NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF FEEDYARD CATTLE TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE, CARCASS VALUE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: TERMINATED
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0091575
• Project No.: COL00606
• Project Start Date: Jul 1, 2009
• Project End Date: Jun 30, 2014

Project Director
Wagner, J.

Recipient Organization
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
FORT COLLINS,CO 80523

Performing Department
Animal Science

Non Technical Summary
Each year numerous feedlot nutrition, management, and product testing trials are completed within the Agricultural Experiment Stations at Colorado State University and across the United States. These studies are often narrowly focused and results are only reported within the confines of the parameters measured (i.e. average daily gain, daily dry matter intake, feed efficiency, etc.). If an economic assessment is attempted, results are generally expressed only as cost of gain or profit per head within a given group of cattle. Feedlot production has evolved into a highly technical and complex business. Decisions made at one level of production often have profound implications throughout the entire feedlot production system. Additionally, production decisions made at the feedlot level may affect the environment as well as consumer attitudes and perceptions concerning the safety and wholesomeness of beef ultimately impacting the entire beef industry. Production system changes that negatively impact the perception of consumers may in the short-term improve production efficiency but ultimately result in increased government regulations and eroded consumer demand for the product. Two developments occurring over the last 10 years brings this problem into sharp focus. The first development is the concern of a large segment of the population about the effects of animal agriculture on the environment. Specifically at question is the extent that animal agriculture contributes to perceived increases in the concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere. Feedlot cattle production indeed results in the excretion of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and other gasses into the atmosphere. Many factors, including nitrogen intake relative to rate of gain (ammonia), roughage to concentrate ratio in the diet (methane), energy intake (methane and carbon dioxide), sulfur intake (hydrogen sulfide), and ionophore use (methane) contribute to the extent of this excretion. The second development is the sharp rise in the production and use of ethanol for fuel. The ethanol industry generates large quantities of by-products for use as livestock feed. These feeds contain excessive concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. As increasing amounts of by-products are fed, intake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur increases, generally resulting in increased excretion of these compounds into the environment. A large segment of the general public does not understand how closely these developments are intertwined. A systematic multidisciplinary evaluation of the linkages between various components within feedlot production systems is needed. The short- or long-term ramifications from the application of newly developed nutrient concentration, technological, or management recommendations must be completely understood and properly disseminated in a timely fashion.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
302	0410	1010	10%
302	3310	1010	20%
302	3320	1010	15%
302	3399	1010	10%
305	3310	1010	10%
305	3320	1010	10%
307	3310	1010	15%
307	3320	1010	10%

Knowledge Area
305 - Animal Physiological Processes; 307 - Animal Management Systems; 302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
0410 - Air; 3320 - Meat, beef cattle; 3310 - Beef cattle, live animal; 3399 - Beef cattle, general/other;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;

Keywords

finishing cattle

environmental sustainability

odor and dust

Goals / Objectives
The objectives of this project are to evaluate and report the short- and long-term ramifications associated with adoption of newly developed nutrient concentration, technological, or management recommendations. Sustainability parameters evaluated will include the short- and long-term: 1. economic returns to the feedlot operator; 2. effects on the environment; 3. effects on consumer perception, confidence, and beef demand; and 4. impacts on the beef industry.

Project Methods
Results obtained from various feedlot production experiments conducted at the Southeast Colorado Research Center (SECRC) will be evaluated from the context of immediate and long-term effects on other components of the feedlot. Decisions resulting in changes in cattle performance will be assessed based on the impact of the performance change on nutrient intake, retention, and excretion by the animal, nutrient concentration in saleable product or manure, and loss of nutrients into the environment. Decisions resulting in changes in carcass quality, leanness, tenderness, or other parameters will be evaluated from the context of immediate and long-term effects on consumer confidence and demand for beef. The effects of these decisions on the long-term economic sustainability of the feedlot and beef industry will be assessed. These assessments will be conducted using literature reviews, consultation with other scientists possessing expertise in the appropriate disciplines, and where they exist, economic models will be used to help with the assessments. Results of these assessments will be reported through a number of means. Students completing MS or Ph.D. degrees using feedlot nutrition and management projects conducted at SECRC will be required to include a discussion of economic and environmental sustainability implications in their Thesis or Dissertation. An economic and environmental sustainability discussion will be included in each of the Animal Science Research Reports published on-line annually from work conducted at SECRC. Discussions of the economic and environmental sustainability of production research will be included in popular press articles whenever possible. Finally, research reviews and original research manuscripts describing meta-analysis of data summarized in the literature will be submitted for publication in refereed journals such as the Journal of Animal Science and the Professional Animal Scientist.

Progress 07/01/09 to 06/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Beef Cattle producers Research Scientists Beef Cattle Nutritionists Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In 2014 one study was completed that examined the feedlot performance, carcass merit, and health status of steers fed dry rolled corn processed to 3 different particle sizes as compared to steers fed steam-flaked corn in diets containing 20$ wet distillers grains.Feed efficiency was superior for steers fed steam-flaked corn as compared to DRC. Daily dry matter intake was directly related to particle size of the corn.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Berrett, C. J., J. J. Wagner, PAS, K. L. Neuhold, PAS, E. Caldera, PAS, K. S. Sellins, and T. E. Engle. 2015. Comparison of National Research Council standards and industry dietary trace mineral supplementation strategies for yearling feedlot steers. Prof. Anim. Sci. (Accepted for publication).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Reinhardt, C. D. and J. J. Wagner. 2014. High-dose anabolic implants are not all the same for growth and carcass traits of feedlot steers: a meta-analysis. J. Anim. Sci. 92:4711-4718.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Swyers, K. L., J. J. Wagner, K. L. Dorton, S, L. Archibeque. 2014. Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product as an alternative to monensin on growth performance, cost of gain, and carcass characteristics of heavy-weight yearling beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 92:2538-2545.

