Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Participants in the grain production, processing and distribution chain; scientists supporting and training in this industry sector. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers, abstracts and on-line industry reports, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Whole soybean calibrations for four near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) brands were developed to measure linolenic acid and total saturated fats. In one case, the standard error of prediction was less than 0.5% pts for each factor, which meant that discrimination to the nearest whole percentage (e.g. 1% vs 2%) was possible. Oil rancidity factors were measureable by NIRS using a simple, disposable sample cup placed under the beam of a reflectance NIRS spectrometer. Free fatty acids (FFA), total polar materials (TPM), and conjugated dienoic acids (CDA), were analyzed in daily oil aliquots taken from soybean oils with different linolenic acid concentrations used to fry French fries. The coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.973 for FFA, 0.984 for TPM, and 0.902 for CDA. Calibrations for reflectance NIRS units allowed feed clients to monitor soybean meal composition guarantees more effectively. A single calibration for the various forms of soymeal created uniformity while reducing analytical support costs. NIRS calibrations were developed for moisture, protein, oil, and crude fiber in distillers grains, over 5 instrument brands and including 10 ethanol plants. Lysine and methionine NIRS whole-corn calibrations had R2 in validation of 0.73 - 0.84, significantly higher than the correlation of each amino acid to the total protein. Advanced chemometric methods have made the combination of spectra across NIRS brands possible. Across-brand calibrations can be more accurate than the individual brand calibrations, and will allow the use of multiple models in a trading network without loss of accuracy or reproducibility. The 10-year soybean protein and oil database of Iowa State University was used to quantify the progressive increase in overall variation among units on individual samples as more brands and configurations of NIRS are introduced to a system. Standard errors increased from 0.30 and 0.25 percentage points (for protein and oil, respectively) when only one transmission NIRS model was used to 0.90 and 0.80 percentage points when three transmission and three reflection instrument models were used. Subsequently a network with Foss Infratecs (1229 and 1241) and Bruins OmegAnalyzer G’s. achieved the following results over all the network instruments (moisture: r2 = 0.987, SEP = 0.278; protein: r2 = 0.963, SEP = 0.518) These were as good as calibrations developed using traditional optical correction techniques (r2 = 0.988, SEP = 0.279; protein: r2 = 0.958, SEP = 0.561). The calibration transfer study determined that multiple brands and models of NIRS units could be cross calibrated such that the variability across a group of different instruments would be not greater than the variability across a group of the same brand/model instrument. The effectiveness of the various methods was instrument, parameter, and validation set dependent. In many situations, transferred models performed as well as if a model had been developed on the unit itself. In some situations, there were no differences between master and secondary unit predictions. Local methods were the weakest methods due to over-fitting (specialization) of the calibration set. Based on the development of a triticale protein calibration over four years, several validation scenarios were evaluated (cross validation, a validation set coming from the calibration set with two sizes (10 and 25%) and a validation set containing only next year samples) performed by two regression methods. Only the next year validation method provided the real accuracy of the calibration; relative performance determinant (RPD) values were half those of same year calibration. Three production cycles (years) were required to obtain a stable calibration that was not likely to change in the following cycle. Ethanol yield per bushel of corn can be estimated rapidly and at low cost using NIRS-predicted constituent values. The ethanol-yield component model gave consistent results with the best combination being protein, oil and density with an SEP=0.044 and a R2= 0.88. The standard deviation of ethanol yield across typical corn samples was 0.1 gal/bu, which would represent $5-8 million variation in revenue to a 100 million gallon per year dry grind ethanol plant. Corn quality can create important differences in the ethanol and coproduct production per bushel of corn. Front end fractionation (separation of corn before the fermentation process begins) can yield gross returns of 20-50 cents per bushel in addition to reducing energy and water use, which therefore also improves the carbon balance of corn-to-ethanol production. Fractionation products are better suited to livestock feed, because higher quality proteins and oils are isolated. The corn Grade factor Total Damage did not affect average ethanol yield, but did increase the sample to sample variability of ethanol yield, which represents a risk factor for an ethanol plant. The ethanol model based on NIRS-measured constituents predicted ethanol yield to +/- 0.03 gal/bu. This method could be used to optimize corn buying and evaluate agronomic practices in ethanol plant trade areas; a gain of 0.1 gal/bu represents over $8MM/year (gross revenue) to the typical Iowa dry grind plant. There are immediate needs for training of employees, managers and auditors in food safety-quality management systems (FS/QMS) applied to bulk material industries. Closer contact, communication and trust among supervisors and employees have simultaneous benefits in worker safety and product quality. Documentation of the connection between occupational safety climate and product quality management climate revealed efficiency potential in compliance and grain operations, by combining procedures-based activities. Training programs for regulatory officials that recognize operating realities of industry will improve enforcement and will create better acceptance of food safety standards within the bulk grain and grain product supply chain. Two such training classes have been held. There are now 150 FDA inspectors that better understand much better the reality and the potential food safety risks associated with feed production. Course reviews indicated that about 50% of the material could be made distance education, with a wider distribution than onsite education will allow. Grain and grain processing firms are beginning to consider how food safety might apply to bulk grain and grain products. Iowa State materials are providing assistance in this effort. As of July 1, 2012, there were at least 50 Iowa grain firms that have been trained in the potential requirements and initial actions that could be taken in preparation. There is a checklist of food safety preparedness on the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative website. The Grain Quality Initiative and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship responded jointly to two grain marketing challenges in 2011; flooded grain in Western Iowa, and the lack of Chinese approval for the biotech trait Viptera, estimated to have been planted on 2-3% of Iowa acres in 2011. Analysis of grain quality data from the 2009-2012 growing seasons showed that weather variations outside the scope of our previous experiences may be creating changes not predictable from current knowledge. If weather extremes become more frequent, we will need more weather-crop interaction studies. End users, such as soybean processors and ethanol plants, are significantly affected by weather-driven quality changes. The aflatoxin levels in the 2012 crop, while significant, were lower than expected; our preharvest sampling and education program significantly reduced public fears and trade distortions expected from preharvest predictions. Producers and the grain industry were better able to optimize the use of drought-affected grains. Data and concepts for crop modeling and forecasting were generated.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Esteve Agelet, Lidia, Paul R. Armstrong, Jasper G. Tallada, Charles R. Hurburgh. 2013. Discrimination of Conventional and Roundup Ready Soybean Seeds. Differences between conventional and glyphosate tolerant soybeans and moisture effect in their discrimination by near infrared spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 141:1895190.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Cao, N., Rippke, G., Hurburgh, C. R. 2013. Effect of calibration subsets on standardization in NIR spectroscopy. Oral Presentation for the 16th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, La Grande-Motte (France), Jun. 2-7, 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Hurburgh, C. R. Economic considerations of NIR Spectroscopy. Oral Presentation for the 16th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, La Grande-Motte (France), Jun. 2-7, 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Lidia Esteve Agelet and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2013. Limitations and Current Applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Single Seed Analysis. Talanta. (acc).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Jelena Medic, Christine Atkinson, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2013. Current knowledge in soybean composition. JAOCS (acc.)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
G. A. Mosher, N. Keren, C.R. Hurburgh. 2013. Employee Trust and Its Influence on Quality Climate at Two Administration Levels. The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (JTMAE) 29(1) (January through March 2013).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mosher, G.A., N. Keren and C.R. Hurburgh. 2013. Development of a quality decision-making scenario to measure how employees handle out-of-condition grain. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 29(5):807-814.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
G. A. Mosher, N. Keren, S. A. Freeman, C. R. Hurburgh Jr. 2013. Measurement of Worker Perceptions of Trust and Safety Climate in Managers and Supervisors at Commercial Grain Elevators. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 19(2):125-134.
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Individual users were assisted with calibration of NIRS units in specific product situations. A large database of feed ingredient quality factors was collected. The changes in ingredient quality across growing seasons were evident, in the increase in soybean meal fiber, and in the increase in corn ddgs protein, both consequences of drought in 2012. Ten models of transmission analyzers and 5 models of reflectance analyzers were calibrated for proximate analysis in corn, soybeans, soybean meal, distillers grains, and bakery meal. A new calibration for proximate analysis of bakery meal (meal from rejected or outdated bakery products) yielded RPD values >4 for moisture, protein, oil and fiber. The procedure to optimize the number and choice of samples required to calibrate an NIRS instrument was applied to a multi-model line of NIRS analyzers to meet regulatory standards with one calibration for all models, and to a new entry in the NIRS whole grain market, with the same goal. Data from the analytical and NIR proficiency program Soybean Quality Traits was reviewed. The test materials were analyzed by 19-39 participating wet chemical laboratories (depending on the test material and analyte) and 65 NIRS laboratories. Moisture and oil content had high uncertainty using the wet chemistry methods (reproducibility for moisture: 13.03 and 10.99% relative standard deviation (RSD) for soybean seed and soybean meal, respectively, and oil: 12.25 and 18.02% RSD for soybean seed and soybean meal, respectively). Reproducibility of nitrogen determinations was 8.94 and 6.72% RSD for soybean seed and meal samples, respectively. Compared to the wet chemistry methods, the NIR analyses showed better reproducibility. The new International Center for Grain Operations and Processing, with five sponsors (KSU, ISU, the Kansas Grain and Feed Association, the Agribusiness Association of Iowa, and the Grain Elevator and Processing Society) was incorporated February 3, 2012. The Grain Quality Initiative and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship developed a statewide sampling program, industry training and request for new FDA policy on aflatoxin blending for the 2012 crop. A risk assessment model was used to create a checklist to aid grain handling and processing facilities in creating a food safety preventive controls plan. A database of scientific organizations either publishing or contributing to the science of food safety in grains was assembled. The NIRS-based grain component testing service handled 6587 samples of corn and soybeans from the 2011 and 2012 crop years. The 2012 crop season drought created quality patterns outside of previous experience. Corn protein and test weight were the highest in many years. Soybean protein was lower than average, which is typical for dry weather, but soybean oil was sharply higher, so that soybean meal protein remained high. Seminars and industry training programs covered the impact of drought on grain quality and processing. The first training course for FDA inspectors was held June 25-28, 2012, in Manhattan, Kansas, focusing on feed mill inspections. There were 75 participants from the US and territories. PARTICIPANTS: Charles Hurburgh, Howard Shepherd, Chad Hart, Connie Hardy, Ray Hansen, Glen Rippke, Lidia Esteve, Nanning Cao, Gretchen Mosher, and Mariana Soto. TARGET AUDIENCES: Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers, abstracts and on-line industry reports, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The NC213 project is being revised for reapproval in 2013, on its regular 5 - year cycle.
