Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Targeted groups include agriculture, conservation and medical organizations such as Cal EPA, USDA, grower groups, US EPA, NIOSH, clinical laboratories, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry and Society of Toxicology. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A number of students were trained in the determination of EROD levels in duck liver tissue. They were involved in collaborative research between public agencies (UC Davis and USGS). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The findings were disseminated in reports to PAML, the clinical laboratory concerned, and to the Washington Department of Labor and Industry. Findings of the EROD research were presented at scientific meetings and in research publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The Washington project resulted in a redesign of the pesticide monitoring program, and the assays themselves including altering PAML reports to include more data. An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme standard prepared in the Wilson laboratory and shipped frozen to PAML is being used with each set of assays. A new set of duck liver samples was measured for EROD levels this past year. The findings will impact future regulations of endangered species and species of special interest.
Publications
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The findings will be disseminated in reports to PAML, the clinical laboratory concerned, and to the Washington Department of Labor and Industry. They also will be communicated by telephone conferences and stakeholder meetings with the agencies involved and through poster presentations at scientific meetings and research publications as necessary. PARTICIPANTS: Pamela Edwards is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and has replaced John Furman as coordinator of the WA agricultural worker monitoring project. Dave Michaelsen is the General Manager of Toxicology at Pathology Associates Medical Laboratories (PAML) in Spokane, WA. John Henderson is a Staff Research Associate in Dr. Wilson's laboratory, active in assessing the WA State monitoring program, producing the cholinesterase standards for PAML, and in carrying out the EROD determinations. Keith Miles is a USGS ecotoxicologist, resident on the Davis Campus, he collaborates in studying EROD activity, pollution and endangered wildlife. TARGET AUDIENCES: Targeted groups include agriculture, conservation and medical organizations such as Cal EPA, USDA, grower groups, US EPA, NIOSH, clinical laboratories, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry and Society of Toxicology. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The Washington project resulted in a redesign of the pesticide monitoring program, and the assays themselves including altering PAML reports to include more data. An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme standard prepared in the Wilson laboratory and shipped frozen to PAML is being used with each set of assays. Evaluation of the duck liver EROD data was on hold this past year but will be continuing in the coming year. The findings will impact future regulations of endangered species and species of special interest.
Publications
- Paul L. Flint, Jason L. Schamber, Kimberly A. Trust, A. Keith Miles, John D. Henderson, Barry W. Wilson. 2012. Chronic hydrocarbon exposure of harlequin ducks in areas affected by the Selendang Ayu oil spill at Unalaska Island, Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31(12):2828-2831. Article first published online: 18 SEP 2012 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1997
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The findings will be disseminated in reports to PAML, the clinical laboratory concerned, and to the Washington Department of Labor and Industry. They will also be communicated by telephone conferences and stakeholder meetings with the agencies involved and poster presentations at scientific meetings and research publications as necessary. PARTICIPANTS: John Furman was with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and coordinatds the project. Bruce Zeller was with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and revieeds the results. Dave Michaelsen is the General Manager of Toxicology at Providence Associates Medical Laboratories (PAML) in Spokane, WA. John Henderson is a Staff Research Associate in Dr. Wilson's laboratory. He has been active in assessing the WA State monitoring program and in carrying out the EROD determinations. Keith Miles is a USGS ecotoxicologist, resident on the Davis Campus, and collaborates in studying EROD activity, pollution and endangered wildlife. TARGET AUDIENCES: Targeted groups include agriculture, conservation and medical organizations such as Cal EPA, USDA, grower groups, US EPA, NIOSH, clinical laboratories, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry and Society of Toxicology. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The findings of the Washington project have resulted in a redesign of the pesticide monitoring program, especially the assays themselves. PAML reports were required to be more complete and a fresh enzyme standard from the Wilson laboratory is to be used in each assay. The latest information from PAML consists of over 2000 blood cholinesterase measurements, one of the largest ever attained for agricultural workers. We are currently processing the results to develop a reliable standard for comparisons.. Evaluation of the duck liver EROD data continued and an assessment of the Valdez oil spill is ongoing. These findings will be applied to future regulations of endangered species and species of special interest.