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience is feedlot producers, feedlot nutrition consultants, and other animal scientist from the cattle producing states. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Two studies are planned for 2014. Study 1will examine the extent of corn processing thatis optimal in feedlot diets containing high amounts of by-product ingredients. Study 2 will examine a new variety of corn silage compared with traditional corn siage varieties.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In 2013 one study was completed that examined the feedlot performance, carcass merit,and health status of steers fed a gentetically modifiedvariety of corn that included an alpha amulase enzyme. Feedlot performance, carcass merit, and health status of steersfed the new variety were similar to what was observed for steers fedtraditional varieties of corn.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: E. M. Domby, J. S. Schutz, J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, K. L. Neuhold, D. R. Woerner, and M. E. Branine. 2013. The effect of medicinal feed additive programs and dietary sulfur concentrations in steam-flaked corn diets containing wet distillers grains on performance and carcass merit in yearling feedlot steers. Professional Animal Scientist 29:566-574.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: C. J. Berrett, J.J. Wagner, K. L. Neuhold, E. Caldera, and T. E. Engle. 2013. Comparison of NRC and industry dietary trace mineral standards for yearling feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 91(E-Suppl. 2):137.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: K. A. White, J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, D. R. Woerner, R. K. Peel, T. C. Bryant, J. S. Jennings, and K. M. Brennan. 2013. The effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract on feedlot performance and carcass merit in yearling steers fed steam-flaked corn based finishing diets. J. Anim. Sci. 91(E-Suppl. 2):140.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Warner, C. M., S. L. Archibeque, T. E. Engle, J. J. Wagner, D. R. Woerner, I. N. Roman-Muniz, and H. Han. 2013. Supplementation of rumen-protected PUFA in cornfed beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 91(E-Suppl. 2):236.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Caldera, E., J. J. Wagner, and T. E. Engle. 2013. Effect of ensiling high moisture corn with aspen wood byproducts on in situ dry matter disappearance of the final ensiled product. J. Anim. Sci. 91(E-Suppl. 2):273.

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2012 three studies were completed that concentrated on feedlot production efficiency and beef carcass quality. The first study utilized 360 yearling steers and compare current industry feeding standards for trace minerals to recommendations established by the National Research Council. Current industry standards use 2 to 4 times the concentrations of zinc, copper, and manganese as recommended by NRC. Feeding excess trace minerals increases production costs and likely results in an increase in the excretion of trace minerals into the environment. The second study evaluated the inclusion of an alpha amylase into steam-flaked corn based feedlot diets. The inclusion of this enzyme into the production system is intended to improve production efficiency through an improvement in diet digestibility. Digestibility improvements also could reduce the amount of manure excreted into the environment. The third study examined the effect trace mineral source for steers fed the feed additive Ractopamine. Ractopamine inclusion in the diet of feedlot cattle increases live and carcass weight gain. Increased weight gain may result in increased demand for dietary trace minerals. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience is feedlot producers, feedlot nutrition consultants, other animal scientists from the cattle feeding regions of the United States. Results were presented in 7 locations in 2012 including the folowing: Great Lakes Professional Cattle Feeders Shortcourse. January 24 - 26. Bowling Green, OH; East Lansing, MI; and Wyoming, ONT. Alltech update for Koers/Turgeon Consulting. Nicholasville, KY. February 7, 2012. Midwest Section of the American Society of Animal Science meetings. March, 2012. National annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Science. Phoenix, AZ. July, 2012. 27th Annual Alltech International Symposium. Lexington, KY. May 20 - 22, 2012. 5-State Cattle Conference. Woodward, OK; Coldwater, KS; and Clayton, NM. September 4-6, 2012. Colorado Nutrition Roundtable. Nunn, CO. September 20, 2012. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Results from study 1 were interpreted to show that current industry trace mineral feeding standards, which are in excess of trace mineral requirements established by the National Research Council, did not result in improved performance or carcass merit. Assuming a daily dry matter intake of 9 kg per head, 630 mg elemental zinc, 90 mg elemental copper, and 270 mg elemental Mn are excreted into the environment daily. Assuming that Colorado markets 2,000,000 cattle each year and they are fed for an average of 160 days, reducing dietary trace mineral concentration to NRC guidelines could reduce the excretion of elemental zinc, copper, and manganese into the environment by 201,600, 28,800, and 86,400 kg annually. Results from study 2 showed a significant increase in dressing percentage for cattle fed alpha-amylase. Increased dressing percentage should result in increased carcass weight. However, carcass weight increases observed were not statistically significant. Results from study 3 indicate that when ractopamine is used, zinc, copper, and manganese from organic or Chloride sources may improve live weight gain as compared with sulfate sources.