Impacts
Industry users of NIRS that used our assistance increased their operating efficiency, and quickly recouped the cost of the NIRS units/calibrations in discounts or improvements in ingredient quality for suppliers. Public availability of samples and calibration support has increased the pace of NIRS instrument development, to the benefit of users and vendors alike. The life cycle cost of NIRS equipment and calibrations has been reduced. Cost and complexity of calibrations are often cited as reasons for not adopting specialized analytics. Interlaboratory differences are frequently the reason for controversies and non-uniformities in analytical results. Analytical errors greater than 10% relative may be larger than the total margin on a product, which explains resistance to using more advanced analytics in trading situations. Creation of an improved and practical proficiency program will benefit users and traders alike. Aflatoxin levels in the 2012 crop were lower than expected; the sampling and education program significantly reduced public fears and trade distortions expected from preharvest predictions. Other industry organizations have expressed interest in participating in the International Center for Grain Operations and Processing. The food safety issue provides a clear example of why such a program is needed. Grain and grain processing firms are beginning to consider how food safety might apply to bulk grain and grain products. Iowa State materials are providing assistance in this effort. We expect that significant regulations to support FSMA will be issued in early 2013. As of July 1, 2012, at least 50 Iowa grain firms have been exposed to the potential requirements and initial actions that could be taken in preparation. More heard the basics of what may happen, and what FSMA is likely to require. Producers and the grain industry were better able to optimize the use of drought-affected grains. In general, the crop outcome was better than expected, in terms of both grain yield and grain quality. Data and concepts for crop modeling and forecasting were generated. There are now 75 FDA inspectors that understand much better the reality and the potential food safety risks associated with feed production. Course reviews indicated that about 50% of the material could be made distance education, with a wider distribution than onsite education will allow. The next offerings and next new courses, to be reported in FY2013, will reflect those views.
Publications
- Pilcher, C.M., A. Greco, C.R. Hurburgh, G.P. Munkvold, C.K. Jones and J.F. Patience. 2012. Amino acid composition and digestibility of mold damaged corn selected for low mycotoxin content fed to finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 90 (E-Suppl. 2):49.
- Esteve Agelet, Lidia, Aoife Gowen, Charles Hurburgh, and Colm O'Donnell. 2012. Feasibility of Conventional and Roundup Ready(R) Soybeans Discrimination by Different Near Infrared Reflectance Technologies. J. Food Chem. 134:1165-1172
- Cao, Nanning and C. R. Hurburgh. 2012. Calibration Data Set Creation for Agriculture Products. Proc 25th IDRC Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 4, 2012. Invited oral presentation.
- Mosher, G.A., N. Keren, S.A. Freeman, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2012. Management of safety and quality and the relationship with employee decisions in the country grain elevator. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 18:195-215.
- Esteve Agelet, Lidia, David Ellis, Susan Duvick, A. Susana Goggi, Charles Hurburgh, and Candice Gardner. 2012. Feasibility of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Analyzing Corn Kernel Damage and Viability of Soybean and Corn Kernels. Journal of Cereal Science, 55:160-165
- Esteve Agelet, Lidia, Paul Armstrong, Ignacio Romagosa Clariana, Charles Hurburgh. 2012. Measurement of Single Soybean Seed Attributes by Near-Infrared Technologies. A Comparative Study. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60:8314-8322
- Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. Crop Quality Issues for the 2012 Harvest. Six-part Integrated Crop Management Newsletter Series, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames, IA. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/ August 27, September 4, September 6 (2), September 20, September 29, 2012.
- Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. The Impact of Drought on Grain Quality. Proc 24TH annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames IA. November 28, 2012.
- Shaw, Angela, Heather Snyder, Howard Shepherd. 2012. FDA Food Safety Modernization Act: Registration for Current and New Facilities. Voice over Powerpoint presentation. Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, ISU Extension and Outreach. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Grain/Topics/fdarecordcompliance.htm
- Shaw, Angela, C.R. Hurburgh, Heather Snyder, Howard Shepherd and Connie Hardy. 2012. Food Safety Preventive Control Plan Checklist v2.0. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Grain/Topics/fdarecordcompliance.htm
- Hurburgh, C. R. 2012. The Impact of Drought on Grain Quality. Proc 24th Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames IA. November 28, 2012.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A) Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) ability to determine constituents and genetic background (viability, biotech event status) on single seeds was expanded and published, using one hyperspectral imaging device and four single-point spectrometer models. B) A user training program for NIRS calibration, validation and quality control was continued. Individual users were assisted with calibration of NIRS units in specific product situations. C) Evaluation of preproduction NIRS whole-grain instrumentation continued, using proximate analysis factors in whole corn and soybeans. Five models of reflectance NIRS were validated for proximate analysis in soybean meal and corn distillers grains. D) Amino acid calibrations for whole corn were validated successfully; however amino acid calibrations for whole soybeans could not exceed the predictive capacity of regression against crude protein. E) The previously reported method to predict ethanol yield per bushel of corn was validated on samples of high damage corn, and specialty corn from the 2010 crop. Total Damage had no consistent impact on corn ethanol yield but did increase sample to sample variation. F) We designed a procedure to optimize the number and choice of samples required to calibrate an NIRS instrument, considering both future prediction accuracy and analysis fixed/variable costs. This procedure is being used to recalibrate a multi-model line of NIRS analyzers to meet regulatory standards. G) The connection between quality climate and occupational safety climate in a company was established. Good occupational safety programs support good quality practices and vice versa which means that food safety, quality management, and occupational safety compliances can support each other at significant cost savings to the organization. H) The AACCI food safety audit task force completed a section-by section review of the ISO22000 food safety management systems standard. Training programs and guidance for the grain processing industry will be created. I) Iowa State University and Kansas State University were awarded a grant from the National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, to develop training programs for FDA inspection personnel to support implementation of the Food Safety Modernization Act. J) Mathematical approaches to bulk product traceability were evaluated. The key operation in their success was automatic recording of key parameters without requiring operator intervention. The ocean-caught fish industry provides a good parallel for bulk grain products. K) University and private sector agribusinesses continued to utilize our NIRS-based grain component testing service, with 4,578 samples of corn and soybeans submitted in CY2011, covering both the 2010 and 2011 crop years. Each of these years had extremes of heat, moisture, and low humidity at different times, which created quality patterns outside of previous experience. Corn moistures were below 10% from the field in 2010; soybean protein and oil were both depressed to record low levels in 2011. Numerous seminars and industry training programs were done; new data on impact of weather on quality were published. PARTICIPANTS: Charles Hurburgh, Howard Shepherd, Chad Hart, Connie Hardy, Tong Wang, Ray Hansen, Glen Rippke, John Lawrence, Lidia Esteve, Nanning Cao, Gretchen Mosher, and Mariana Soto. TARGET AUDIENCES: Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers, abstracts and on-line industry reports, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
1) Single seed determination of viability and biotech status could improve seed quality monitoring, and open previously inaccessible world markets for nonGM grains despite the increased pace of biotech development in the USA. 2) Corn Total Damage did not affect average ethanol yield, but did increase the sample to sample variability of ethanol yield, which represents a risk factor for an ethanol plant. The ethanol model based on NIRS-measured constituents predicted ethanol yield to +/- 0.03 gal/bu. This method could be used to optimize corn buying and evaluate agronomic practices in ethanol plant trade areas; a gain of 0.1 gal/bu represents over $8MM/year (gross revenue) to the typical Iowa dry grind plant. 3) A less expensive, user-friendly calibration and validation process will increase the feasibility of using NIRS analysis in many operating situations. More precise analytics in wider usage leverage quality and product improvements. If multiple models and makes of instruments can be approved for trade use, the total cost of testing will be competitively reduced. The industry support service for analytical applications in bioindustries has become self-sustaining. 4) The near future needs will be for training of employees, managers and auditors in FS/QMS applied to bulk material industries. Closer contact, communication and trust among supervisors and employees appear to have simultaneous benefits in worker safety and product quality. 5) Documentation of the connection between occupational safety climate and product quality management climate will create efficiency in compliance and grain operations, by combining procedures-based activities into one set of procedures. Recent introduction of food safety in all grain operations will create another extension of the cross-compliance concept. 6) Training programs for regulatory officials that also apply to industry and recognize operating realities of industry will improve enforcement and will create better acceptance of food safety standards within the bulk grain and grain product supply chain. 7) The Grain Quality Initiative and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship responded jointly to two grain marketing challenges; flooded grain in Western Iowa, and the lack of Chinese approval for the biotech trait Viptera, estimated to be planted on 2-3% of Iowa acres in 2011. 8) Analysis of grain quality data from the 2009-2011 growing seasons showed that weather variations outside the scope of our previous experiences could cause effects not predictable from current knowledge. If weather extremes are to become more prevalent, additional resources will need to be dedicated toward weather-crop interaction studies. End users, such as soybean processors and ethanol plants, will be significantly affected by weather-driven quality changes. 9) The Grain Quality Initiative prioritized its programming into three focus areas: *Current issues in grain storage and management, *Quality and food safety management system applications, and *Bioprocess application and growth projects.
Publications
- Roussel, Sylvie A., Benoit Igne, David B. Funk, Charles R. Hurburgh 2011. Noise Robustness Comparison for Near Infrared Prediction Models. JNIRS 19:23-26
- Esteve Agelet, Lidia. 2011. Single seed discriminative applications using near infrared technologies. Doctoral Dissertation, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University. May 2011.
- Esteve Agelet, Lidia, David D. Ellis, Susan Duvick, A. Susana Goggi, Charles R Hurburgh, and Candice A. Gardner. 2011. Feasibility of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Analyzing Corn Kernel Damage and Viability of Soybean and Corn Kernels. Journal of Cereal Science: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.11.002
- Thakur, M., Carl-Fredrik Sorensen; Finn Olav Bjornson; EskilForas; Charles R Hurburgh. 2011. Managing food traceability information using EPCIS framework. Journal of Food Engineering. 103:417-433.
- Hurburgh, C. R. 2011. Food Safety and Quality Management in Bulk Grains. Proceeedings of GEAPS Exchange 2011, March 2, 2011, Portland, OR. Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Minneapolis, MN.
- Mosher, G. A., S. A. Freeman, and C. R. Hurburgh. 2011. Design of an Online Course in Quality Management Systems for Adult Learners. Journal of Industrial Technology 27(4): online
- Mosher, G. A. 2011. Measurement and analysis of the relationship between employee perceptions and safety and quality decision-making in the country grain elevator. Doctoral Dissertation, Industrial and Agricultural Technology, Iowa State University. August 2011.
- Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Hurburgh, C.R. and Ensley, S. 2011. Impact of hail damage during early reproductive stages on ear rot and mycotoxin contamination of maize. Phytopathology 100:S109.