Publications
- Daniel Esler, Brenda E. Ballachey, Kimberly A. Trust, Sam A. Iverson, John A. Reed, A. Keith Miles, John D. Henderson, Bruce R. Woodin, John J. Stegeman, Malcolm McAdie, Daniel M. Mulcahy, and Barry W. Wilson. 2011. Cytochrome P4501A biomarker indication of the timeline of chronic exposure of Barrow's goldeneyes to residual Exxon Valdez oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:609-614.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The findings have been disseminated by: (a) reports to PAML, the clinical laboratory concerned and to the Washington Department of Labor and Industry by written documents, telephone conferences and stakeholder meetings with the agencies involved; (b) poster presentations at scientific meetings and research publications. PARTICIPANTS: John Furman is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and coordinates the project. Bruce Zeller is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and reviews the results. Dave Michaelsen is the General Manager of Toxicology at Providence Associates Medical Laboratories (PAML) in Spokane, WA. John Henderson is a Staff Research Associate in Dr. Wilson's laboratory. He has been active in assessing the WA State monitoring program and in carrying out the EROD determinations. Keith Miles is a USGS ecotoxicologist, resident on the Davis Campus, and collaborates in studying EROD activity, pollution and endangered wildlife such as ducks. TARGET AUDIENCES: Targeted groups include agriculture, conservation and medical organizations such as Cal EPA, USDA, grower groups, US EPA, NIOSH, clinical laboratories, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry and Society of Toxicology. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The findings of the Washington project have resulted in a redesign of the pesticide monitoring program, especially the assays themselves. PAML reports were required to be more complete and a fresh enzyme standard from the Wilson laboratory was used in each assay. Evaluation of the duck liver EROD data continued and an assessment of the Valdez oil spill is ongoing. These findings will be applied to future regulations of endangered species and species of special interest.
Publications
- Daniel Esler, Brenda E. Ballachey, Kimberly A. Trust, Sam A. Iverson, John A. Reed, A. Keith Miles, John D. Henderson, Barry W. Wilson, Bruce R. Woodin, John J. Stegeman, Malcolm McAdie, and Daniel M. Mulcahy. 2010. Cytochrome P4501A Biomarker Indication of the Timeline of Chronic Exposure of Barrow's Goldeneyes to Residual Exxon Valdez Oil. Marine Pollution Bulletin (In Preparation)
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The findings have been disseminated by: (a) reports of the AChE monitoring to the PAML, the clinical laboratory concerned and to the Washington Department of Labor and Industry using written documents, telephone conferences and stakeholder meetings with the agencies involved; (b) poster presentations at USGS meetings on the EROD findings and research publications. PARTICIPANTS: John Furman is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and coordinates the project. Bruce Zeller is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and reviews the results. Dave Michaelsen is the General Manager of Toxicology at Providence Associates Medical Laboratories (PAML) in Spokane, WA. John Henderson is a Staff Research Associate in Dr. Wilson's laboratory. He has been active in assessing the WA State monitoring program and in carrying out the EROD determinations. Keith Miles is a USGS ecotoxicologist, resident on the Davis Campus, and collaborates in studying EROD activity, pollution and endangered wildlife such as ducks. Jessica Mellinger is an undergraduate student in Dr. Miles' laboratory who has been trained in the EROD preparation and assay procedures. TARGET AUDIENCES: Targeted groups include agriculture, conservation and medical organizations such as Cal EPA, USDA, grower groups, US EPA, NIOSH, clinical laboratories, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry and Society of Toxicology. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The findings of the AChE project have led to a redesign of the Washington state pesticide monitoring program, especially with regard to the assays themselves. Replicate samplings have been added and an enzyme standard from the Wilson laboratory is used in each assay. The duck liver EROD project continues to collect data on the effects of pollutants on birds in the Aleutians and the Gulf of Alaska and is developing an ongoing assessment of the Valdez oil spill. Ultimately it will be applied to regulations of endangered species and species of special interest.
Publications
- Esler, Daniel; Trust, Kimberly; Ballachey, Brenda; Iverson, Samuel; Lewis, Tyler; Rizzolo, Daniel; Mulcahy, Daniel; Miles, A.; Woodin, Bruce ; Stegeman, John; Henderson, John; Wilson, Barry. 2009. Cytochrome P4501A biomarker indication of oil exposure in Harlequin Ducks up to 20 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. In Press.