Publications

• Berrett, C.J., J.J. Wagner, K.L. Neuhold, E. Caldera, and T.E. Engle. 2012. Influence of trace mineral concentration and source on yearling feedlot steer performance, carcass characteristics and trace mineral status. Poster Presentation. Colorado Nutrition Roundtable.
• Brigham, B.W., C.M. McAllister, R.K. Peel, R.L. Weaber, H. VanCampin, G.H. Loneragan, J.L. Salak-Johnson, C.C.L. Chase, J.J. Wagner, and R.M. Enns. 2012. Genetic parameters associated with feedlot bovine respiratory disease complex morbidity and mortality. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):228.
• Caldera, E., J.J. Wagner, K.L. Neuhold, G.I. Zanton, K.S. Sellins, and T.E. Engle. 2012. Effect of zinc concentration on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):371.
• Graugnard, D.E., K.M. Brennan, J.S. Jennings, and J.J. Wagner. 2012. Adipose gene expression patterns in finishing steers fed steam-flaked corn diets supplemented with dietary Aspergillus oryzae extract containing α-amylase activity. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):589.
• Neuhold, K.L., J.K. Ahola, C.W. Shonk, T.E. Engle, and J.J. Wagner. 2012. Comparison of receiving strategies on feedlot performance in beef calves at weaning. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):430.
• Neuhold, K.L., J.J. Wagner, K.S. Sellins, and T.E. Engle. 2012 An in vitro evaluation of rumen fluid type on hydrogen sulfide production of common beef cattle feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):132.
• Thompson, K.M., J.J. Wagner, T.G. O'Quinn, D.R. Woerner, T.E. Engle, R.K. Peel, J.K. Ahola, B.W. Woodward, and M.N. Streeter. 2012. Can DNA marker technology improve feedlot growth promotion management decisions to ultimately improve the consumer's beef eating experience J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 2):98.
• White, K.A., J.J. Wagner, T.E. Engle, D.R. Woerner, T.C. Bryant, J.S. Jennings, and K.M. Brennan. 2012. Effects of supplementing Amaize in finishing beef cattle fed steam-flaked corn based diets. Poster Presentation. Colorado Nutrition Roundtable.
• White, K.A., J.J. Wagner, T.E. Engle, D.R. Woerner, T.C. Bryant, J.S. Jennings, and K.M. Brennan. 2012. Effects of dietary Aspergillus oryzae extract containing alpha-amylase activity on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):670.
• Neuhold, K.L., J.J. Wagner, S.L. Archibeque, T.E. Engle, and K.K. Kreikemeier. 2012. An evaluation of 10-G brand direct-fed microbial for yearling steers fed finishing diets containing wet distillers grains. Prof. Anim. Scientist 28:319-324.
• Sexson, J.L., J.J. Wagner, T.E. Engle, and J. Eickhoff. 2012. Predicting water intake by yearling steers. J. Anim. Sci. 90:1920-1928.

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Four experiments were completed and reports written in 2011. In experiment 1, 360 crossbred yearling steers were used to evaluate the effectiveness of sorting feedlot cattle into tenderness and marbling outcome groups based on DNA marker technology and to determine if interactions related to end-product quality and palatability existed between predicted outcome group and growth promotion management strategy. Treatment factors included in the study were tenderness genotype (low versus high), marbling genotype (low versus high), and growth promotion strategy {moderate (Revalor-IS d 1 and d 70) versus aggressive (Revalor-XS d 1 and Zilpaterol supplementation)}. Experiment 2 used 313 cross-bred yearling steers (pay-weight 348 kg) to compare performance, carcass characteristics, and lipogenic gene expression of beef cattle consuming steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets with or without supplemental α-amylase. For experiemnt 3, 288 yearling steers were used to determine the effects of trace mineral source and concentration on yearling steer feedlot performance. Treatments expressed on a dry matter basis included: 1. 90 mg/kg of Zn from ZnSO4 and 15 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO4 (Control, 100% sulfate); 2. 67.5 mg/kg of Zn from ZnSO4 plus 22.5 mg/kg of organic Zn and 11.25 ppm of Cu from CuSO4 plus 3.75 mg/kg of Cu from organic Cu (Organic, 75% sulfate, 25% organic); 3. 90 mg/kg of Zn from tetra-basic ZnCl and 15 mg/kg of Cu from tri-basic CuCl (100% Hydroxy); and 4. 54 mg/kg of Zn from tetra-basic ZnCl and 9 mg/kg of Cu from tri-basic CuCl (reduced Hydroxy, 60%). Experiment 4 used 432 cross-bred yearling steers that were selected from an initial group of 528 head (pay-weight 356 kg). The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of feed additive program and variation in S intake on feedlot performance, carcass merit, rumen fluid pH, and rumen gas cap H2S concentration. The study was conducted as an unbalanced randomized block using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included were feed additive program (Rumensin/Tylan versus Cattlyst/Aureomycin ) and dietary S treatment (Constant versus Variable). Specific dietary treatment combinations consisted of the following: 1. Constant S and Rumensin/Tylan (CONRT, 16 replicates); 2. Variable S and Rumensin/Tylan (VARRT, 8 replicates); 3. Constant S and Cattlyst/Aureomycin (CONCA, 16 replicates); and 4. Variable S and Cattlyst/Aureomycin (VARCA, 8 replicates). Final reports were written for each of these projects and abstracts reporting results have been submitted for presentation at the Plains Nutrition Council and the American Society of Animal Science meetings. PARTICIPANTS: Colorado State University Faculty: Ahola, J. K. Archibeque, S. Engle. T. E. Ham, J. Peel, R. K. Van Campen, H. Wagner, J. J. Woerner, D. R. Colorado State University Graduate Students, Past and Present: Brigham, B. W. Davis, N. E. Dib, M. G. Domby, E. M. Galles, K. McAllister, C. M. Neuhold, K. L. O'Quinn, T. G. Peterson, R. K. Schutz, J. S. Stratton, J. Thompson, K. M. Westover, E. C. Industry personnel: Branine, M. Bryant, T. C. Perryman, K. Streeter, M. N. Woodward, B. W. Faculty from cooperating academic institutions: Chase, C. C. L. Enns, R. M. Loneragan, G. H. Salak-Johnson, J. L. Spears, J. W. Weaber, R L. Partner Organizations: National Cattlemans Beef Association Merck Animal Health IGENITY Inc. Micronutrients Inc. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer Animal Genetics TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for the information include Feedlot Managers and Owners, Pharmacuetical Company Representatives, Beef Cattle Commodity Organizations, Consulting Feedlot Nutrtionists, and Feed Industry Nutritionists, and Beef Cattle Nutritionists from other academic institutions. Results from the studies were reported at the Plains Nutrition Council meeting in San Antonio, ASAS meetings in New Orleans, 5-State Beef Cattle Conference in Lamar, CO, Boise City, OK, and Plainview TX. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Exp. 1. Interactions between tenderness and marbling genotypes and between tenderness genotype and growth promotion treatment were not significant for all feedlot performance variables. Steers sorted into the high tenderness (HT) genotype were heavier (P < 0.05) at the start of the study, at harvest, and achieved greater DMI (P < 0.05) as compared with the low tenderness (LT) steers. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was lower (more tender) for steaks from HT steers as compared with LT steers. Steers sorted into the high marbling (HM) genotype were heavier (P < 0.01) at the start of the study, at harvest, and ADG and DMI were greater (P < 0.05) as compared with the low marbling (LM) genotype. High marbling genotype carcasses were heavier (P < 0.05); had greater fat depth (P < 0.06); and greater average yield grade (P < 0.09) and marbling score (P < 0.05) as compared with the LM genotype. There were no differences in WBSF associated with predicted marbling genotype. Steers subjected to the aggressive growth promotion (AGP) had greater ADG (P < 0.01) and superior (P < 0.001) GF as compared with steers subjected to the moderate program (MGP). Steers subjected to AGP had heavier (P < 0.05) HCW and greater (P < 0.01) dressing percentages, and more desireable yield grade (P < 0.05) as compared with MGP steers. Marbling score and the distribution of USDA quality grades were not affected by growth promotion strategy. Aggressive strategy steaks had increased (P < 0.01) WBSF as compared with MGP steaks. Yearling steers can successfully be sorted into marbling or tenderness outcome groups based on DNA marker technology. Exp. 2. Cattle consuming &#945;-amylase had greater (P < 0.05) HCW, fewer abscessed livers (P < 0.10), greater KPH (P < 0.08), and an increase in growth hormone receptor expression. Exp. 3. Initial and final BW, overall ADG, DMI, GF, and carcass characteristics were similar across tratments. The Hydroxy forms of Zinc and Copper Chloride are effectively utilized by feedlot steers. Exp. 4. Steers fed the variable S treatment were 7.8 times more likely (P < 0.02) to die from PEM as compared with steers fed the constant S treatments. Significant S by feed additive treatment interactions for feedlot performance measurements were not found. There were no feed additive treatment effects on BW or ADG. Overall, steers fed the variable S treatment had greater (P < 0.05) daily DMI than steers fed the constant S treatment. Sulfur (P > 0.14) and feed additive (P > 0.41) affects on feed efficiency were not significant. The only significant carcass effect found was an interaction between S and feed additive treatment for dressing percentage (P < 0.05). The effect of S (P > 0.16), feed additive (P > 0.19), and S by feed additive interaction (P > 0.12) for all other measurements were not significant. The use of Cattlyst and Aureomycin is an acceptable alternative to the use of Rumensin and Tylan in feedlot diets. Yearling steers fed high a high concentrate diet were able to tolerate significantly higher S intake than the 0.3% of diet DM that is suggested by NRC (2005) as the maximum tolerable concentration.