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1) University and private sector agribusinesses continued to utilize our NIRS-based grain component testing service, with 8940 samples of corn and soybeans in CY2010, covering both the 2009 and 2010 crop years. There were 12 client companies for the NIRS training service. Users were assisted in developing calibrations, then trained to perform calibration, validation and quality control. 2) The 2009 Iowa corn and soybean crop was particularly challenging from a grain management perspective. The 2010 crop was much better but experienced river flooding and excess rainfall in late season. Numerous seminars and industry training programs were done; new data on impact of weather on quality was published in agronomic journals. A regular column in ethanol and trade publications was started. 3) A ration-balance study demonstrated that the percentage of corn in swine diets could be reduced significantly with greater inclusion of fractionated corn ethanol co-products and glycerol from biodiesel production. The future impact of the projected 4-6 bu/acre/year corn yield increase on fuel production and ag infrastructure needs was estimated. 4) A four-year study of the capability and benefits of traceability in US bulk product markets was completed. Traceability is an operational part of an organized quality or food safety/quality (QMS or FS/QMS) management system. FS/QMS will also support occupational safety, bioterror, biosecurity, environmental, and risk management compliances. Systems were developed for process mapping, geolocation of traceable units, bulk grain tracking, and cost-benefit analysis. Collaborating grain firms continue to report significant economic benefits for operational improvements/efficiencies. Mock recall data continued to show the potential for steady improvement in tracking accuracy of bulk undifferentiated materials. 5) Good occupational safety supports good quality practices and vice versa. Food safety, quality management, and occupational safety compliances can support each other at significant cost savings to the organization. 6) A two year study of calibration and standardization methods for Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) based analyzers was completed. Fifty-seven techniques and combinations of techniques were evaluated, some creating substantial improvement in accuracy but computational upgrades would be needed. 7) NIRS ability to determine constituents and genetic background (viability, biotech event status) on single seeds was investigated, using one hyperspectral imaging device and four single-point spectrometer models. Four preproduction models of NIRS instrumentation were evaluated as to their ability to measure proximate analysis factors in whole corn and soybeans. Five models of NIRS were calibrated for proximate analysis in soybean meal and corn distillers grains. 8) The method to predict ethanol yield per bushel of corn was validated on samples of high moisture, low test weight corn from the 2009 crop. Soybeans can be processed (separating oil and proteins) by aqueous means, and such proteins may have unique food or feed applications because anti-nutritional factor lectin can be removed by non-thermal processing. PARTICIPANTS: Charles Hurburgh, Howard Shepherd, Chad Hart, Connie Hardy, Tong Wang, Ray Hansen, Glen Rippke, John Lawrence, Lidia Esteve, Nanning Cao, Benoit Igne, Gretchen Mosher, Maitri Thakur, Gunsu Gemesi, Anne Fleur, Chad Laux. TARGET AUDIENCES: Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers, abstracts and on-line industry reports, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
A) Variety selection and agronomic treatment evaluation for quality factors was facilitated for both conventional and organic research units. B) Feed companies recovered $2-$3 for each $1 invested in their NIRS testing program, through contract supervision and discounts on inbound ingredients. Other users marketed specialty grains and grain products based on NIRS readings. C) Storage losses from 2009 high moisture grain were mitigated although not eliminated. Grain users better understood the effect of quality on output. Other state agencies are expanding their capacity to survey for important quality/food safety factors, beyond those in the grades. D) Potential investment needs for additional grain to biofuel capacity were discovered. E) Hail damage significantly increases kernel damage and mycotoxin potential in nearly mature corn. Preharvest scouting can be effective in determining the likelihood of toxin contamination; crop insurance adjustment could be more accurate, and could support the removal of toxic materials from the market. F) Corn production increases will require substantial infrastructure investments, but will make production of 20% or more of US gasoline from grain possible without reducing grain available for other uses. G) QMS and FS/QMS can be transformative technologies for food chain organizations facing global customer pressures and national regulatory scrutiny. For bulk materials, the traceability embedded in these systems can steadily improve, which would be particularly useful in mycotoxin situations. Benefit cost ratios of 2:1 indicate the economic sustainability of these systems. H) In vitro and in invo studies have shown the effectiveness of using a combination of proteases to deactivate the hemoagglutination activity of soybean lectin. These outcomes allow the further development and adoption of green processing technologies by the local small-scale processors to produce products with unique properties and application. I) There are numerous opportunities to improve NIRS measurement accuracy by up to 25% relative, using techniques not presently supported by instrument operating software. Different brands and models of NIRS can be jointly calibrated without loss of accuracy which means that more than one NIRS model can be used in a network, either regulated or unregulated, without deteriorating performance across network stations. This finding could open competition and access to multiple manufacturers in many situations, including the USDA-GIPSA Official system. J) The ethanol model based on NIRS-measured constituents predicted ethanol yield to 0.04 gal/bu. Ethanol yield on a dry weight basis was not affected by either test weight or grain moisture. This method could be used to optimize corn buying and evaluate agronomic practices in ethanol plant trade areas; a gain of 0.1 gal/bu represents over $6MM/year to the typical Iowa dry grind plant.
Publications
- Esteve Agelet, L., Rippke, G. R., and Hurburgh, C. R. 2010. Effect of Fourier-Transform Instrument Resolution on Grain Calibration Performance. Poster session presented at the biannual International Diffuse Reflectance Conference (IDRC), Chambersburg, PA.
- Esteve Agelet, L., Rippke, G. R., and Hurburgh, C. R. 2010. Genetically-Modified and Conventional Single Seed Soybean Discrimination with Fourier-Transform Transmittance. Poster session presented at the biannual International Diffuse Reflectance Conference (IDRC), Chambersburg, PA.
- Esteve-Aglelet, L and C. R. Hurburgh. 2010. A Tutorial on Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Calibration. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 40: 4, 246-260.
- Hurburgh, C. R. 2010. Current research in grain handling operations. Proc. Exchange 2010, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Wichita, KS. February 20-23, 2010. Organizer of NC213 research session, GEAPS Exchange 2010.
- Robertson, A.E., Munkvold, G.P., Hurburgh, C.R. and Ensley, S. 2010. Impact of hail damage during early reproductive stages on ear rot and mycotoxin contamination of maize. 2010 American Phytopathology Society Annual Meeting, August 7-11, Nashville, TN.
- Laux, Chad and C.R. Hurburgh. 2010. Using Quality Management Systems in Food Traceability. Journal of Industrial Technology. 26(3):1-6 (web) July 2010.
- Mosher, G and C.R. Hurburgh. 2010. Transgenic Plant Risk: Coexistence and Economy. Encyclopedia of Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food. 1: 1, 639-642 . Online publication date: 21 July 2010
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., Daniel Loy, and J. D. Lawrence. 2010. Maintaining Food Safety through Quality. PM-3005. Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011.
- Hurburgh, C. R. Jr., M. Thakur, C. Laux, G. Mosher, K. Donnelly. 2010. Theory and experience with traceability of bulk commodities in grain handling systems. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Annual Meeting, Savannah, GA. October 24-28, 2010. Invited Symposium Presentation, Abstract.
- Mosher, G.A. and Hurburgh, C.R. Delivery of an online quality management course for adult learners. Presentation given at the Association of Technology Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) Annual Conference. Panama City, FL, October 2010. Mosher, G.A., Keren, N., and Hurburgh, C.R. The impact of employee trust on the perceptions of organizational safety and quality. Presentation given at the Association of Technology Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) Annual Conference. Panama City, FL, October 2010.
- Mosher, G. A. 2010. Do Perceptions of Organizational Trust, Safety, and Quality Predict the Decision-making Process of Employees Poster and presentation given at the Association of Technology Management and Applied Engineering (ATMAE) Annual Conference. Panama City, FL, October 2010. 2010 Graduate Research Presentation Award. 2010 Graduate Research Poster Award.
- Ma, Y., and T. Wang. 2010. Deactivation of soybean agglutinin by enzymatic and other physical treatments. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 11413-11419.
- IGNE, B. and C.R. HURBURGH, Jr. 2010. Local chemometrics for samples and variables: Optimizing the calibration and standardization processes. Journal of Chemometrics. 24:75-86. IGNE, B. and C. R. HURBURGH, Jr. 2010. Using the frequency components of near infrared spectra: Optimizing calibration and standardization processes. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 18(1):39-47.
- IGNE B., REEVES J.B., McCARTY G., HIVELY W.D., LUND E., HURBURGH C.R., 2010. Evaluation of PLS, LS-SVM, and LWR for quantitative spectroscopic analysis of soils, Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 18(3):167-176.
- Fleur, A-F, Charles R. Hurburgh, Lidia Esteve Agelet, Glen Rippke, and Phillip Clancy. 2010. Calibration of a Diode Array NIR Transmission Spectrometer. International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-5, 2010. Poster.
- Esteve Agelet, L., Hurburgh, C. R., Gowen, A., O'Donell, C., Duvick, S. and Gardner, C. 2010. Single Seed Discrimination by NIRS. Oral session presented at the biannual International Diffuse Reflectance Conference (IDRC), Chambersburg, PA.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Calibrations (corn lysine, methionine, and cysteine) for two brands of near-infrared transmittance analyzers (Bruins OmegaG and Foss Infratec 1241) were updated. Using lines deliberately manipulated to break the correlation with total protein, calibrations were developed for two whole-seed NIRS transmission analyzers. Samples from 2008 crop were used as validation. A copy of one brand (Bruins OmegaG) was placed in service at a public non-profit corn breeding station. Breeding selections were made; selections using the original version of the calibrations were successful in isolating lines that then increased lysine and methionine of their progeny. Other copies were operated at Iowa State University in the Grain Quality Lab and in plant breeding laboratories. The work was presented at the American Association of Cereal Chemistry 2009 meeting. A process to estimate ethanol yield per bushel of corn in real time at corn delivery was presented at the American Association of Cereal Chemists 2009 meeting and at several regional biofuel conferences. An NIRS-based ethanol yield (gal/bu) calibration using spectra and reference data, and a regression analysis of combinations of NIRS- predicted values of protein, oil, starch, and density was validated with 2008 crop samples. Higher protein and oil decrease ethanol yields; higher density increases yields, with protein having the largest relative impact. The equation was tested on corn quality data from the 2005-2008 crops. Gradual changes in overall corn quality (toward increased yield) and the impacts of small agronomic practice changes were demonstrated. The concept of supply chain agronomics was introduced. A graduate thesis was completed. A study of NIRS calibration transfer was completed. Robust modeling methods were implemented for the transfer of near-infrared calibration models in intra and inter-brands situations. A network of four instruments from two brands was used to implement spectral pretreatment methods, local and variable selection techniques, and orthogonal methods to transfer protein, oil, and linolenic acids across instruments of the same brand and of different brands. A new approach to local similarity was introduced. Four technical papers were published over the course of the study and one doctoral dissertation was completed. The practical operating requirements to calibrate and maintain/monitor calibrations of NIRS units to measure wet and dry distillers properties were developed. The emphasis was on operation of NIRS in an ethanol plant, and on the accuracy of results that can be expected. Composition factors, protein, oil, hardness affect the relative amounts of ethanol and distillers grains. All of these were affected by the environmental conditions in 2009. Ethanol plants in Iowa were surveyed about corn quality specifications. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Corn Lysine and methionine calibrations had R2 in validation of 0.73 - 0.84, significantly higher than the correlation of each amino acid to the total protein. The ethanol-yield calibration had poor results in predicting corn ethanol yield from the new samples, with an SEP=0.40 and a R2=0.28. The component model gave consistent results with the best combination being protein, oil and density with an SEP=0.044 and a R2= 0.88. The standard deviation of ethanol yield across typical corn samples was 0.1 gal/bu, which would represent $5-7 million variation in revenue to a 100 million gallon per year dry grind ethanol plant. The calibration transfer study determined that multiple brands and models of NIRS units could be cross calibrated such that the variability across a group of different instruments would be not greater than the variability across a group of the same brand/model instrument. This finding is important in that multiple models can be approved by the relevant authority for testing in trade, and thus not create the market/technology development limitations imposed by the use of only one make of instrument. The effectiveness of the various methods was instrument, parameter, and validation set dependent. In many situations, transferred models performed as well as if a model had been developed on the unit itself. In some situations, there were no differences between master and secondary unit predictions. Local methods were the weakest methods due to over-fitting (specialization) of the calibration set. An accurate determination of feeding value will allow nutritionists to maximize the use of distillers grains with less risk of uncertain animal performance. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is accepted as a process control method for determining protein, fat, fiber types, and potentially other organic compounds. NIRS calibrations were developed for moisture, protein, oil, and crude fiber in distillers grains, over 5 instrument brands and including 10 ethanol plants. Simple statistics for evaluating the usefulness of NIRS calibrations can be used with a procedure for corrective action. Corn quality can create important differences in the ethanol and coproduct production per bushel of corn. If toxins are present, there will be a 3 to 1 concentration in the distillers grains. Most ethanol plants have corn rejection limits and discounts based on the quality factors in the US Grades. The presence of high damage (mold) grain from the 2008 and 2009 crops has created recurring problems for sellers to ethanol plants. The primary toxins affecting corn are aflatoxin, vomitoxin/DON, zearalenone, and fumonisin. In 2008 and 2009, aflatoxin was not a problem because hot, dry conditions are generally needed. Front end fractionation (separation of corn before the fermentation process begins) can yield gross returns of 20-50 cents per bushel in addition to reducing energy and water use, which therefore also improves the carbon balance of corn-to-ethanol production. Fractionation products are better suited to livestock feed, because higher quality proteins and oils are isolated.