- Wilson, Barry. 2010. Cholinesterases. In: Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. (R. Krieger, ed.) 3rd Ed. Ch. 68. Elsevier, Inc. In Press
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The findings have been disseminated by: (a) reports of the AChE monitoring to the clinical laboratory concerned (PAML) and to the Washington Department of Labor and Industry by written documents, telephone conferences and stakeholder meetings with the agencies involved; (b) poster presentations at USGS meetings on the EROD findings and research publications. PARTICIPANTS: John Furman is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry and coordinates the project. Bruce Zeller is with the Washington State Department of Labor and Industry helps to review results. Dave Michaelsen is the General Manager of Toxicology at Providence Associates Medical Laboratories (PAML) in Spokane, WA. John Henderson is a Staff Research Associate in Dr. Wilson's laboratory. He has been active in assessing the WA State monitoring program and in carrying out the EROD determinations. Keith Miles is a USGS ecotoxicologist, resident on the Davis Campus, and collaborates in studying EROD activity, pollution and endangered wildlife such as ducks. Jessica Mellinger is an undergraduate student in Dr. Miles' laboratory who has been trained in the EROD preparation and assay procedures. TARGET AUDIENCES: Agriculture, Conservation and Medical organizations such as Cal EPA, USDA, grower groups, US EPA, NIOSH, clinical laboratories, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry and Society of Toxicology.. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The findings of the ChE project have led to a redesign of the Washington state pesticide monitoring program, especially with regard to the assays themselves. Replicate samplings have been added and the use of an enzyme standard from the Wilson laboratory. The duck liver EROD project continues to amass data on the effects of pollutants on birds in the Aleutians and the Gulf of Alaska. It will ultimately result in changes in the regulations applying to endangered species and species of special interest. The data are being used in the ongoing assessment of the long-term effects of the Valdez oil spill.
Publications
- Wilson BW, Henderson JD, Furman JL, Zeller BE and Michaelsen D. 2009. Base-line Values of Blood Cholinesterases from Washington State Orchard Workers. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. In Press.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Report Annual studies of P450 enzyme levels from liver biopsies of Arctic ducks continue in collaboration with USGS scientist Keith Miles, providing evidence for exposure to pollutants of at risk and endangered species. Quail muscle cell culture studies demonstrated that reduced oxygen levels decrease muscle growth, the opposite to what others have described in mammals, possibly indicating different systems of regulation of energy metabolism are at work. A study of extracts provided by the University of Mississippi indicated the presence of anticholinesterase inhibitors of possible clinical significance in plant products using bovine red blood cells. The project was tabled until the University of Mississippi scientists obtain the necessary international permits.
PARTICIPANTS: UCD SRA John D. Henderson and Al Ramirez provided experience in conducting enzyme assays (JDH) and cell cultures (AR). Dr. Keith Miles is a USGS ecotoxicologist, resident on the Davis Campus collaborating in studying pollution and endangered wildlife such as ducks. Ph.D graduate Daniel Arietta performed many of the P450 assays. Drs Susan Manly and Sean Wilson (U. Mississippi) collaborated on the plant extract work.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Agriculture, Conservation and Medical organizations
Impacts
The liver biopsy studies demonstratethe presence of pollution that maqy be dangerous to wildlife in regions fish processing areas in the Aleutians. The work is of importance in developing regulations to protect wildlife without interfering with the fishing industry. The cell culture studies provide basic information leading to better understanding of how avian muscles grow, a matter important to production of an important source of meat.. The detection of anticholinesterase agents in plant products is important to the development of novel medical and agricultural drugs.
Publications
- Miles, A. Keith; Flint, Paul L.; Trust, Kimberley A.; Ricca, Mark A.; Spring, Sarah E.; Arrieta, Daniel E.; Hollmen, Tuula; Wilson, Barry W.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in Steller's eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and harlequin ducks (Histronicus histronicus) in the Eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2007), 26(12), 2694-2703. CODEN: ETOCD ISSN:0730-7268. AN 2007:1367488 CAPLUS
- Wilson, Barry W. and Henderson John D. Determination of cholinesterases in blood and tissue. Current Protocols in Toxicology (2007) 12, Suppl 34: 13.1 - 13.16
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
A multiyear study of induction of liver enzymes that detoxify chemical agents following oil spills and other pollutants in Alaske in collaboration with Dr. Keith Miles and the USGS continues using biopsies from Harlequin ducks and Eider ducks. A new study of the time course of transition of fetal blood cholinesterase activities in cows and their young is beginning.