Publications

• Domby, E. M., K. L. Neuhold, J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and M. Branine. 2011. The effect of feed additive program and dietary sulfur concentration in steam-flaked corn diets containing wet distillers grains on feedlot performance and carcass merit in yearling feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 1):361.
• Neuhold, K. L., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, E. M. Domby, and M. Branine. 2011. The effect of feed additive and sulfur intake on rumen fluid pH and rumen gas cap hydrogen sulfide concentration in feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 1):360.
• Neuhold, K. L., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, E. M. Domby, and M. Branine. 2011. The effect of feed additive and sulfur intake on rumen fluid pH and rumen gas cap hydrogen sulfide concentration in feedlot steers. Colorado Nutrition Roundtable. Poster Presentation.
• Peterson, R. K., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and T. C. Bryant. 2011. The effect of β-agonists on feedlot performance and carcass merit in yearling steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Texas Agrilife Research and Extension Pub. AREC 2011-15:107.
• Peterson, R. K., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and T. C. Bryant. 2011. The effect of beta-agonists on feedlot performance and carcass merit in yearling steers. J. Anim. Sci. 89(Suppl. 1):502.
• Thompson, K. M., J. J. Wagner, C. M. McAllister, B. W. Brigham, R. K. Peel, H. Van Campen, G. H. Loneragan, R. L. Weaber, J. L. Salak-Johnson, C. C. L. Chase, and R. M. Enns. 2011. The effect of morbidity on longissimus muscle area and subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose deposition in feedlot steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Texas Agrilife Research and Extension Pub. AREC 2011-15:116.
• Thompson, K. M., J. J. Wagner, T. G. OQuinn, D. R. Woerner, T. E. Engle, R. K. Peel, J. K. Ahola, B. W. Woodward, M. N. Streeter. 2011. Can DNA marker technology improve feedlot growth promotion management decisions to ultimately improve the consumers beef eating experience Colorado Nutrition Roundtable Poster Presentation.
• Westover, E. C., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, T. C. Bryant, S. Archibeque, and J. Ham. 2011. The influence of dietary crude protein regimen on nitrogen and dry matter digestibility. Plains Nutrition Council. Texas Agrilife Research and Extension Pub. AREC 2011-15:116.
• Galles, K., J. Ham, E. Westover, J. Stratton, J. Wagner, T. Engle, and T. C. Bryant. 2011. Influence of reduced nitrogen diets on ammonia emissions from cattle feedlot pens. Atmosphere 2(4):655-670.
• Schutz, J. S., J. J. Wagner, N. E. Davis, and T. E. Engle. 2011. Effect of feeding frequency on feedlot performance. Prof. Anim. Scientist 27:14-18.
• Schutz, J. S., J. J. Wagner, K. L. Neuhold, S. L. Archibeque, and T. E. Engle. 2011. Effect of feed bunk management on feedlot steer intake. Prof. Anim. Scientist 27:395-401.
• Dib, M. G., J. J. Wagner, K. Perryman, J. W. Spears, and T. E. Engle. 2011. Effects of zinc and copper source and concentration on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in yearling steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Texas Agrilife Research and Extension Pub. AREC 2011-15:92.
• Dib, M. G., J. J. Wagner, K. Perryman, J. W. Spears, and T. E. Engle. 2011. Effects of zinc and copper source and concentration on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in yearling steers. J. Anim. Sci. 89(E-Suppl. 1):451.
• Dib, M. G., J. J. Wagner, K. Perryman, J. W. Spears, and T. E. Engle. 2011. Effects of zinc and copper source and concentration on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics in yearling steers. Colorado Nutrition Roundtable. Poster Presentation.
• Domby, E. M., K. L. Neuhold, J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, and M. Branine. 2011. The effect of feed additive program and dietary sulfur concentration in steam-flaked corn diets containing wet distillers grains on feedlot performance and carcass merit in yearling feedlot steers. Plains Nutrition Council. Texas Agrilife Research and Extension Pub. AREC 2011-15:92.