Publications
- Hardy, C.L., Glen R. Rippke, Charles R. Hurburgh, Walter A. Goldstein. 2009. Calibration of near-infrared whole grain analyzers for amino acid measurement in corn. AACC International Annual Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. September 13-16, 2009.
- Burgers, A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Combined Congress 2009, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. January, 2009. Oral presentation.
- Hurburgh, C.R. and C. L. Hardy. 2009. Near Infrared Based Quality Control for Distillers Grains. International Distillers Grains Conference and Fuel Ethanol Workshop. Denver, CO. June 14-17, 2009. Invited presentation.
- Burgers, A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Prediction of fermentable starch content of corn by near-infrared spectroscopy. AACC International Annual Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. September 13-16, 2009. Oral presentation.
- Burgers, A. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2009. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Poster presentation. 13th Annual Distillers Grains Symposium. Des Moines, Iowa. April 22, 2009. Awarded student scholarship from Distillers Grains Council.
- Igne, B , Jean-Michel Roger, Sylvie Roussel, Veronique Bellon-Maurel, and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2009. Improving the Transfer of Near Infrared Prediction Models by Orthogonal Methods, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 99 (2009) 57 - 65.
- Hurburgh, C.R. and C. L. Hardy. 2009. Near Infrared Based Quality Control for Distillers Grains. International Distillers Grains Conference and Fuel Ethanol Workshop. Denver, CO. June 14-17, 2009. Invited presentation.
- Charles Hurburgh and Connie Hardy. 2009. Corn quality and agronomic issues relating to ethanol production. Proc Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University Extension, December 3, 2009.
- Alison Robertson, Charles Hurburgh, Gary Munkvold and Steve Ensley. 2009. Impact of hail damage on corn quality. Proc Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University Extension, December 3, 2009.
- Charles Hurburgh, Chad Hart, and Connie Hardy. 2009. Current technologies and status of grain-based biofuels. Growing the Bioeconomy. Multi-State Conference. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. December 1, 2009
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Two brands of near infrared transmittance analyzers were calibrated to measure lysine, methionine and cysteine in corn. After the second iteration, using samples from the 2006 and 2007 corn harvests, the NIRS measurement was more accurate than the more traditional regression against protein content: Perten DA7200 near infrared reflectance units were calibrated for measurement of moisture, protein, oil, and fiber in as received soybean meal, with all soybean processing methods combined in the same calibration. Traditional PLS methods gave calibrations that transferred to another unit within the error criteria of the AACC Method 39 00, but robust methods yielded standard deviations between units of less than 0.1 percentage point for all factors. Standard errors for validation were 0.25, 0.58, 0.28, and 0.32 percentage points for moisture, protein, oil and fiber, respectively. An NIRS-based ethanol yield calibration using laboratory fermentation reference data from Illinois Crop Improvement Association was compared to a multiple regression against combinations of NIRS-predicted values of protein, oil, starch, and density. The calibration and the calculation approaches had nearly equal statistics (r2 = 0.8; std dev = 0.03 gallons bushel), but when validated against 55 new corn samples, the calculation maintained accuracy while the calibration did not. The calculation approach requires fewer samples for updates, is easier to use in practice, is not limited to one NIRS unit, and is more accurate. Whole soybean fatty acid contents were measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Three calibration algorithms partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) were implemented. ANN and LS-SVM methods performed significantly better than PLS and were better than any previous literature. The standard error of prediction was 0.85, 0.42, 1.64, 1.67, and 0.90% for palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids respectively. Calibration models developed on relative concentrations (% of oil) were compared to prediction models created on absolute fatty acid concentration (% of weight). The multiplication of errors with the total oil content model resulted in no net precision improvement. Six standardization methods were compared for the transfer of whole soybean protein, oil, and linolenic acids NIRS models. Two Foss infratecs and two Bruins OmegAnalyzerGs were used to evaluate the standardization methods in intra and inter-brand scenarios. Each instrument was calibrated on its own calibration set for comparison. Foss Infratec models were transferable to Bruins OmegAnalyzerG units with a similar or better precision that when all instruments were calibrated on their own calibration sets and vice versa. Optical standardization methods (techniques that modify spectra of secondary units to match those of the master unit) performed significantly poorer than other methods. Other techniques provided similar results. Preprocessing of the spectra was sufficient to erase absorption differences and wavelength shifts observed between the two brands. PARTICIPANTS: No changes TARGET AUDIENCES: No changes PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No changes
Impacts
The need to remove synthetic amino acids from organic livestock rations will be resolved by the more rapid development of modified amino acid corn made possible with high throughput analysis methods. Ration balancing software many also be able to use NIRS predicted values more effectively, since the new calibrations are beyond the normal correlation with protein. An organic corn breeding program has screened over 10,000 lines to date. Feed users will be able to monitor soybean meal composition guarantees more effectively, and a single calibration for the various forms of soymeal products will create uniformity while reducing analytical support costs at the same time. A multi-location milling company is now monitoring all inbound soybean meal; other ingredients will follow. Ethanol yield per bushel of corn can be estimated rapidly and at low cost. A large ethanol producers is organizing a trial at one of its plants, to demonstrate the range received, and to estimate the value for either grouping corn lots by predicted ethanol yield or selectively directing certain lots to animal feed rather than to the ethanol plant. Whole soybeans can be screened for fatty acid composition, but making distinction by individual percentages of fatty acids, as some genetics suppliers wish to do, is beyond the capability of the Near Infrared test. Advanced chemometric methods have made the combination of spectra across NIRS brands possible. Across-brand calibrations can be more accurate than the individual brand calibrations, and will allow the use of multiple models in a trading network without loss of accuracy or reproducibility.
Publications
- Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. 2008. Calibration, standardization and validation economics. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Oral Presentation.
- Benoit Igne and Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Using the Frequency Components of Near Infrared Spectra: Optimizing calibration and standardization processes. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Oral Presentation.
- Connie L. Hardy, Glen R. Rippke, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr.,Walter A. Goldstein. 2008. Methods of Calibrating NIRS Sensors when Biological Parameters are Correlated: The Case of Maize Amino Acids. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Poster. Second place, Poster competition, Scientist division.
- Benoit Igne, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh Jr. 2008. Spectral Pretreatment for Among Brand Near Infrared Instrument Standardization. Pittsburgh Analytical Conference, March 2-6, 2008, New Orleans, LA. Poster and published abstract.
- IGNE B., RIPPKE G.R., HURBURGH C.R., 2008. Soybean Fatty Acid Prediction by Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Model Standardization, Proc 99th AOCS Meeting, Seattle, WA. May 2008. Invited Presentation and published abstract. Honored Student Award Presentation.
- Glen R. Rippke, Connie L. Hardy , Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr., and Walter A. Goldstein. 2008. Methods of Calibrating NIRS Sensors when Biological Parameters are Correlated: The Case of Maize Amino Acids. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Poster, published abstract
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., Elvira Fernandez d Ahumada and G.R. Rippke. 2008. Chemometrics Issues in Calibrating an On Harvester Embedded NIR Sensor. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Invited presentation, published abstract.
- Igne, B. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Fourier and Wavelet Coefficients Filtering for Near Infrared Instrument Calibration and Standardization. Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry, Montpellier, France. June 30-July 4, 2008. Poster, published abstract.
- Benoit Igne and Dr. Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Particle Swarm Optimization for Variable Selection A Strong Competitor to Genetic Algorithms. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Oral Presentation. Second place, Poster competition, Graduate Student Division.
- Benoit Igne, Charles R. Hurburgh Jr. 2008. Fourier and Wavelet Filtering: a New Type of Spectral Pretreatment for Near Infrared Instrument Calibration and Standardization. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Poster.
- Lidia Esteve Agelet and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Measures of validation for Near Infrared calibrations: The RPD. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 16, 2008. Poster.
- Ana Maria DiMartino, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Calibration of Diode Array Spectrometers to Analyze Soybean Meal From Multiple Extraction Methods. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Poster.
- Allison Burgers and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Prediction of Fermentable Starch Content in Corn by Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 14th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 1-6, 2008. Poster.
- Igne B., Rippke G.R., Hurburgh C.R., 2008. Measurement of Whole Soybean Fatty Acids by Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 85(12):1105-1113.
- Allison Burgers and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Prediction of fermentable starch content by near infrared spectroscopy. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008.
- IGNE B., and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008. Standardization of Near Infrared Spectrometers: Evaluation of common techniques for intra and inter brand calibration transfer. JNIRS 16:539-550.
