference, the Southern Illinois Fruit Growers School, the Southwestern Illinois Fruit Growers School, the Illinois-Iowa Fruit and Vegetable Growers Conference, and the Stateline (IL-WI) Fruit and Vegetable Growers Conference. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Insecticide evaluations completed in this project provided Midwest growers with specific information on the effectiveness of newly labeled insecticides against key pests of apples and peaches. Growers learned of these results by way of newsletters, research reports, and extension programs. They subsequently used that knowledge to switch from reliance primarily on the organophosphates Guthion and Imidan to recently-labeled products such as Altacor, Assail, Calypso, Delegate, and Rimon. These newer insecticides are considered to be reduced-risk compounds and/or provide insecticide resistance management benefits. Peach growers in southwestern Illinois learned of the success of mating disruption for controlling oriental fruit moth in small plots. In 2006-2008 they used mating disruption to control this pest effectively in over 200 acres of peaches in Calhoun County. Losses that approached 20 percent due to culling of infested fruit in 2005 were reduced to nearly zero.
Publications
- Weinzierl, R. 2008. Insecticide evaluations in apples in Illinois, 2007. Pp. 121-123, In: 11th Annual Illinois Fruit and Vegetable Research Report, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
- Jones, M., Koeller, S. and Weinzierl, R. 2008. Flights of oriental fruit moth and codling moth in Calhoun and Champaign counties, Illinois, 2007. Pp. 124-127, In: 11th Annual Illinois Fruit and Vegetable Research Report, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Flights of oriental fruit moth were monitored in southern and central Illinois with pheromone traps to compare field occurrence with predictions based on published phenology models; a second year of monitoring will be conducted in 2008 for the purpose of understanding this insect's seasonal phenology. Laboratory colonies of oriental fruit moth were established from an existing insecticide-susceptible NJ laboratory colony and from field collections of larvae and pupae from Calhoun County, Illinois, a location where resistance to pyrethroids is suspected. A series of bioassays comparing the responses of first-stage larvae from these colonies to the insecticides rynaxypyr and novaluron is underway. Further assays of larvae or adults using pyrethroids, acetamiprid, and spinetoram are planned for 2008. A small-plot insecticide trial was conducted at the University of Illinois experimental orchard near Urbana to assess the relative effectiveness of rynaxypyr (Altacor), acetamiprid
(Assail), thiacloprid (Calypso), spinosad (Entrust), and the horticultural oil EcoTec AG against codling moth and other arthropod pests of apples. Establishment of a new research orchard began in 2007 with tiling and fencing of a new site and the purchase or grafting of approximately 2,500 new trees for planting in 2008 and 2009. To disseminate results of this year's and previous work and communicate fruit insect management information to Illinois and Midwest growers, Extension workers, and industry professionals, presentations were made at conferences and field days attended by over 450 participants. In addition, 20 issues of the Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News (newsletter) were distributed via the internet and direct mail. Findings from this year and previous year's research contribute to the insecticide recommendations published each year in the annually updated Midwest Commercial Tree Fruit Spray Guide, over 2,000 copies of which are disseminated each year over several
Midwestern states.
PARTICIPANTS: Richard Weinzierl, Professor and Extension Entomologist, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois: principal investigator. Moneen Jones, Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois: graduate student funded by a separate grant (Illinois C-FAR) to study components of oriental fruit moth management.
TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is fruit growers in the eastern United States and extension personnel who provide information to them.
Impacts
Illinois apple and peach growers have received and acted on recommendations for improved insect management in these crops with reduced or no use of organophosphate insecticides. Primary products for management of codling moth in apples now are the neonicotinoids acetamiprid (Assail) and thiacloprid (Calypso) and the growth regulator novaluron (Rimon). Positive research data from Illinois and elsewhere will lead to use of the additional reduced-risk insecticides rynaxypyr (Altacor) and spinetoram (Delegate) in 2008 and 2009 as they become available commercially. These changes have resulted in improved management of codling moth and reduced risks to applicators, the environment, and consumers. Knowledge to be generated by our ongoing bioassays of insecticides used against oriental fruit will determine the presence or potential for cross-resistance among available insecticides and guide insecticide selection decisions for effective resistance management and oriental fruit
moth management in peaches and apples. Prior research and demonstration projects in southwestern Illinois resulted in adoption of mating disruption in 2006 and 2007 for oriental fruit moth management in Calhoun County peach orchards where organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides were ineffective.
Publications
- Weinzierl, R. 2007. Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News. 20 issues per year. Provides technical information and seasonal observations on insect pest management for apple and peach growers (and for additional fruit and vegetable crops. http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/ifvn/index.html.
- Weinzierl, R., Kindhart, J., and Aly, B. 2007. Insecticide evaluations in apples in Illinois, 2006. Tenth Annual Illinois Fruit and Vegetable Research Report, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
The effectiveness of selected insecticides was evaluated in a small plot trial in 2006 at the University of Illinois Pomology Farm near Urbana, Illinois. Insecticide treatments included Entrust + Pyganic, Assail, Rimon, Danitol, and DPX E2Y45 (rynaxypyr). In an additional evaluation at the University of Illinois Dixon Springs Agricultural Center in far southern Illinois, the performance of conventional insecticides (Avaunt, Assail, and Imidan) and OMRI-listed insecticides (those allowed for use in organic production, including Entrust, Pyganic, and Surround) were assessed in 1-acre IPM and organic demonstration blocks. Results and conclusions that place those results in context with previous observations include: (1) Assail, Danitol, Rimon, and DPX E2Y45 are effective alternatives to organophosphate (O-P) insecticides for control of codling moth, at least where O-P resistance has not presented problems. (2) Previous work at sites with O-P resistant populations of
codling moth has shown Danitol and other pyrethroids not to be highly effective, so the availability of the different modes of action of Assail (and other neonicotinoids), Rimon, and DPX E2Y45 is significant. (3) Rimon and DPX E2Y45 do not appear to be highly effective against non-lepidopteran pests; patterns of use in commercial orchards will need to take this into account. (4) Regular applications of Entrust + Pyganic can effectively control codling moth and oriental fruit moth (and some other insects). Consequently, these OMRI-listed insecticides may be effective for small-scale growers whose orchards are not large enough for effective use of mating disruption against these key pests. Restrictions on the number of applications of Entrust allowed by the label mean that organic growers may need additional insecticides to obtain adequate control over the course of a season. Applications of Entrust + Pyganic did not adequately prevent late-season entries into fruit by plum curculio
larvae in southern Illinois. (5) Oriental fruit moth was prevalent in apples in Illinois for the first time in research and commercial orchards in 2006 (Dixon Springs and in commercial apple orchards in Calhoun County in southwestern Illinois). (6) Injury by potato leafhopper and Japanese beetle was near zero in the cultivar Goldrush in comparison with other cultivars. Goldrush appears to be resistant to these insects.
Impacts
This work will be reported directly to apple growers in 2006-07 winter educational programs, and new observations on the effectiveness of Assail, Rimon, and Entrust + Pyganic will help growers develop effective insecticide application programs using these reduced-risk and/or organic insecticides in the 2007 season. Observations on the effectiveness of DPX E2Y45 (slated for registration in apples by 2008)will help to define its role in an overall integrated pest management program in apples. These insecticides will replace the organophosphates previously used so widely in apple production, and efficacy evaluations such as the ones completed in Illinois in 2006 provide growers with the information they need to use these new chemicals effectively.
Publications
- Weinzierl, R. 2006. Codling moth, San Jose scale, and European red mite control evaluations in apples, 2005. Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society 139: 135-177. (ISSN 0892-3477).
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