Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: During this project significant progress was made in improving our understanding of the response of common bean to drought stress conditions. Investigations were conducted in the following areas: development of linear models for non-destructive leaflet area estimation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using direct leaflet measurements; physiological response of different common bean genotypes to drought stress; evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for two common bean geonotypes with and without drought stress surface resistance derived from micrometeorological data and crop measurements under variable leaf area index and soil moisture; crop water stress index and yield components for common bean in greenhouse and field environments; and determination of water use and transpiration efficiency for common bean under drought and non-drought conditions. Evapotranspiration crop coefficients have never been developed for any crop in Puerto Rico. Therefore, this research
represents a unique contribution to the agricultural sector in Puerto Rico. More importantly, it is hope that the drought resistant line being developed in this study will have a significant impact on food production throughout the common bean consuming areas of the tropics in the future. During the project we trained one M.S. graduate student and several undergraduate students. We developed a strong collaboration with the University of Florida, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. This collaboration involved the development and validation of a new method for estimating evapotranspiration. We involved students on the project from the Research and Engineering Undergraduate (REU) Experiences Program, the NOAA Summer intership program, and high school students. Resources were leveraged to support the work from several other research projects, including: NASA-EPSCoR, NOAA-CREST, and the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station. The project results were
disseminated in various ways, including: conference proceedings, the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering website (http://academic.uprm.edu/abe/PRAGWATER); and through incorporation of the results in courses taught by the PI (Drip Irrigation: Principles and Practice, Agro-Climatology, Agro-Hydro-Meteorology, and Farm Irrigation and Drainage Systems).
PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Michael Duke, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Xinhua Jia, Post Doc. , Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Norman Miller, Climate Science Department, Earth Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory. Dr. Megh Goyal, Dept. General Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus.
Impacts
The following outcomes/impacts were derived from this project: New evapotranspiration parameters have derived for several genotypes in Puerto Rico and which are now available for improving agricultural water management in the Island and the Region. An MS graduate student was trained on the project. This student developed many skills while working on the TSTAR 100 project. He has a strong committment to continue this research and will no doubt make significant contributions to the science of crop water use under drought and non-drought conditions in the future. The project contributed to the training of undergraduate students and summer coop students (REU and NOAA Meteorological Program). A website was developed in which project information was disseminated. To date this website has had 1,291 visitors. (http://academic.uprm.edu/abe/PRAGWATER)
Publications
- Harmsen, E.W., I. Garcia and A. Rojas. 2007. Rainfall variation in a 4km x 4km area in western Puerto Rico. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007, Tampa, Florida, May 15-19.
- Harmsen, E.W. 2007. The potential impact of climate change on Agriculture in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the PR Section of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Conference: The Innovations in Science & Technology in 2107, May 24, 2007 at Bacardi Corporation, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Paper Number: ASABE-PR-2007-02.
- Ramirez, V.H., T.G. Porch and E.W. Harmsen. 2006. A non-destructive method for leaf area estimation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) University of Puerto Rico, Journal of Agriculture (under review).
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Progress 09/15/04 to 09/14/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The results of the project have been shared with various communities, including university students, farmers, agronomists, professional engineers, and the public at large via the website developed as a part of the project. Presentations have been made at meetings with professional representing the Caribbean Region, the United States and presented at the following activities: Traning workshop of the Puerto Rico College Agronomist, August 20, 2008. Incorporation of basic principles of efficient resources use with drip irrigation systems. Training workshop for farmers and agricultural professionals, March 6, 2008. Maintenance and management of agricultural system under microirrigation in Puerto Rico. 26th Annual Meeting: May 07, 2008. Theme: Engineering &Technology for a Sustainable World in 22nd Century. Annual Meeting of Puerto Rico Chapter of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. The Innovations in Science & Technology in 2107, May 24, 2007 at Bacardi Corporation, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Annual Meeting of Puerto Rico Chapter of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Website: Puerto Rico's Agricultural Water Management Website, http://academic.uprm.edu/abe/PRAGWATER ASCE World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. May 13-16, 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii. UPRM-NOAA-CREST Orientation Meeting for First Year Students College of Engineering, December 4, 2008. 12th WSEAS International Conference on SYSTEMS, Heraklion, Greece, July 22-24, 2008. SOPCA Annual Meeting, Guayanilla, PR. November, 2006. Simposio de Ciencias 2007, UPR-Carolina, February 28, 2007. Gaia y Cambio Climatico Conferencia Internacional, UPR-Rio Piedras, PR, April 19th-20th, 2007. 42nd Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, July 9-14, 2006, San Juan, PR NOAA Educational Partnership Program, Education & Science Forum, New York City, NY, October 21-23, 2004. University of Puerto Rico Courses: TMAG 4019 Agricultural Drainage and Irrigation Systems TMAG 4038 Agricultural Hydrology TMAG 5015 Drip Irrigation: Principles and Management TMAG 5017 Agricultural Climatology TMAG 5995 Agro-Hydro-Meteorology A poster was presented at a meeting of common bean researchers (Bean Improvement Cooperative Meeting) in Madison, Wisconsin in November 2007. An invited talk was presented in the Agronomy Department at the University of Puerto Rico, in October, 2006. In November, 2008, a presentation on the work was presented to students, researchers and faculty at the Angolan Institute of Agronomic Research in Huambo, Angola. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Carlos Urrea, a bean breeder at the University of Nebraska. Dr. Juan Osorno, a bean breeder at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Dr. Michael Dukes, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL., USA, mddukes@ufl.edu. Assisted us in the validation of the ET station in Florida. Dr. Xinhua Jia, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA. Xinhua.Jia@ndsu.edu. Assisted us with the validation of the ET station in Florida. Dr. Luis Perez Alegria, Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 9030, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA. luperez@uprm.edu. Assited us with the validation of the ET station in Puerto Rico. Dr. Norman Miller, Climate Science Department, Earth Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory. NLMiller@bl.gov. Collaborated on ET prediction under climate change conditions in PR. Dr. Nicole Schlegel, Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Berkeley. Schlegel@EPS.Berkeley.edu. Collaborated on ET prediction under climate change conditions in PR. Dr. Hamed Parsiani, Research Director of NOAA-CREST Project. Financially supported the ET station validation work in Florida. Dr. Jorge Gonzales, PI, NASA EPSCoR, City University of New York, Gonzalez@me. ccny.cuny.edu. Financially supported the ET station validation work in Florida. Dr. Jeffrey Luvall, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. jluvall@nasa.gov. Dr. Elvin Roman Paoli, PI, USDA HATCH 402 Project, University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station, Juana Diaz, PR. eroman@uprm.edu. This Hatch project provided financial support for weather station equipment used on the project. Carlos Almodovar, Research, University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station, Juana Diaz, PR. Carlos_almodovar@cca.uprm.edu. Provided field support for the projects 3 years of field studies. Victor H. Ramirez Builes, Assistant Professor, Agronomy Program. University of Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia. victorhugorb@gmail.com. Victor Ramirez was the MS student on the project. He is now an Assistant Professor at his former university in Colombia. Since he left PR in December 2007, we have continued to collaborate on project related research and the publication of papers. Training and Professional Development: Dr. Porch (Co-PI) will be serving on a committee of a student from Puerto Rico at NDSU who will be initiating her thesis research on the genetics of drought stress tolerance in common bean. Victor H. Ramirez Builes conducted his MS research work on this project. He played an indispensible part in the success of the project. As part of the requirements of his MS degree, Victor produced a thesis (see publications above). Victor is a co-author on most of the paper published from the project. Various undergraduate and graduate students have worked on this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Colegio de Agronomos (CA). This organization is responsible for licensing professional agronomist in PR. Every year the CA hosts several days of professional development courses for their members. This year the PI of the TSTAR project was invited to present a workshop on soil water relations and irrigation scheduling. This was an excellent target audience for the output from this project. University Students. Information from the project was incorporated into five (5) university courses. Agricultural community of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean Region. The information from this project is provided to this target group via our website at http://academic.uprm.edu/abe/PRAGWATER. International scientific community concerned with agricultural and water resources management. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
This project has provided excellent training to a graduate student who will receive his Masters degree based on this research. During the period, this project has employed and provided training to a student paid on an hourly basis. The project has provided an opportunity to strengthen ties between the University of Puerto Rico and the USDA Tropical Research Station. New methodologies were developed as a part of this project. Leaf area estimation procedure: Genotype-specific linear models for leaflet area estimation in common bean were developed. The linear models developed were shown to be effective and robust for predicting leaflet area under both greenhouse and field conditions, and during both, vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. This study clearly showed that leaf estimation is genotype-specific and that the use of models from the literature may lead to significant areas. Field estimation of evapotranspiration. The method consist of equating the ET flux equations based on the generalized Penman-Monteith (GPM) combination method and a humidity gradient (HG) method. The new method performed well compared to the eddy covariance systems, and has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive. The method, known as the "ET Station", costs approximately $5,000 as compared to the eddy covariance system which costs approximately $35,000. Because of the relatively low cost of the ET Station, numerous stations could be deployed over a region with the purpose of validating or calibrating remote sensing estimates of ET. Development of evapotranspiration crop coefficients. As a part of this project crop coefficients were developed for the common bean genotypes evaluated. These are the first evapotranspiration crop coefficients ever developed in Puerto Rico. A publication is currently being prepared whereby this information can be disseminated. These data should be useful to researchers and agronomists throughout the Caribbean region. Drought tolerance breeding efforts. The findings from the studies on evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in common bean have been used for applied drought tolerance breeding efforts. In 2007, a shuttle breeding effort between the USDA-ARS-TARS and the University of Nebraska was initiated for the improvement of common bean for drought tolerance and for broad adaptation. In two years, four cycles of selection for drought tolerance have successfully been completed through shuttling seed between Puerto Rico (winter selection) and Nebraska (summer selection) resulting in the development of broadly adapted and drought tolerant germplasm. Results from the TSTAR project on water use and physiological response to drought in common bean have been used for determining when to apply drought stress and how much drought stress to apply. Other plant breeding programs, including that of North Dakota State University and the University of Idaho, have requested this improved germplasm for their own breeding efforts.