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: A randomized complete block experiment utilizing 432 cross-bred yearling steers was conducted to study the effects of feed additive program (laidlomycin and clortetracycline versus monensin and tylosin) and variation in S intake on feedlot performance, carcass merit, rumen fluid pH, and rumen gas cap hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration. The variable S treatment was intended to simulate the use of random loads of wet distiller's grains (WDG). Often the S concentration in these loads varies widely. The variation in S concentration in WDG is driven by the rate of inclusion and the S concentration in distiller's solubles (DS). The S concentration in DS is driven by the use of sulfuric acid to cleanse the production equipment. For the first 35 days of the study, sulfur flowers (100% elemental S) were added to the appropriate mineral supplement to create the high S diets on random days for the variable S treatments. From d 36 through slaughter, two DS based liquid supplements were used to create the constant versus variable S intake treatments. Sufficient sulfuric acid was added to the high S DS used in the study to obtain the intended dietary S concentration for the variable treatment. PARTICIPANTS: The principal investigators for this project were Drs. John J. Wagner and Terry E. Engle. Two graduate research assistants, Elizabeth Domby and Kelley Neuhold, were involved in the project as part of their MS Thesis and PhD Dissertation, respectively. Research Associates, Dustin Wallace, Jenifer Sexson, Scott Smith, and Tim May were also intrumental members of the research team. The project was sponsored by Alpharma Animal Health. Dr Mark Branine with Alpharma was the study monitor. Additional technical assistance was provided by Dr. Joe Harris of Westway Feeds. TARGET AUDIENCES: Lay person publications are being prepared that target feedlot managers and feedlot consulting nutritionists. Scientific abstracts have been submitted for publication in 2011. In addition, a mauscript is being prepared for submission to a scientific journal. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Basic studies are being planned to trace the fate of dietary sulfur in the animal body. These studies will include in vitro, in situ, and in vivo studies to determine the proportion of dietary S that is digested in the rumen vesus lower GI tract in feedlot cattle.

Impacts
The effects of feed additive program, dietary S treatment, or the interaction between feed additive and S treatment on rumen fluid pH were not significant (P > 0.38). There was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between feed additive program and dietary S treatment suggesting that the effect of feed additive on H2S concentration was influenced by dietary S treatment. Steers fed the variable S treatment were 7.8 times more likely (P < 0.02) to die from polioencephalomalacia (PEM) as compared with steers fed the constant S treatments. Feed additive treatment or the interaction between S and feed additive treatment were not significant sources of variation describing PEM deaths. Significant S by feed additive treatment interactions for feedlot performance measurements were not found. There were no feed additive treatment effects on live body weight (BW, P > 0.83). Steers fed the variable S treatment exhibited consistently higher (P < 0.05) BW throughout the study as compared with steers fed the constant S treatment. There was a trend for higher (P < 0.10) BW for the variable S treatment at slaughter as compared with the constant S treatment. There was a trend (P < 0.13) for steers receiving the variable S treatment to achieve higher average daily gain (ADG) d 0 through slaughter than steers fed the constant S diet. The effects of feed additive program on ADG were not significant (P > 0.61). Steers fed the variable S treatment had greater (P < 0.05) daily dry matter intakes (DMI) than steers fed the constant S treatment. However, possible interactions between period and S treatment and between period and S by feed additive suggest that the effects of S treatment on DMI may have depended upon period and perhaps feed additive treatment. Sulfur (P > 0.14) and feed additive (P > 0.41) affects on feed efficiency were not significant. The only significant carcass effect found was an interaction between S and feed additive treatment for dressing percentage (P < 0.05). The effect of S (P > 0.16), feed additive (P > 0.19), and S by feed additive interaction (P > 0.12) for all other measurements were not significant. Feedlot performance and carcass merit were similar for yearling feedlot steers fed laidlomycin and chlortetracycline as compared with monensin and tylosin indicating that the use of Cattlyst and Aureomycin is an acceptable alternative to the use of Rumensin and Tylan in feedlot diets. No evidence was found supporting the hypothesis that the use Cattlyst and Aureomycin is superior to the use of Rumensin and Tylan for yearling steers subjected to high sulfur intake from their diet or water. Although random daily variation in sulfur intake increased feedlot death loss from PEM, feedlot performance and carcass merit were not significantly affected by variation in sulfur intake. Finally, under the conditions of this study, yearling steers fed high a high concentrate diet were able to tolerate significantly higher sulfur intake than the 0.3% of diet dry matter that is suggested by NRC (2005) as the maximum tolerable concentration.