Impacts
Understanding developmental changes of biomarkers of exposure to chemicals affecting reproduction, neural activity and metabolism are important when monitoring wildlife, farmworkers and the public. Unlike work on mammals, our studies of development of avian muscle in culture indicate that low but not high oxygen tensions inhibit embryo muscle growth in vitro, correlating with the levels of oxygen provided in utero for mammals and in ovo for birds,
Publications
- Brady J.A., Wallender W.W. Werner I., Fard B.Mostsafazadeh, Zalom F.G, Olliver M.N., Wilson B.W., Matsa M.M. Henderson J.D., Deanovic L.A. and Upadhaya S. Pesticide runoff from orchard floors in Davis, California, USA: a comparative analysis of diazinon and esfenvalerate. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (2006), 115: 56-68.
- Wilson, Barry W.; Arrieta, Daniel E.; Henderson, John D. Monitoring cholinesterases to detect pesticide exposure. Chemico-Biological Interactions (2005), 157-158 253-256.
- Billitti, J. E.; Faulkner, B. C.; Wilson, B. W.. Absence of Acute Testicular Toxicity of Methyl-Tert Butyl Ether and Breakdown Products in Mice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2005), 75(2), 228-235.
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
A fecal testosterone assay to monitor reproductive state in birds is drawing to a close; it provides extremely sensitive radioactive bioassays using a special instrument, the atomic mass spectrometer. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) assays of fish brain, when correlated with analyses of pesticides in rivers and estuaries, have not provided evidence that existing pesticide levels are sufficient to reduced brain enzymes. A multiyear study of induction of P450 liver enzymes following oil spills and other contaminations in Alaska in collaboration with Dr. Keith Miles and the USGS continues using liver biopsies from Harlequin ducks and endangered Eider ducks.
Impacts
Development of biomarkers of exposure to chemicals affecting reproduction, metabolism and the nervous system provide early warning signs of dangerous exposures of toxic agents to wildlife, agriculture and the public at large.
Publications
- Johnson, Catherine S.; Schwarzbach, Steven E.; Henderson, John D.; Wilson, Barry W.; Tjeerdema, Ronald S. Influence of water temperature on acetylcholinesterase activity in the Pacific tree frog (Hyla regilla). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2005), 24(8), 2074-2077.
- Wilson, Barry W.; Arrieta, Daniel E.; Henderson, John D. 2005. Monitoring cholinesterases to detect pesticide exposure. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 157-158(Complete), 253-256.
- Whitehead, Andrew; Anderson, Susan L.; Ramirez, Alberto; Wilson, Barry W.. 2005. Cholinesterases in Aquatic Biomonitoring: Assay Optimization and Species-Specific Characterization for a California Native Fish. Ecotoxicology, 14(6), 597-606.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The project to standardize an assay for fecal testosterone to monitor reproductive state in birds continues, identifying breakdown products of testosterone to validate the assay. In a second project red blood cell cholinesterase levels from the massive Department of Defense data base of personnel monitored for exposure to chemical agents has been analyzed and a normal range of human blood levels has been established. Experiments have been performed to permit converting those values obtained by a pH assay to those from the more common clinical cholinesterase tests. Brain cholinesterase studies of fish from rivers and estuaries in California continue, seeking evidence whether organophosphate pesticide exposures are high enough to be harmful to humans and wildlife during dormant spray season.
Impacts
The fecal testosterone study is nearing completion; it and the studies of cholinesterase levels in fish provide biomarkes to monitor the reproductive and activity states of wild birds and fish, signaling that exposures of concern to human and animal health may have occurred. Establishing the normal human range of blood cholinesterase levels provides a way to rapidly establish whether exposures of organophosphate and organocarbamate pesticides and chemical terrorist agents have occurred without requiring base line levels of the individuals concerned.
Publications
- Wilson, B.W., J.D. Henderson, D.E. Arrieta, and M.A. O'Malley. 2004. Meeting requirements of the California cholinesterase monitoring program. International Journal of Toxicology 23(2): 97-100.