- Connie Hardy and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2008 Progress in using near infrared grain analyzers (NIR) to measure amino acids in corn. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011. December 10-11, 2008.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
Modified fatty acid soybeans were a $100 million product in 2007. Separation from commodity soybeans is necessary to preserve the unique value and functionality of oil modifications, such low linolenic acid, or low total saturated fats. There are at least 40 companies manufacturing or developing near infrared instruments that could be applied to grains. Several provide more spectral information at higher levels of precision than units now used in trade and processing. Harmonization of databases and calibration methodologies could accelerate the acceptance of new technologies with greater capabilities. Standard methods are the basis for legal trade and arbitration. For NIRS, and the properties that it measures, to become accepted in legal metrology, its capability for standardized use must be demonstrated and scientifically accepted. Publication in refereed methods compendia is one means by which scientific acceptance is registered. Accurate traceability of bulk
materials will increase compliance with bioterror regulations and improve brand protection. One incident, such as the Diamond Pet Food issue, can easily create tens of million of dollars or more in legal and sales loss costs. The work with the elevator demonstrated that ISO-compliant traceability systems generated net revenue (2-5 cents per bushel) from efficiencies and conformance to specifications, greatly in excess of costs. This means the traceability issue can be a business benefit rather than a cost. In Iowa, we expect that 500-700 million additional bushels will be stored in-state, with less tolerance for deterioration than was previously acceptable in the grain market. An overall reduction of 1% in damaged kernels on the 2.2 billion bushels of corn grown in Iowa represents approximately $60-100 million. The cost of achieving this is balanced by the more than doubling of corn value within the last 18 months, as a result of ethanol production. Producing soy protein fractions
rich in either of the two major proteins (glycinin and beta-conglycinin) is key to delivering healthier and better performing soy protein products. We are working with commercial companies to adopt our simple process. GSSP has the potential to be a very effective means of identity preserving soybeans during their processing, Unlike alternative processes, little protein denaturation occurs during oil recovery and the meal can be used to produce organic or certifiable non-GMO soy protein ingredients for which customers in Europe and Asia are willing to pay premium prices. U.S. processors could again become a preferred source of food-grade soybean meal. Our GFP containing corn enables rapid evaluation of new corn fractionation procedures. Some of the new fractionation procedures being developed may be suitable for on-farm use reducing the risk of contaminating commodity corn with unapproved transgenics. The collaborative study on wet-milling identifies laboratories and protocols that are
effective in discriminating corn lines with superior wet-milling characteristics. This will enable corn breeders to develop value-enhanced corn for the wet milling industry.
Impacts
Whole soybean calibrations for four NIRS brands were developed to measure linolenic acid and total saturated fats. In one case, the standard error of prediction was less than 0.5% pts for each factor, which meant that discrimination to the nearest whole percentage (eg 1% vs 2%) was possible. Rancidity factors were measureable by NIRS using a simple, disposable sample cup placed under the beam of a reflectance NIRS spectrometer. Measures of free fatty acids (FFA), total polar materials (TPM), and conjugated dienoic acids (CDA), typical indices of oil degradation, were analyzed in daily oil aliquots taken from soybean oils with different linolenic acid concentrations used to fry French fries. The coefficients of determination (R2) when compared to the standard methods were 0.973 for FFA, 0.984 for TPM, and 0.902 for CDA. The 10-year soybean protein and oil database of Iowa State University was used to quantify the progressive increase in overall variation among units on
individual samples as more brands and configurations of NIRS are introduced to a system. Standard errors increased from 0.30 and 0.25 percentage points (for protein and oil, respectively) when only one transmission NIRS model was used to 0.90 and 0.80 percentage points when three transmission and three reflection instrument models were used. The transfer of prediction models among NIRS brands is not explored. In a network with Foss Infratecs (1229 and 1241) and Dickey-John OmegAnalyzer G's.Partial least squares regression calibration technique was applied to soybean moisture, oil, and protein. Robust techniques using the spectral information from all the network instruments (moisture: r2 = 0.987, SEP = 0.278; protein: r2 = 0.963, SEP = 0.518) performed as well as calibrations developed using traditional optical correction techniques (r2 = 0.988, SEP = 0.279; protein: r2 = 0.958, SEP = 0.561). Based on the development of a triticale protein calibration over four years, several
validation scenarios were evaluated (cross validation, a validation set coming from the calibration set with two sizes (10 and 25%) and a validation set containing only next year samples) performed by two regression methods (Partial Least Squares and Least Squares - Support Vector Machine Regression). The next year validation method provided the real accuracy of the calibration; RPD values were half those of same year calibration. There was not a significant difference between 10% and 25% of the calibration set as validation set. Three production cycles were required to obtain a stable calibration that was not likely to need changing in the following cycle. Fractionated soy protein ingredients from solvent-extracted soybean meal and gas-supported screw pressed (GSSP) meal were compared. High-sucrose soybean lines in our fractionation process produced fractions with unique compositions. In a collaborative study of inter-laboratory testing of wet-milling properties of corn, our data
compared well with three other laboratories. We also demonstrated the utility and effectiveness of transgenic corn containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a tool to test efficiencies of new dry-milling procedures.
Publications
- Deak, N.A., and L.A. Johnson. 2007. Preparation of Glycinin and β-Conglycinin from High-sucrose/Low-stachyose Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(3):260-279.
- Deak, N.A., and L.A. Johnson. 2007. Fate of Phytic Acid in Producing Soy Protein Ingredients. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 84(4):369-376.
- Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2007. Current Storage and Handling Issues for the 2007 Crop. Proc. 19th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. November 28, 2007.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2007. Measurement of fatty acids in whole soybeans with near infrared spectroscopy. Lipid Technology 19(4): 450. April 2007. (CY07, FFY07)
- Igne, B., G.R. Rippke, C.R. Hurburgh. 2007. Robust Regression for Inter-Brand Standardization. Proc. 13th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Umea, Sweden, June 13-17, 2007. (CY07, FFY07).
- Yang, CiWen, Suming Chen, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr, I-Chang Yang, Chih-Hsiang Wu. 2007. Standardization of soybean spectra across NIRS instruments using support vector machines. Proc. 13th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Umea, Sweden, June 13-17, 2007. (CY07, FFY07).
- Igne, B., L. Gibson, G. Rippke and C. Hurburgh. 2007. Triticale Moisture and Protein Measurement by Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Cereal Chemistry 84:239-241 (CY07, FFY07)
- Kovalenko, I, G. R. Rippke, and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2007. Dimensionality reduction of near infrared spectral data using global and local implementations of principal component analysis for neural network calibrations. JNIRS 15:21-28.
- Gerde, J., Connie L. Hardy, Charles R., Hurburgh, Jr. and Pamela White. 2007. Rapid determination of degradation in frying oils by near-infrared spectroscopy. JAOCS 84:519-522 (CY07, FFY07)
- Thakur, M. and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2007. Quality of U.S. Soybean Meal compared to the Quality of Soybean Meal from other Origins. JAOCS 84:835-843. (CY07, FFY07)
- Igne, B., L. Gibson, G. Rippke and C. Hurburgh. 2007. Influence of yearly variability of agricultural products on the NIRS calibration process: a triticale example. Cereal Chemistry 84(6):576-581) (CY07, FFY07)
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
NIRS calibration equations for soybean oil fatty acid profile in whole soybeans were developed using partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and support vector machines (SVM) methods. Equations for total saturates had the highest predictive ability (r2 = 0.91 - 0.94) Palmitic acid models (r2 = 0.80 - 0.84) were usable for research applications. Equations for stearic (r2 = 0.49 - 0.68), oleic (r2 = 0.76 - 0.81), linoleic (r2 = 0.73 - 0.76), and linolenic (r2 = 0.67 - 0.74) acids could be used for sample screening. SVM models produced more accurate predictions than those developed with PLS regression. ANN calibrations were not significantly different from the other methods. NIRS calibrations were developed for whole soybean amino acid profiles using partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and support vector machines (SVM) regression methods and for five models of NIR spectrometers. Validation of models gave r2 from 0.04
(tryptophan) to 0.91 (leucine and lysine). The predictive ability of NIRS models was directly determined the correlation of amino acids to reference protein. No NIRS soybean amino acid calibration outperformed the protein regression. Four NIRS calibration validation scenarios were evaluated with two regression methods (Partial Least Squares and Least Squares Support Vector Machine Regression). Only next year validation sets provided the real accuracy of the calibration; RPD values were half those of same year calibration validation sets. Multiple-brand soybean moisture and protein calibrations were done for two transmission-type instruments. A new Robust Calibration Method gave excellent results both within and among brands. Pooled calibration accuracy was equal to or better than individual calibrations. The best known optical matching procedure for NIRS units (Piecewise Direct Standardization) was able to make instrument brand 1 calibrations transfer to brand 2 without loss in
accuracy, but not vice versa. Representatives of twenty Iowa ethanol plants were interviewed concerning corn buying. At this time, twenty-three dry grind plants and four wet mills are expected to produce 1.5 billion gallons of ethanol in Iowa in 2006. Ten new dry grind plants, one new wet mill plant, and six expansions are under construction. The current plants and those under construction will use 1.61 billion bushels of corn annually. Thirty-three new plants or expansions have been announced. If all announced facilities are built and operating at capacity by 2010, fuel ethanol production of 7.5 billion gallons per year in and near Iowa would require 2.68 billion bushels of Iowa corn. Sixty-two percent (range 5% - 100%) of the corn is purchased directly from farmers. Operators expressed a desire to source corn directly from farmers. However, most had absolute limits on quality, unlike the general acceptance policies of traditional elevators. Plants had onsite storage for about 5%
(range 2% - 12%) of annual corn use and 2.5% (range 1.6% - 4.7%) of annual DGS production. The need for ongoing training for current and future ethanol plant workers was stressed.
Impacts
The requirement of only one instrument model in a given trading system may be eliminated, which will reduce testing costs, and provide incentives for new technology development. True calibrations (beyond correlations) will have a major impact on genetic screening programs for secondary factors, by identifying unique samples that would have otherwise been missed. Calibration monitoring systems can be simplified, and the cost of calibration maintenance can be reduced by more effective targeting of truly unique or independent samples. The ability to simultaneously align and expand spectra from multiple brands would be a major step toward both harmonization of results and the creation of universal databases that would allow rapid introduction of new technologies/instruments. Based on the results of the ethanol study, new Iowa State Extension efforts in grain storage training, and in supply chain evaluation were started. Programs will be operational in 2007. Plants could
increase ethanol output by about 0.1 gal/bu if inputs were more consistent. For a 100 MM gal/yr plant, this would be 4,000,000 more gallons of ethanol or about $8 million per year. DGS quality would be more consistent as well.
Publications
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2006. Measurement of amino acid content with near infrared spectroscopy. 97th AOCS Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL. May 2-6, 2006, St. Louis, Mo. (abstr).
- Kovalenko, I. V., G. R. Rippke and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Determination of amino acid composition of soybeans (Glycine max) by near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(10):3485-3491.