Publications

• None in 2010.

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In calendar year 2009 several outputs were generated. Eight hundred and sixty-four crossbred yearling steers were used in a 3 x 4 factorial experiment to study the effects of &#946; - agonist (BA) administration and crude protein (CP) withdrawal during the last 28 d on feed. Three BA treatments were evaluated: no BA, 200 mg Optaflexx (OPT) per head daily for 28 d, and 75 mg Zilmax (ZIL; 7.56 g/ton DM basis) per head daily for 20 d. The 4 CP withdrawal treatments included: 1) 13.5% CP, 3.5% crude protein equivalent (CPE) from non-protein nitrogen (NPN) from d 0 through slaughter (13.5/3.5); 2) 13.5/3.5 until 28 d remained on feed followed by 12.5% CP, 3.5% CPE from NPN (12.5/3.5); 3) 13.5/3.5 until 28 d remained on feed followed by 12.5% CP, 2.5% CPE from NPN (12.5/2.5); and 4) 13.5/3.5 until 28 d remained on feed followed by 11.5% CP, 1.5% CPE from NPN (11.5/1.5). Data collected during the study were analyzed using mixed model procedures and a final report summarizing the results was written. One hundred and forty four steers were used to evaluate the effectiveness of feeding Optaflexx through a top dress pellet during the final 42 days of feeding. Sixteen 9-head pens were used for the study with 8 pens for treatment and 8 pens for control. Treatment steers were fed a basal feedlot diet with 0.9 kg/d of top dress pellet containing 400 mg/h/d of Optaflexx. Control steers were fed a basal feedlot diet with 0.9 kg/d of non-medicated top dress pellets. A study to investigate the effect of steam-flaked corn (SFC) storage method on in situ DM disappearance and enzymatic starch availability (SA) was conducted. Steam-flaked corn (28 lb/bu) was sampled immediately off the roller for 5 consecutive days and immediately prior to feeding on the following day. Two storage methods for SFC were evaluated: 1. stored overnight in an enclosed metal bin (BIN) or 2) stored overnight on a concrete slab allowing SFC to cool (SLAB). Samples of SFC collected pre- and post-storage for each storage method were submitted to a commercial laboratory for SA using in vitro gas production methodology. Additional samples were collected and prepared for in situ work through a 2mm screen. Dacron bags were filled with ground SFC and placed sequentially into the rumen of 2 steers to allow fermentation times of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr. After removal from the rumen, bags were washed manually and then dried in a 60 degree C forced air oven for 48 hr. Polynomial curves, pre- and post-storage, were generated over incubation time for each storage method and day. The area under each curve was calculated and used for statistical analysis of the in situ data. Data were presented at the Plains Nutrition Council meeting. PARTICIPANTS: John J. Wagner and Terry E. Engle were co-PI's on the projects. Peter Grubb, Kelley Neuhold, and Ryan Peterson were Graduate Research Assistants for the projects. TARGET AUDIENCES: Feedlot owners and managers, consulting nutritionists, and scientists in other CO and other states. Results reported at the Plains Nutrition Council, scientific society meetings, producer group meetings, and various exchange meetings with industry representatives. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
For the Beta Agonist (BA) and crude protein (CP) study the following outcomes were observed: There were no interactions between BA and CP treatment. Slaughter weights and ADG were similar for OPT and ZIL and greater as compared with controls. &#914;eta-agonist treatment had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI). Gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) for the final 28 d was greater for BA as compared with controls. Differences between OPT and ZIL were not significant. Hot carcass weight (HCW) was for ZIL as compared with controls or OPT. Dressing percent was increased for ZIL versus control and OPT. Carcasses from OPT and ZIL treatments were more likely to qualify for Yield Grade (YG) 1 and 2 and less likely to qualify for YG 3 as compared with control. There were no differences in the distribution of YG 4 and 5 carcasses among treatments. Marbling score was similar for OPT and ZIL carcasses and lower than the controls. The likelihood of a carcass grading low Choice and above was reduced for OPT and ZIL as compared with controls. Slaughter weight, ADG during the final 28 d, and ADG d 1 through slaughter was lower for the 12.5/3.5 treatments as compared with the 12.5/2.5 and 11.5/1.5 treatments. Crude protein treatment had no effect on HCW and all other carcass variables evaluated. Nitrogen retention was 5.54, 5.43, 6.97, and 6.90% of N intake and nitrogen excretion was 5,282; 4,654; 4,875; and 4,391 g/hd for the 13.5/3.5, 12.5/3.5, 12.5/2.5, and 11.5/1.5 CP treatments, respectively. Using the 12.5/2.5 or 11.5/1.5 CP treatment diets as compared with the 13.5/3.5 CP diet did not reduce feedlot performance, HCW, or USDA Quality and YG during the final 28 d. For the Optaflexx top dress study the following outcomes were reported: Final steer weights and ADG were greater for treatment steers as compared to control. Steers on treatment had lower DMI compared to control. G:F favored Optaflexx as compared with control. Dressing percent was similar for treatment and control; however, greater HCW was observed for treatment steers. Yield grades were slightly lower in treatment steers. No differences in USDA Quality Grade distribution were observed. Ammonia emissions from the feedlot pen surface were measured at d9 and d42 of Optaflexx feeding. Feeding 400 mg Optaflexx per head daily reduced ammonia emissions by 9.9 and 17.8% for d9 and d42, respectively. Starch availability (SA) resulting from the two steam-flaked corn storage methods were as follows: Starch availability may have been reduced 47.8% by storage for SFC stored overnight in a bin versus 32.3% for SFC stored outside overnight on a concrete slab. Differences for in situ DM disappearance associated with storage method were not significant over all incubation times for the BIN and SLAB treatments, respectively. In situ DM disappearance was reduced during storage for samples collected off the rolls as compared to samples collected after overnight storage. Even though enzymatic SA estimates were reduced for SFC stored under hot conditions in an overhead bin, storage method did not consistently affect in situ DM disappearance from SFC.