- Eder, Kai J.; Leutenegger, Christian M.; Wilson, Barry W.; Werner, Ingeborg. Molecular and cellular biomarker responses to pesticide exposure in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Marine Environmental Research (2004), 58(2-5), 809-813.
- Werner, Ingeborg; Zalom, Frank G.; Oliver, Michael N.; Deanovic, Linda A.; Kimball, Tom S.; Henderson, John D.; Wilson, Barry W.; Krueger, William; Wallender, Wes W. Toxicity of storm-water runoff after dormant spray application in a French prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA: Temporal patterns and the effect of ground covers. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(11), 2719-2726. (2004)
- Bakshi, Kulbir; Pang, Susan N. J.; Snyder, Robert; Abou-Donia, Mohamed B.; Albuquerque, Edson X.; Daniels, Jeffrey I.; Gardner, Donald E.; Gaylor, David W.; Henderson, Rogene F.; James, John T.; Leffingwell, Sanford S.; Saady, Joseph J.; Spencer, Peter S.; Wagner, Bernard M.; Wilson, Barry W. Review of the U.S. Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A (2000), 59(5-6), 281-526.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
Using the ultra-sensitive atomic mass spectrometer at Lawrence Livermore and Japanese quail, we have been standardizing the assay for a fecal testosterone biomarker to monitor reproductive state of birds. Round robin blood cholinesterase testing with clinical laboratories has led the state of California to remove permission from 11 of 20 clinical laboratories to participate in mandated monitoring until their results are consistent with ours. We continue to analyze the data from thousands of cholinesterase assays conducted by the Department of Defense to establish a normal range of blood cholinesterase values and are proceeding to compare their pH based assays with our colorimetric one. Brain and muscle cholinesterase studies of fish and amphibia from rivers and estuaries of California are revealing differences in enzyme levels that may relate to temperature and stage of embryonic development.
Impacts
Our successful of the clinical cholinesterase assays are helping to make pesticide use more safe and to prepare responses to possible terrorist episodes. Our studies of fish and amphibia cholinesterases are providing baseline data to assess exposure of these animals to pesticides and to evaluate the health of freshwater and brackish water ecosystems.
Publications
- S.A. McCurdy, J.D. Henderson, D.E. Arrieta, L.J. Lefkowitz, R.E. Reitstetter, and B.W. Wilson. 2004 Determining A Reference Value For Blood Cholinesterase Using US Defense Department Personnel. Society of Toxicology Meeting, Baltimore
- Arrieta, D.; Ramirez, A.; DePeters, E.; Bosworth, D.; Wilson, B. W.. 2003 Bovine red blood cell ghost cholinesterase as a monitoring standard. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 71(3), 447-452.
- McGehee, D.S., Krasowski, M.D., Fung, D.L., Wilson, B., Gronert, G.A., Mozo, J. 2002. Cholinesterase inhibition by potato glycoalkaloids slows mevacurium metabolism. Anesthesiology 93:510-519.
- S.A. McCurdy, J.D. Henderson, D.E. Arrieta, L.J. Lefkowitz, R.E. Reitstetter, and B.W. Wilson, 2003 Normal range of cholinesterase levels among US Defense Department Personnel. NIOSH West Coast Meeting, San Francisco, California.
- Angermann, T.; Wallender, W. W.; Wilson, B. W.; Werner, I.; Hinton, D. E.; Oliver, M. N.; Zalom, F. G.; Henderson, J. D.; Oliveira, G. H.; Deanovic, L. A.; Osterli, P.; Krueger, W.. 2002 Runoff from orchard floors: Micro-plot field experiments and modeling. Journal of Hydrology,. 265 (1-4): 178-194.
- Werner, I.; Deanovic, L. A.; Hinton, D. E.; Henderson, J. D.; de Oliveira, G. H.; Wilson, B. W.; Krueger, W.; Wallender, W. W.; Oliver, M. N.; Zalom, F. G.. 2002 Toxicity of stormwater runoff after dormant spray application of diazinon and esfenvalerate (Asana(R)) in a French Prune Orchard, Glenn County, California, USA. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology January, 68 (1): 29-36.
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