Publications
- Ramirez-Builes, Victor H. 2007. Plant-Water Relationships for Several Common Bean Genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with and Without Drought Stress Conditions . MS Thesis. Department of Agronomy and Soils, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, December 2007.
- Porch, T. G., V.H. Ramirez, D. Santana and E.W. Harmsen. 2008. Evaluation of common bean for drought tolerance in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (in press).
- Harmsen, E. W., V.H. Ramirez Builes, M. D. Dukes, X. Jia, L.R. Perez Alegria, R. Vasquez. 2008. An Inexpensive Method for Validating Remotely Sensed Evapotranspiration. Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on REMOTE SENSING (REMOTE'08), Venice, Italy. Nov. 20-23.
- Harmsen, E.W., S. E. Gomez Mesa, E. Cabassa, N. D. Ramirez Beltran, S.C. Pol, R.J. Kuligowski, R. Vasques. 2008. Satellite Sub-Pixel Rainfall Variability. WSEAS Transactions on Signal Processing. Issue 8, Volume 7, pages 504-513.
- armsen, E.W. and A. Recaman Serna. 2008. Prediccion de evapotranspiracion y deficit de precipitacion en Puerto Rico, bajo condiciones de cambio climatic. University of Puerto Rico, Journal of Agriculture (submitted).
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A methodology (GPM/HG method) was developed for estimating the hourly actual evapotranspiration (ET) from short natural vegetation or agricultural crops (Inversion Method). The method consists of equating the ET flux equations based on the generalized Penman-Monteith (GPM) combination method with a humidity gradient (HG) method. Data comparing the Inversion method with eddy covariance data was recently collected at the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station at Lajas, PR. This data is currently being evaluated. Evapotranspiration estimates from the Inversion Method were compared with ET estimates from the GPM method by using bulk surface resistance (rs) values measured in the field. No significant difference existed between ET estimated using the Inversion Method and those based on the direct rs measurements. Crop coefficients (Kc) were developed for two genotypes of common bean (P. vulgaris L.), under water-limited and well-watered conditions. The
two common bean genotypes used in this study were Morales and SER 16, both having type II plant architecture, but differing in their response to drought stress. One-half of the experimental plot experienced water-limiting conditions beginning with the R1 developmental phase and ending with harvest. The Kc values were 0.4 for Morales and 0.2 for SER 16 at the V8 stage (last vegetative stage), 1.0 for Morales and 0.8 for SER 16 at R7 stage, and 0.9 for Morales and 0.7 for SER 16 at the mature pod stage. The results showed that limiting water at the R1 stage induced reduction in dry matter accumulation, seeds per pod, and seed yield. A greenhouse study was conducted to measure the rL, rs and TL of four genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought and non-drought conditions in a greenhouse environment. The major differences were found between treatments during reproductive development. The rL, rs and TL responded directly to the substrate water status and the rate of
change was influenced by hour of the day. TL showed a linear relationship with air temperature, and the slope increased with water stress and had a polynomial relationship with rL. A direct, non-destructive leaf measurement procedure was developed to predict actual leaf area and to develop genotype-specific linear models for leaf area estimation in common bean (P. vulgaris L.). Four common bean genotypes were evaluated, BAT 477, 'Morales', SER 16, and SER 21, under greenhouse conditions, and two genotypes, 'Morales' and SER 16, were selected for model verification under field conditions. The analysis of the genetics of complex traits, such as drought tolerance, requires the development of appropriate populations. The recombinant inbred line (RIL) population structure has been chosen for this study because it allows for the repeated testing of individual genotypes (or lines) within the population. The RIL population from the cross SER 16 (tolerant) x Morales (susceptible) is currently
being generated. The population was being advanced using single pod descent and self pollinations by Dr. Porch and were being prepared for use, in the F7 generation, by September 2007.