Publications

• Neuhold, K. L., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, S. L. Archibeque, and K. S. Sellins. 2009. The effect of steam-flaked corn storage method on enzymatic starch availability and in situ dry matter disappearance. J. Anim. Sci. 87(E-Suppl. 2):83.
• Wagner, J. J., T. E. Engle, S. L. Archibeque, and R. M. Enns. 2009. Colorado State University Update. Plins Nutrition Council, April 9-10, 2009. Texas AgriLife Reseach and Extension Publication No. AREC 09-18.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The nutrition and management of feedlot cattle prior to slaughter continues to affect feedlot performance, carcass value, and environmental sustainability. In calendar year 2008, several outputs were generated. Severe winter storms in southeast Colorado in December of 2006 and resulted in severe economic losses for the cattle feeding industry. Data collected during this time were analized in 2008 to determine the effect severe winter weather on net energy required for maintenance (NEm). Average empty body weight (EBW; 497.7 kg), empty body gain (EBG; -0.00686 kg/d), and retained energy (RE; -0.0283 mcal/d) were calculated from NRC equations. NEmet was 21.9176 mcal/hd/d or 0.208 mcal per kg SBW raised to the 0.75 power. NEm required during and in the aftermath of a major winter weather event was 2.7 fold higher than NEm required under thermal neutral conditions. Calculations of lower critical temperature and external insulation indicate that the insulation value of the hair coat may have been destroyed by the moisture, mud, and snow following the storm. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary potassium concentration and source and water quality on feedlot performance and carcass merit. Factors evaluated included two water sources: 1) a blend of reverse osmosis and well water (927 ppm SO4) versus 100 percent well water (2193 ppm SO4) and three dietary potassium treatments. Potassium treatments included: 0.75 percent K with supplemental K from KCl, 0.75 percent K with supplemental K from KCO3, and 1.0 percent K with supplemental K from KCO3. Interactions between water quality and diet were not significant. Final weight was heavier and ADG was increased for steers consuming RO water as compared to steers consuming well water but was not affected by diet. Dry matter intake tended to be greater for steers consuming RO water as compared to steers consuming well water and was not affected by dietary treatment. Feed efficiency (GF) and net energy for gain (NEg) recovery were improved for steers consuming the 1.0 percent K diets as compared with control diets but were not affected by water quality. Carcasses from steers that consumed RO water tended to be heavier than carcasses from steers consuming well water. The effects of diet treatment on carcass weight were not significant. Yield Grade calculated from carcass measurements was not affected by diet or water treatment. Carcasses from steers consuming well water had higher marbling scores than RO water. Steers consuming RO water achieved improved feedlot performance. Steers fed diets with 1.0 percent K from KCO3 were more efficient and demonstrated improved energy recovery as compared with control steers. Improved GF and NEg recovery may be related to a reduction in the liver abscess rate for steers consuming the 1.0 percent KCO3 diet. Dietary cation-anion balance was positively related to gain and NEg recovery but negatively related to marbling score. Results from these studies were presented at scientific meetings and at the Colorado Nutrition Roundtable held in Lamar Colorado in March 2008. PARTICIPANTS: John J. Wagner and Terry E. Engle were co PI's on the projects. Peter Grubb, Jenifer Lacey, and Kelley Neuhold were Graduate Research Assistants for the projects. TARGET AUDIENCES: Feedlot owners and managers, consulting feedlot nutritionists, scientists. Results presented at Colorado Nutrition Roundtable, Scientific society meetings, Producer group meetings, and the Plains Nutrition Council. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Quantification of the performance costs associated with severe winter weather has changed the management of research cattle at the SE Colorado Research Center. SECRC now has a supply of bedding on had to use in the event of a severe winter storm. Most feedlots in the high plains including SE Colorado do not use bedding of any kind under any circumstances. Findings from our data analysis has stimulated the desire to conduct additional research in the winter storm management area. Bedding studies are being planned for winter and spring of 2009. Quantification of the performance benefits associated with using potassium carbonate to increase the dietary cation - anion balance in feedlot diets has increased the understanding of feedlot nutritionist concerning the cost comparisons between various sources of supplemental potassium. As corn prices in diets increase, use of potassium carbonate becomes more economical.