- Kovalenko, I. V., G. R. Rippke and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Measurement of Soybean Fatty Acids by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Linear and Nonlinear Calibration Methods. Journal of AOCS, 83(5):421-427.
- Kovalenko, I., G.R. Rippke, and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Measurement of soybean fatty acids by near-infrared spectroscopy: Linear and nonlinear calibration methods. 97th AOCS Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, IL. May 2-6, 2006, St. Louis, Mo. (abstr, oral presentation)
- Benoit Igne, Lance R. Gibson, Glen R. Rippke, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Evaluation of preprocessing methods in the development of near-infrared models for triticale protein and moisture. World Grains Summits: Foods and Beverages. American Association of Cereal Chemistry. Annual meeting, San Francisco, CA. October 17-20, 2006. Poster.
- B. Igne, G.R. Rippke, L.R. Gibson, and C.R. Hurburgh. 2006. Does your grain calibration need to be updated? Proc. 25th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 7-10, 2006. Poster.
- Glen R. Rippke, Igor V. Kovalenko, and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2006. Calibration Development When Reference Values are Correlated: Soybean Amino Acid Case Study. Proc. 25th International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. August 7-10, 2006. Abstract.
- Suryatmaadja, M. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Ongoing Quality Control Program for NIRS-based Service and Research Laboratory. World Grains Summits: Foods and Beverages. American Association of Cereal Chemistry. Annual meeting, San Francisco, CA. October 17-20, 2006.
- Hardy, C. and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Sourcing Iowa Corn for Ethanol: Impacts of Increased Local Processing. Proc. Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. November 30, 2006.
- Connie L. Hardy, Mary S. Holz-Clause, Howard E. Shepherd and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2006. Sourcing Corn for Ethanol: Impacts of Local Processing. Report of Iowa Grain Quality Initiative. November 2006. www.iowagrain.org
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
The 2005 US soybean crop was lower in protein (34.9%) and significantly higher in oil (19.4%) than in previous years. Processors should be able to meet target meal protein levels and benefit from higher oil yields. However, the lower protein, especially in the northern corn belt, increased the quality differences between US and Brazilian beans in international markets where protein and oil are the key measures of quality. The database from a private variety testing service was expanded to include 2005 crop soybeans. This database contains yield and quality data from approximately 2500 soybean plots annually. There was little correlation between quality (protein plus oil) and yield (r<0.3). Six protein and oil pricing strategies, all in use by one or more users, continued to reward very different combinations of oil and protein. From soybean meal (n=151) and soybean (n=102) samples collected at importing points, U.S. soybean meal was more consistent with higher
digestibility, lower fiber, and with better quality protein than SBM of other major export origins (Argentina, Brazil and India) Protein quality carried through from whole soybeans to soybean meal, for a given origin. While the average crude protein contents were higher for the SBM from Brazil, the percentage of total digestible amino acids was highest for the SBM from U.S. and China. The U.S. SBM was higher in the total of the 5 key limiting amino acids for both poultry and swine feed uses, which when coupled with higher digestibility, would give U.S. meal an advantage in rations balanced on amino acids. U.S. soybeans were lower in protein than Brazilian soybeans, but higher than Argentine soybeans. U.S. soybeans were lower in oil content than soybeans from either of the South American origins. The U.S. soybeans likely sourced from the Western United states (exports to Asia, Mexico) were significantly lower than the national averages from the domestic survey, in both protein and oil.
These samples were quite similar, however, to the survey samples collected from the four states most likely to originate Asian and Mexican shipments. The crude protein disadvantage of U.S. soybeans was offset by higher concentrations of the essential amino acids in the lower protein beans. The index of 5 key amino acids, as a percent of the total protein was an effective indicator of protein quality. The calibration equations for soybean linolenic acid and total saturates were modified. In on-site testing, the Bruins unit achieved standard errors of prediction for linolenic acid and total saturates of 0.8 and 0.7 percentage points, respectively. The Bruins unit was also effective in predicting soybean moisture, protein, oil and fiber contents. Corn calibration equations for a reflectance-based diode array analyzer, Perten DA7200, were improved. Standard errors of prediction of 0.35 and 0.38 percentage points were achieved for corn protein and oil, respectively.
Impacts
Asian customers are clearly happy to have us do the survey and bring the results to them. Sales have been made because of this customer focus. Processors are gradually instituting component pricing systems. However, the increasing gap between US and South American soybeans has been accentuated by freight patterns to Asia favoring Pacific Northwest shipments. New applications for NIR were demonstrated. The very high-speed diode array technology made large increases in measurement capabilities when put on line at a genetics company. The fatty acid application supported marketing of modified soybeans that produce oil that does not have trans-fat producing hydrogenation.
Publications
- Hurburgh, C.R. Jr. 2005. The transition of NIR from lab-bench to online in agricultural applications. Proc. 19th International Forum for Process Analytical Technology, Arlington, VA. January 13, 2005.
- Kovalenko, I and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2005. Dimensionality reduction of NIR spectral data using global and local implementation of PCA for neural network calibrations. Abstract 2005- 1372 Pittcon 2005, Orlando, Florida. Oral Presentation and Abstract
- Garraude-Verdier, Y., G. Rippke, C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., N. Cloud, D. Mattsson, O. Surel. 2005. NIR measurement of factors affecting oxidative potential of rosemary leaf. Poster and Paper 59. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005.
- Roussel, S.A., I. Kovalenko, G. Rippke and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2005. Comparison of chemometric models for proximate and fatty acid composition of soybeans. Oral presentation and paper 56. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., G. Rippke, D. Honigs, and I Kovalenko. 2005. Calibration and standardization of Perten DA7200 diode array instruments. Poster and paper 221. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr., G. Rippke, and C. Hardy. 2005. Calibration and standardization of Bruins Omega transmittance instruments. Poster and paper 222. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005.
- Wang, CiWen, E. Dierenfield and C. Hurburgh. 2005. Comparison of methods for development of a spectral database for wildlife nutrition. Poster and paper 184. Proceedings of NIR 2005, Auckland, New Zealand. April 10-15, 2005.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
The 2004 U.S. soybean crop had slightly lower than average protein (35.2%) and slightly higher than average oil (18.7%) contents. The variability in protein and oil content was lower than 2003 and similar to the long-term average variability. Yields and total production were the highest in 20 years. Linolenic acid and total oil content varied across environments, for the same variety. Growing conditions in 2004 increased linolenic acid levels 0.2-0.5 % pts. (of the oil) beyond expectations from low linolenic varieties. A three year database from a private variety testing service contains annual yield and quality data from approximately 2500 soybean plots across the corn belt and east coast growing regions. There was little correlation between quality (protein plus oil) and yield (r<0.3). Six protein and oil pricing strategies, all in market use, rewarded very different combinations of oil and protein, which gives confusing signals to the genetics industry. Calibration
models for determination of amino acid concentration in whole soybeans were developed using five NIR spectrometers and three regression methods. No consistent correlation could be established between spectral data and concentrations of amino acids beyond the inherent correlation of amino acids to crude protein. Calibrations for linolenic acid in whole soybeans were developed for the Foss Infratec series of NIR units and are now being updated to use the Neural Network algorithm. Corn and soybean proximate analysis calibrations, developed for Bruins Omega (monochromator) and Perten DA7200 (diode array) units, had accuracy equal to or better than the Official Infratec calibrations on the same samples. Post regression slope and bias (to units other than the calibration masters) did not work for diode array units. The largest producer owned grain handling firm in Iowa, Farmers Cooperative Elevator Company, Farnhamville, Iowa has taken the national lead in application of quality management
systems (ISO9000) for agricultural marketing. Its Odebolt elevator and the central grain marketing department became ISO 9000 certified on July 7, 2004, The initial estimate of $2 profit per $1 invested in the QMS has remained, and a major study of performance benchmarks has begun. A spreadsheet-based perpetual inventory system has enabled the company to capture higher value by meeting customer specifications with less material marketed as lower quality. Traceability has emerged as a major concern in all food markets; one of the statistics in the FC system is an index of traceability, to measure how precisely grain from the farm can be tracked to individual food lots sold by second and third stage processors.
Impacts
Asian customers have appreciated the survey and presentation of results. Sales have been made because of this customer focus. Processors are gradually instituting component pricing systems. We created new applications for NIR, which showed that the very high-speed diode array technology could increase measurement capabilities. The fatty acid application will be necessary to market modified soybeans that eliminate trans-fat producing hydrogenation. The US grain industry is adapting to food safety, biosecurity, consumer right to know and other market pressures with QMS systems that will simultaneously improve efficiency.
Publications
- Brumm, T.J., and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2004. Long-term study of US Soybean Quality: Protein, oil and amino acids. Proc. International Grain Quality Conference, Indianapolis, IN. July 19-21, 2004.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Quality of the 2004 Corn and Soybean Crop in NC Iowa. GEAPS Greater Iowa Chapter, September 14, 2004. Invited presentation.
- Brumm, T. J. , C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. and G.R. Rippke. 2004. Quality of the 2004 US Soybean Crop. American Soybean Association, St. Louis , MO. Invited presentations Seoul, Shanghai, Beijing, Tokyo, Taipei. November 2004.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Real-time model selection and other technical challenges for the general use of NIR. IDRC-2004, International Diffuse Reflectance Conference, Chambersburg, PA. Aug 19-23, 2004. Invited presentation.
- Garraude, Y.G., C. R. Hurburgh, Jr., G.R. Rippke, and C. Yang. 2004. Measurement of antioxidant factors in rosemary with NIR. Kemin seminar series, Kemina Americas Co., Des Moines, IA. October 19, 2004.
- Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. NIR from laboratory to the field. 2nd International Conference on Embedded NIR. Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belguim. November 19, 2004. Invited presentation.
- Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. An ISO-based system for quality management and traceability in the US grain handling industry. Proc. International Grain Quality Conference, Indianapolis, IN. July 19-21, 2004. Invited presentation.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Certification, Traceability and Security in the Grain Handling Industry. Educational Seminar, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Ames, IA. January 21, 2004.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Certification and Traceability in US Grain Markets. Sustainable Agriculture Colloquium, Ames, IA. February 4, 2004.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2004. Quality Management Systems for Elevators. NC 213 Multistate Annual Technical Meeting, Minneapolis, MN. February 25, 2004.
- Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. Impact and operational response to traceability in US commodity markets. Abstract 69. 2004 American Association of Cereal Chemists Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. September 20, 2004. Invited presentation.
- Hurburgh, C.R., Jr. 2004. Certification, and Product Traceability in the Grain Handling Industry. Purdue University International Training Seminar, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. December 15, 2004. Invited Presentation.