Impacts
This project has provided excellent training to a graduate student who will receive his Master's degree on the basis of this research. During the period, this project has employed and provided training to two students paid on an hourly basis. The project has provided an opportunity to strengthen ties between the University of Puerto Rico, the University of Florida and the USDA Tropical Research Station. Results of the project have been used in the following courses at the University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez campus: TMAG 4019 Farm Drainage and Irrigation Systems and TMAG 4038 Agricultural Hydrology. Preliminary results from the research are available on the PRAGWATER website: http://academic.uprm.edu/abe/PRAGWATER/
Publications
- T. Porch, Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Common Bean, Agronomy and Soils Department Seminar, Univ. of PR Mayaguez Campus, 2006. (Presentation).
- Ramirez Builes, V. H., T. G. Porch and E. W. Harmsen. 2006. Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients for two Genotypes of common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with variable surface resistance under water-limited and non-limited conditions. Annual International Meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Nov 12 to 16. Indianapolis, Indiana. (verbal presentation by first author)
- Harmsen, E. W., N. L. Miller, N. J. Schlegel and J. E. Gonzalez, 2007. Potential climate change impacts on evapotranspiration and rainfall deficit in Puerto Rico. (in press) World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007, Tampa Florida, May 15-19.
- Harmsen, E. W., I. Garcia and A. Rojas, 2007. Rainfall variation in a 4 km x 4 km area in western Puerto Rico. (in press) World Environmental and Water Congress 2007, Tampa Florida, May 15-19.
- Ramirez, V. H., T. G. Porch and E. W. Harmsen, 2006. Effects of drought on stomatal resistance, surface resistance and leaf temperature in four common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, July 9-14, 2006, San Juan, Puerto Rico. (in press)
- Harmsen, E. W., V. H. Ramirez Builes, J. E. Gonzalez, M. D. Dukes, and X. Jia. 2006. Estimation of Short-Term Actual Crop Evapotranspiration. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, July 9-14, 2006, San Juan, Puerto Rico. (in press)
- Harmsen, E. W., V. H. Ramirez Builes, J. E. Gonzalez, M. D. Dukes and X. Jia, 2006. An inexpensive procedure for estimating short-term actual evapotranspiration. Journal of Agricultural Water Management. (in preparation)
- Ramirez, V. H., T. G. Porch and E. W. Harmsen. 2006. Effects of drought on stomatal resistance, surface resistance and leaf temperature in four common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The 42nd Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, July 9-14, 2006, San Juan, Puerto Rico (verbal presentation by first author).
- Harmsen, E. W., V. H. Ramirez Builes, J. E. Gonzalez, M. D. Dukes, and X. Jia. 2006. Estimation of Short-Term Actual Crop Evapotranspiration. 42nd Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, July 9-14, 2006, San Juan, Puerto Rico. (verbal presentation by first author)
- Harmsen, E. W. and V. H. Ramirez Builes. 2006. Development of a Procedure for Estimating Crop Evapotranspiration over Short Periods, Primera Jornada Cientifica - Agricultura Sostenible, March 17, 2006, UPR Mayaguez. (verbal presentation by first author)
- Harmsen, E. W., N. L. Miller, N. J. Schlegel, O. Baez and L. Barea. 2006. Potential climate change inmpacts on reference evapotranspiration and rainfall excess in western Puerto Rico. Annual Meeting of the Society of Puerto Rican Agricultural Scientists (SOPCA), Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, November 10, 2006, (verbal presentation by first author)
- Ramirez Builes, V. H., T. G. Porch and E. W. Harmsen. 2006. Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients for Two Genotypes of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Non-Drought Conditions. Meeting of the Society of Puerto Rican Agricultural Scientists (SOPCA), Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, November 10, 2006, (verbal presentation by first author)
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Progress to date on this project includes: Development and testing of instrumentation for estimating ET and crop factors within treatments. ET estimates from the instrument were compared with data from an eddy covariance system at the University of Florida. A paper which describes the methodology and results of the validation has been prepared and will be submitted for publication. An initial field study was conducted at the UPR Fortuna Experiment Station. Twelve drainage lysimeters were installed and tested. Problems encountered were due to large rainfall events, however, the affected lysimeters we fixed and made ready for the current growing season. For the current season we installed at the field site four weather stations, which measure air temperature, relative humidity, net radiation, wind speed and direction, soil temperature, moisture content and heat flux. Two greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate drought stress on several crop factors including
stomatal resistance and leaf temperature. The genetic populations are being created based on the greenhouse results indicating high levels of drought tolerance in SER 16 and SER 21. A non-destructive method for estimating leaf area was developed. A paper which describes the new methodology has been prepared and will be submitted for publication.
Impacts
The ET station validation results were presented at the Annual Soil and Water Conservation Conference in Rochester, NY in July 2005. This project has provided training and employment for four students paid on an hourly basis. This project has provided excellent training for a graduate student who will receive his Masters degree based on this research. The project has provided an opportunity to strengthen ties between the University of Puerto Rico, the University of Florida and the USDA Tropical Agriculture Research Station. Results of the project have been used in the following courses at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus: AGRO 6998 Fluid Flow and Solute Transport in Soil; TMAG 5017 Agroclimatology; TMAG 5015 Drip Irrigation; and TMAG 4019 Farm Drainage and Irrigation Systems.
Publications
- Ramirez Builes, V.H., T.G. Porch and E.W. Harmsen, 2006. Non-destructive method to predict leaf area for four genotypes of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). (in preparation)
- Harmsen, E.W., V.H. Ramirez Builes, J.E. Gonzalez, M.D. Dukes and X. Jia, 2005. A procedure for estimating short-term actual evapotranspiration. Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. (in preparation)
- Ramirez Builes, V.H., T.G. Porch and E.W. Harmsen, 2006. Effects of drought on stomatal resistance, leaf temperature, and correlations in four genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) under greenhouse conditions. (in preparation)
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
During the period from October 1, 2004, through January 31, 2004 the following progress was made on the project: Considerable time and effort was spent searching for an appropriate graduate student to work on the project. The graduate student finally elected to work on the project, Victor Hugo Ramirez Builes of Colombia, started working on the project in January. Victor has considerable experience in the field of agro-climatology. In the short time that he has been working on the project he has shown great promise and professionalism. We are confident that his participation will help make the project a success. Currently Victor is enrolled in a special problem course called Measuring Evapotranspiration in the Field, in which the PD is the course instructor. Many of the course outcomes will directly benefit the project. We have initiated the purchasing of field equipment needed in the project. This process was delayed because it was not possible for our collaborator
Dr. Michael Dukes to come to Puerto Rico to help us finalize the details related to the experimental instrumentation. Dr. Dukes will be traveling to Puerto Rico in mid-February, at which time the equipment list will be finalized and the order submitted to the vendor(s). We have met with the staff of the UPR Experiment Station at Fortuna to identify the location of the field plots and discuss logistical issues related to the project. As part of the project we will be using specialized instrumentation developed by the PD for measuring evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration crop factors. During the last semester the equipment (ET Station) was tested and data were collected in the field. Validation of the equipment will be accomplished in the near future by comparing evapotranspiration estimates with those from a weighing lysimeter and eddy covariance system at the University of Florida. The expenses associated with this effort will be paid for by the NOAA-CREST and NASA-EPSCoR
projects at the University of Puerto Rico. The results of the validation testing of the ET Station will be of great benefit to our TSTAR project.
Impacts
During the previous semester considerable progress was made in finalizing the design and testing of the ET Station which will be used on the project. The following presentations were made at the NOAA Educational Partnership Program, Education & Science Forum, New York City, NY, October 21-23, 2004 A ground-based procedure for estimating latent heat energy fluxes. By Eric Harmsen, Richard Diaz and Javier Chaparro. NOAA Educational Partnership Program, Education & Science Forum, New York City, NY, October 21-23, 2004. (Presentation) Development of an Automated Ground- Based Vertical Humidity Gradient Acquisition System By Richard Diaz, Javier Chaparro and Eric Harmsen. NOAA Educational Partnership Program, Education & Science Forum, New York City, NY, October 21-23, 2004. (Poster) The following presentation was made by the PD at the 29th Meeting of Puerto Rican Society for Agricultural Sciences. December 3, 2004, Arroyo, Puerto Rico: Ground-based measurement system for
validating evapotranspiration estimates from high resolution remote sensing.
Publications
- Harmsen, E. W., R. Diaz and J. Chaparro. 2004. A ground-based procedure for estimating latent heat energy fluxes. Proceedings of the NOAA Educational Partnership Program, Education & Science Forum, New York City, NY, October 21-23, 2004.
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