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Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03
Outputs
In 2003 the corn stewardship poster project was expanded to include nine Midwestern states and a national website. Thirty-seven partners from university extension programs, corn producer organizations, grain handler associations, and three seed companies cooperated on the project that promoted the channeling of Market ChoicesSM corn. NIRGrainNet software was tested, using corn and soybean samples on which moisture and protein was being measured with 3 Foss Infratec 1225/1229 analyzers. Spectral data and predictions on three models (PLS, LWR, and ANN) were reported in real time and compared. The nonlinear models were more accurate than the PLS models, but the best accuracy (25% improvement over any model individually) was obtained by either selecting the best model for each sample/constituent situation or by averaging the results of the three models. The neural network model created a 25-30% reduction in standard error of prediction compared to any PLS model, for all
corn and soybean factors. The standard deviations across like units were generally reduced by the neural network models. Seven types of spectral noise were evaluated in Partial Least Squares regression, Locally Weighted Regression, and two types of Artificial Neural Network calibrations - random noise, path length, gain, wavelength axis, bandwidth variations, and stray light. Three were significant: baseline shift, wavelength shift, and multiplicative noise. The overall robustness of each model was compared by assessing the dimension of the stability area (constant standard error). Data pre-processing (SNV, genetic algorithms) played a large role in the model robustness. Artificial neural networks were the most robust, whereas the local models were the least robust in most cases. An Iowa grain company and Iowa State University have created a guideline procedure for upgrading entry level quality management systems to ISO 9000-2000. The ISO system expanded the initial system to include
management supervision and feedback, in addition to operationally based requirements. Spreadsheet inventory management and traceability tools were developed. U.S. soybean producers, representing 30 soybean production states, provided 1204 samples of 2003 crop soybeans for protein and oil analysis. Average U.S. protein and oil contents for 2003 were 35.65% and 18.66% respectively (on a 13% moisture basis). These are slightly above the long-term U.S. averages of 35.42 % protein and 18.60 % oil. The variability (standard deviation) within states, regions, and the U.S. was substantially higher than in 2002. There has been virtually no change in soybean quality over the 19 years of the survey despite steady yield increases. Oil and protein are inversely correlated, but with varying magnitudes and statistical significance among years and regions. The tradeoff between protein and oil has ranged from 4:1 to 1:1. About 20-25% of samples in any situation will be above average in yield and above
average in total components (protein plus oil).
Impacts
This project is providing the measurement, certification and operations management tools necessary to support differentiation of grain markets according to end use. NIRS calibrations and software will enable rapid measurement of more detailed traits to a higher level of accuracy than previously known. Quality management systems will enable the market to reduce operating cost and fill the needs of specialized users at significantly lower cost than expected. The US will be able to meet traceability and food safety requests of Europe and the Pacific Rim at reasonable and competitive cost. US plant breeders and marketers can adopt business strategies that will better target varying customer needs for quality, as opposed to attempts at competing for low cost, generic commodity sales.
Publications
- Kundra, A. 2003. A new model to calculate Estimated Processed Value of Soybeans. MS. Thesis, Iowa State University. December 2003.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2003. A history of soybean yield and quality research. Report to United Soybean Board, St. Louis, MO. August 2003.
- Ginder, R.G., D. Jarboe, J. McGuire, J. Maiers, D. Pavlik, and M. Nelson. 2003. Know Where to Go Poster. SP-161. September 15.
- Ginder, R.G., D. Jarboe, J. McGuire, J. Maiers, D. Pavlik, and M. Nelson. 2003. Know Where to Go Poster. SP-162. September 15.
- Cogdill, R., P. Dardenne and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Support vector machines for NIRS calibration. Proc. NIR2003, 11th International Conference on NIR Spectroscopy, Cordoba, Spain, April 8-12, 2003.
- Dzupin, R, C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. and S. A. Roussel. 2003. Improvement of prediction speed and accuracy with internet enabled networking software. Proc. NIR2003, 11th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Cordoba, Spain. April 6-11, 2003.
- Roussel, S. A., and C. R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Noise robustness comparison for merging large datasets. . Proc. NIR2003, 11th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Cordoba, Spain. April 6-11, 2003.
- Codgill, R.P., C.R. Hurburgh, Jr., G.R. Rippke, R.W. Jones, T.C. Jensen, and J.R. McClelland. 2003. Single kernel maize analysis by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Trans. ASAE 47(1):150
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2003. Measurement of soybean fatty acid content with near-infrared spectroscopy. 2003 Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Kansas City, MO May 5-9, 2003. (abstr)
- Stevermer, S.W., B.L. Steward, R.P. Cogdill and C.R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2003. Automated Sorting and Single Kernel Analysis by Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging. ASAE Paper 036159. Am. Soc. Agr. Engr., St. Joseph, MI.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2003. Biotechnology, world trade, and the bioeconomy. 2003 Annual meeting, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Portland OR. September 1-4, 2003 (abstr.)
- Hurburgh, C. R. Jr. and John D. Lawrence. 2003. Quality management systems in agriculture: need and opportunity. Resource. April 2003. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
- Hurburgh, C. R., Jr. 2003. Certification and source verification in the grain handling industry. 2003 Annual Meeting, Institute of Food Technologists, Chicago, Il. July 15, 2003 (abstr)
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Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02
Outputs
In response to a mailed request producers, representing all 29 soybean-producing states, provided samples of 2001 crop soybeans for analysis. Average U.S. protein and oil contents were 35.5% and 19.3%, respectively, which were both above long-term averages of 35% protein and 19% oil. These soybeans will produce and average of 43.2 lbs of 48% protein meal and 11.4 lbs of oil per bushel. The combination of oil and protein, indicative of total value, was the highest in the 17 years of the survey. Soybean fatty-acid calibrations were developed for four brands of NIRS using 1971 samples from the 1993-2001 crop years. The calibrations had Relative Performance Determinants (RPD, standard deviation of the data divided by prediction standard error) in the range of 3-6 for 18:0, 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3 fatty acids. A database of amino acid levels has been collected from 605 widely samples of 1993-2001 crop soybeans. Of the essential amino acids, lysine and threonine were
highly correlated (r > 0.8) with protein. Cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan levels were not correlated with protein (p=0.05). This means that low protein soybeans such as those from the Western Corn Belt can be effective for poultry nutrition even if the standard 48% crude protein dehulled meal cannot be produced from them. Three Infratec NIRS analyzers were connected to a remote server through Internet based software during the 2001 corn and soybean crop season. PLS, neural network (NN), and locally weighted regression (LWR) calibrations were run simultaneously. Both the NN and the LWR models were more repeatable and accurate relative to chemistry than the instrument standard PLS calibrations. The largest producer-owned grain-handling firm in Iowa, Farmers Cooperative Elevator Company, Farnhamville, instituted a complete quality management system at one of its 35 grain elevators, located in Odebolt, Iowa. Iowa State University (Dr. Hurburgh) was the trainer. The company is now
expanding the program to four other elevators, plus its feed business. The format of Quality Systems Evaluation (American Institute of Baking) was used, but the Odebolt system is now being converted to ISO 9000-2000. The company is generating at least $2 in annual profits for every $1 invested in the system. A Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.-Iowa State University (ISU) team produced a 20-minute video, Planter Clean-Out Procedures for Corn and Soybeans (VID 41) and companion publications (Pm 1902-1908), that illustrate the clean-out procedures for seven different planters. An ISU Extension team produced a 20-minute video (EDC 41) Combine Clean-Out Procedures for Identity Preserved Grain and a companion publication (Pm 1923) that illustrate the clean-out procedures for a conventional threshing system combine. In 2002, the corn channeling poster project was expanded from Iowa to include Illinois and Indiana.
Impacts
This project is providing the measurement, certification and operations management tools necessary to support differentiation of grain markets according to end use. NIRS calibrations and software will enable rapid measurement of more detailed traits to a higher level of accuracy than previously known. Quality management systems will enable the market to reduce operating cost and fill the needs of specialized users at significantly lower cost than expected.
Publications
- Ginder RG, D Jarboe, J McGuire, D Pavlik and D Schemmer. 2002. Know Where to Go Poster. ISU Extension Publication SP-161. September 15.
- Ginder RG, D Jarboe, J McGuire, D Pavlik and D Schemmer. 2002. Know Where to Go Poster. ISU Extension Publication SP-162. September 15.
- Hanna HM, D Jarboe, TW Hobbs, J McGuire, S Hart, J Eilertson, K Whitaker, E Edwards and R VandePol. 2002. Planter Clean-Out Procedures for Corn and Soybeans. ISU Extension Video VID 41. March 31.
- Hanna HM, D Jarboe and J McGuire. 2002. Combine Clean-Out Procedures for Identity Preserved Grain. ISU Extension Publication Pm 1923. September.
- Hanna HM, J Jensen, D Ossian, D Jarboe, G Brenneman, B Woerner, R Coleman and E Edwards. 2002. Combine Clean-Out Procedures for Identity Preserved Grain. ISU Extension Video EDC 255. September.
- Hanna HM, J McGuire, D Jarboe, TW Hobbs, S Hart, J Eilertson, K Whitaker and E Edwards. 2002. Planter Clean-Out Procedures for Corn and Soybeans. ISU Extension Publication Series Pm 1902-1908. March 31.
- Jarboe D, HM Hanna, TW Hobbs and J Jensen. 2002. Development of a Planter Clean Out Procedures Video. Poster presentation at the Corn Utilization and Technology Conference. Kansas City, Missouri. June 3-5.
- Jarboe D, CR Hurburgh and RG Ginder. 2002. Development of Producer Education Programs for Biotechnology Grains. Poster presentation at the Corn Utilization and Technology Conference. Kansas City, Missouri. June 3-5.
- Hurburgh CR Jr. 2002. Quality of the US 2001 soybean crop. American Oil Chemists Society, Inform 13(5):394.
- Brumm TJ and CR Hurburgh Jr. 2002. Quality of the 2002 Soybean Crop from the United States. United Soybean Board, St. Louis, MO and Iowa Grain Quality Initiative, Ames, IA. http//www.iowagrain.org. Presented in Tokyo, Seoul, Taipei, and Shanghai. December 4-12, 2002.
- Hurburgh CR Jr. 2002. Amino acid content of soybeans: Rapid measurement and long-term trends. 2002 Annual Meeting, American Oil Chemists Society, Montreal, PQ, Canada. June 4-7, 2002. (abstr)
- Roussel SA, CR Hurburgh Jr and GR Rippke. 2002. Detection of genetically modified soybeans by near-infrared spectroscopy. Pittcon 2002, New Orleans, LA. March 17-20, 2002. (abstr)
- Roussel SA, CR Hurburgh Jr, T Schroeder, GR Rippke and B Carr. 2002. On-the-go grain measurements for research harvesters. Pittcon 2002, New Orleans, LA. March 17-20, 2002. (abstr)
- Roussel SA, CR Hurburgh Jr and DB Funk. 2002. Noise robustness comparison of multivariate calibration models based on near-infrared spectroscopy measurements. Pittcon 2002, New Orleans, LA. March 17-20, 2002. (abstr)
- Hurburgh CR Jr and TJ Sullivan. 2002. A quality management system for grain facilities: an ongoing case study. Proc. 59th International Conference, Grain Elevator and Processing Society, Minneapolis, MN and AACC Annual Meeting (abstr #189).
- Hurburgh CR Jr and RW Hansen. 2002. Quality management systems for agriculture: Principles and case studies. Proc. 2002 Integrated Crop Management Conference, Agribusiness Education Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
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Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01
Outputs
U.S. soybeans from the 2001 crop were highly variable in composition, but on average equal to long-term trends. Dry weather reduced yields and increased protein content of corn. New calibration algorithms were developed to optimize performance of near-infrared analyzers when large amounts of calibration data were available. These algorithms were applied to the identification of genetically modified grains. They were also included in copyrighted internet networking software for measurement instruments. A combination HPLC-spectroscopy method was developed for soybean isoflavone measurement. A web-based quality assurance system was developed for a large country elevator. The elevator will be applying for ISO 9000 certification in 2002. Information on impact and response to biotechnology concerns (StarLink, RoundUp Ready) was created and web distributed.
Impacts
Various programs and technologies were created to support identity-preservation and/or traceable product distribution of U.S. grain. These technologies will be essential to resolve consumer concerns and to support marketing of high value grains.
Publications
- Singh S, LA Johnson, LM Pollak and CR Hurburgh Jr. 2001. Compositional, physical and wetmilling properties of accessions used in the germplasm of maize project. Cereal Chemistry 78:330-335.
- Singh S, LA Johson, LM Pollak and CR Hurburgh Jr. 2001. Heterosis in compositional physical and wetmilling properties of adapted X erotic corn crosses. Cereal Chemistry 78:335-341.
- Steenhoek LA, MK Misra, CR Hurburgh Jr and CJ Bern. 2001. Implementing a computer vision system for corn kernel damage evaluation. Trans. ASAE 17(2):235-240.
- Roussel SA, CL Hardy, CR Hurburgh Jr and GR Rippke. 2001. Detection of Roundup Ready soybeans by near-infrared spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 55:1425-1430.
- Chang C-W, D Laird, MJ Mausbach and CR Hurburgh Jr. 2001. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy - Principal Component Regression Analysis of Soil Properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65:480-490.
- Siska J, CR Hurburgh Jr and P Siska. 2001. The standardization of near-infrared instruments using master selection and Wiener filter methods. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 9:97-105.
- Siska J, CR Hurburgh Jr and P Siska. 2001. The impact of engineering parameters on the accuracy of calibration transfer. J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 9:107-116.
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Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00
Outputs
The annual soybean quality survey showed the highest protein and oil values in the 16-year history of the survey. Over 16 years, U.S. soybean yields have increased 0.5 bu/a/yr while the average composition remained steady. Low protein soybeans contain higher levels of the s-containing amino acids, limiting their use to poultry. Near-infrared calibrations were developed to identify GMO from non-GMO soybeans. Accuracy was 93%. An NIR image analyzer was calibrated to measure the level and distribution of moisture and oil in single corn kernels. A producer-owned LLC company was supported in its development of supply chains for specialty grains. A survey showed that 9.5% of Iowa corn acres and 5.6% of Iowa soybean acres were specialty crops in 2000.
Impacts
Development of specialized marketing systems with measurement and certification procedures will be critical to U.S. agriculture as it adapts to changing customer needs. These results support both marketing and genetic development of specialty grains.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99
Outputs
The annual soybean quality survey showed below average protein and oil levels - much below average in western growing regions. Meal quality will be difficult to maintain. A major soybean processor began its oil-based pricing schedule, developed from 1998 ISU studies. Approximately 30% of soybeans qualified for the oil-only premium, but inclusion of protein will be necessary to reflect true value. Several organizations, including Iowa State University, have developed NIR calibrations for grains. If different NIR calibration equations (to measure the same product and constituent) are used by traders, error will be increased 20-200% compared to use of the same equations at all trading points. Performance targets for NIR calibrations were developed and recorded as an AACC guidelines method. Locally-weighted regression methods gave more accurate calibrations than PLS or neural networks on large datasets. NIR was used to identify Roundup-Ready (a genetically altered trait)
soybeans.
Impacts
The soybean market has begun conversion to component pricing. A national plan for NIR calibration uniformity has been started. It may be possible to screen for genetic modifications at the first point of sale.
Publications
- Hurburgh CR Jr. 1999. Near-infrared methods. AACC Method 39-40, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN. Approved November 1999.
- Hurburgh CR Jr, Rippke GR and Brumm TJ. 1999. The impact of multiple calibrations on the accuracy of near-infrared analyzers in grain markets. Cereal Foods World. 44(8):526 (abstr.).
- Hurburgh CR Jr, Rippke GR and Brumm TJ. 1999. Performance expectations for near-infrared analyzers. Cereal Foods World. 44(8):526 (abstr.).
- Johnson LA, Baumel CP, Hardy CL and White PJ. 1999. Identifying valuable corn quality traits for starch production. Publ. EDC-194, University Extension, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Johnson LA, Hardy CL, Baumel CP, Yu TH and Sell JL. 1999. Identifying valuable corn quality traits for livestock feed. Publ. EDC-195, University Extension, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
- Siska JJ, Hurburgh CR Jr and Siska PP. 1999. Impact of engineering parameters on calibration transfer and on standardization diagnostic software. J. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Accepted for publication.
- Siska JJ, Hurburgh CR Jr and Siska PP. 1999. The standardization of near-infrared instruments using master selection and the Wiener filter method. J. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Accepted for publication.
- Westgate ME, Piper E, Batchelor WB and Hurburgh CR Jr. 1999. Effects of cultural and environmental conditions during soybean growth on nutritive value of soy products. Proc. Soy/Swine Symposium, World Soybean Research Conference, United Soybean Board, St. Louis, MO.
- Hurburgh CR Jr, Rippke GR and Heithoff C. 2000. Near-infrared spectroscopy system and method. U.S. Patent Application Serial # 09/317,363 and 09/317,378, May 15, 1999.
- Hurburgh CR Jr, Rippke GR, Heithoff C, Roussel S and Hardy CL. 2000. Detection of genetically modified grains by near-infrared spectroscopy. Proc. Pittcon 2000.
- Roussel S, Rippke GR and Hurburgh CR Jr. 2000. Accuracy and robustness comparison of different processing algorithms for grain quality assessment. Proc. Pittcon 2000.
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Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98
Outputs
The annual soybean quality survey showed much above average protein and oil levels, caused by very favorable growing conditions. Nearly all growing regions should be able to produce 48% protein meal this year. Analysis of Iowa-location strip trial genetic evaluations supported the soybean data and indicated very low protein levels in corn as crops exhausted their nitrogen supplies. An inexpensive near-infrared analyzer proved effective at screening corn and soybeans for basic proximate analysis factors. For any near-infrared model, the use of more than one calibration (from different origin databases) will increase intermarket variability by 25-175%. A study of corn modifications showed that feed-ingredient based genetic enhancements will create short-run values increases but will be offset by losses in soybean markets. Starch-based modifications are industrial and have long-term competitive potential for corn producers. Selection among currently available soybean
varieties can benefit processors with incremental gains in protein and oil. However, only about 25% of current germplasm appears to be both high yielding and high composition, which means that selection will increase costs to genetics firms.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Johnson, L.A., Baumel, C.P., Hardy, C.L., and Yu, T.H. 1998. Abstract. An economic assessment of corn modifications: Starch and feed studies. Cereal Foods World 43(7). AACC: St. Paul, MN.
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Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97
Outputs
The annual soybean quality survey showed reduced protein levels in 1997 soybeans, but higher oil levels. A similar corn survey, new for 1997, produced samples from 18 states. While there were no major regional patterns, the protein range of 5.6% - 10.8% was surprising for normal, non-specialty corn (white, high-oil, waxy, flint, popcorn). A large database of grain quality data was brought online through the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative. New standardization and master selection procedures were developed for near-infrared analyzers. Over 80 Infratec units were standardized for elevator use; variability among units was less than 33% of variability relative to chemical references. A sampling of soybean meal from world origins showed U.S. meal to be superior in fiber, protein digestibility, and overall consistency. A software program was developed to assist producers in evaluating grain contract production opportunities.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- VOSS,B.K., and SCHLAFKE,J. 1997. 1997 Iowa Crop Performance Test - Soybeans. Publ. Ag-18. Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011.
- ZEIGLER,K.E., VINSON,W.H., and CARROLL,D.E. 1997. Iowa Crop Performance Test - Corn. PM-660-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-97. Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa,
- WINBORN,B.R., and HURBURGH,C.R.,Jr. 1997. Tools for Value-Added Grain Marketing. Proc. 9th Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University Extension, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
- GINDER,R., NAIK,A. and JARBOE,D. 1997. Contract comparisons for specialty beans. ISU Department of Economics, Pub. 11-1997. (Available through the Iowa State University Iowa Grain Quality
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Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96
Outputs
The second year of quality testing for grower-sponsored corn and soybean strip plot trials verified last years' finding that quality differences could cause economic value differences about 20% as large as could yield differences. The annual U.S. soybean survey showed 1996 protein content to be 0.5 percentage points higher and oil content 0.5 percentage points lower than long-term averages. The near-infrared analyzer network grew to 72 units in eight states. The analyzers had a standard deviation across units of about half the standard error of prediction relative to chemistry reference. New algorithms were developed for temperature compensation of near-infrared spectra and for standardization of optical data across near-infrared units.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- HURBURGH, C. R., Jr. 1996. U.S. soybean quality related to costs and benefits of soybean cleaning. Applied Engr. in Agric. 12(3):379-382.
- HHURBURGH, C. R., Jr., J. Buresch, G. Rippke. 1996. Aspiration cleaning of soybeans. Applied Engr. in Agric. 12(5):585-586.
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Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95
Outputs
Data from corn and soybean strip-plot trials in Iowa showed that intrinsic quality variations among varieties could represent about 20-30% as much economic value as yield variations. U.S. soybean protein and oil contents were close to 10-year averages but highly variable because of weather/growing conditions. Late planting and early frost made early harvest estimates of oil yields unreliably high. Updated corn and soybean calibrations for two near-infrared analyzer brands gave excellent accuracy on 1995 samples. A computer-connected network of 20 elevators with NIRS analyzers was started. An industry-university task force on grain quality was created.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94
Outputs
Average protein and oil content of 1994 U.S. soybeans was at normal levels, withsome central cornbelt locations showing oil contents in excess of 20% (basis 13% moisture). Over nine years of survey data, oil content was consistently more variable than protein content. Mandatory additional cleaning of soybeans would not yield operational benefits in excess of costs. The current U.S. Grade definition of foreign material was effective at differentiating non-grain from grain material. A formal procedure for calibration and standardization of several brands of near-infrared analyzers was developed and field-tested. Analysis of raw spectral data showed that the present procedure of incorporating hot and cold samples in near-infrared calibration sets can never be totally effective for temperature compensation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- No publications for this project at this time.
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