Publications

• Crawford, G. I., Keeler, C. D., Wagner, J. J., Krehbiel, C. R., Erickson, G. G., Crombie, M. B., and Nunnery, G. A. 2008. Effects of calcium magnesium carbonate and roughage level on feedlot performance, ruminal metabolism, and site and extent of digestionin steers fed high-grain diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2998-3013.
• Sharman, E. D., Wagner, J. J., Larson, C. K., Schutz, J. S., Davis, N. E., and Engle, T. E. 2008. The effects of trace mineral source on performance and health of newly received steers and the impact of cobalt concentration on performance and lipid metabolism during the finishing phase. Prof. Anim. Scientist 24:430-438.
• Wagner, J. J., T. E. Engle, Wagner, Jos. J., Lacey, J. L., and Walker, G. 2008. The effects of ZinMet brand liquid zinc methionine on feedlot performance and carcass merit in crossbred yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Scientist 24:420-429.
• Wagner, J. J., Grubb, P. T., and Engle, T. E. 2008. Case Study: The effects of severe winter weather on net energy for maintenance required by yearling steers. Prof. Anim. Scientist 24:494-499.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research trials were conducted and data were analyzed concerning the use of feed additives and implants for feedlot cattle. Additional investigations examined trace mineral nutirtion in receiving and finishing cattle, feedbunk management, and feeding frequency. Existing data from the literature were reviewed and a meta-analysis was completed examining MGA use in heifers. Results were disseminated in research reports to contract research clients, journal articles, abstracts, and popular press articles. Participation in state, regional, and national meetings also distributed this knowledge to clientele. PARTICIPANTS: John J. Wagner, PI; Terry E. Engle, PI; Dustin Wallace, Research Associate; Randy Blundell, Research Associate; Graduate Assitants: Jenifer Schutz, Evin Scharman, Nicole Trainor, Nolan Davis, Jenifer Lacey, and Kelley Neuhold. TARGET AUDIENCES: Feedlot Industry: Nutritionists, Feedlot Managers,

Impacts
Blood and tissue parameters evaluated as part of the trace mineral work indicated that trace mineral status of cattle can be improved with the addition of organic trace minerals in the diet. The cobalt requirement of feedlot cattle may be higher than that listed by the National Research Council. Ractopamine increased carcass weight of feedlot heifers and improved feedlot profitability. MGA was most effective when used with implants not containing estrogenic compounds. Feedbunk management and feeding frequency impacted feedlot performance. The results of these activities improved the feedlot industries understanding of trace mineral requirements, feed additive and growth promotant use, feeding management. This increased understanding helped clientele make more informed decisions to ensure a continuous supple of nutritious, safe, and affordable beef.

Publications

• Dorton, K. L., T. E. Engle, R. M. Enns, and J. J. Wagner. 2007. Effects of trace mineral supplementation, source, and growth implants on immune response of growing and finishing feedlot steers. Prof. Anim. Scientist 23(1):29
• Crawford, G. I., C. D. Keeler, J. J. Wagner, C. R. Krehbiel, G. E. Erickson, M. B. Crombie, and G. A. Nunnery. 2007. Effects of calcium magnesium carbonate and roughage level on feedlot performance, ruminal metabolism, and site and extent of digestion in steers fed high-grain diets. J. Anim. Sci. (Accepted for publication).
• Wagner, J. J., N. E. Davis, and C. D. Reinhardt. 2007. A meta-analysis evaluation of feeding melengestrol acetate to feedlot heifers implanted with estradiol, trenbolone acetate, or the combination of estradiol and trenbolone acetate. Prof. Anim. Scientist. Prof. Anim. Scientist 23:625-631.
• Schutz, J. S., J. J. Wagner, and T. E. Engle. 2007. Effects of bunk scoring on feedlot steer intake. J. Anim. Sci. 85(suppl. 2):150.
• Schutz, J. S., J. J. Wagner, T. E. Engle, E. D. Sharman, and N. E. Davis. 2007. Effect of feeding frequency on feedlot steer performance. J. Anim. Sci. 85(suppl. 2):165.
• Wagner, J. J. and N. E. Davis. 2007. A meta-analysis evaluation of feeding MGA to feedlot heifers implanted with TBA. J. Anim. Sci. 85(suppl. 2):149.
• Wagner, J. J. Sulfur toxicity in feedlot cattle. In Beef Performance Edge. ADM Alliance Nutrition. Beef Issue 14, Spring/Summer 2007.

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
Two hundred seventy crossbred yearling steers were utilized at Southeastern Colorado Research Center to determine the effects of feeding frequency (once versus twice versus three times a day) on performance and carcass characteristics. Steers were used in a previous receiving trial and were re-randomized for this feeding frequency trial upon initiation of the finishing phase. Steers were individually weighed at the initiation and termination of the trial and pen or individual weights were obtained approximately every 42 days. Average daily gain was similar for steers fed once or twice per day. However, average daily gain and daily feed intake were greater in steers fed three times a day as compared with once or twice daily feeding. Feed efficiency was similar across all three treatment groups. Steers fed three times per day had a higher hot carcass weight than steers fed once or twice per day. No differences were detected between the treatment groups for USDA quality or yield grade. These data indicate similar performance between feeding once or twice a day; however, feeding three times a day increased average daily gain, daily intake, and hot carcass weights. Impact: Publications:

Impacts
Results of this study suggest that feeding frequency may have an impact on steer performance at the Southeastern Colorado Research Center. Further research is needed to determine the role of feeding frequency on growth and carcass merit in beef cattle fed high concentrate diets.

Publications

• Baszczak, J. A., Grandin,T., Gruber,S.L., Engle, T.E., Platter, W.J., Laudert,S.B., Schroeder,A.L., and Tatum J.D. 2006. Effects of ractopamine supplementation on behavior of British, Continental, and Brahman crossbred steers during routine handling. J. Anim. Sci. 84:3410-3414.
• Murrieta, C. M., Hess, B.W., Scholljegerdes,E.J., Engle, T.E., Hossner,K.L., Moss,G.E., and Rule, D.C. 2006. Evaluation of milk somatic cells as a source of mRNA for study of lipogenesis in the mammary gland of lactating beef cows supplemented with dietary high-linoleate safflower seeds. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2399-2405.
• Legleiter, L. R., Ahola,J.K., Engle,T.E., and Spears, J.W. 2006. Decreased brain copper due to copper deficiency has no effect on bovine prion proteins. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 352:884-888.
• Dorton, K. L., Engle,T.E., and Enns, R.M. 2006. Effects of trace mineral supplementation and source, 30 days post-weaning and 28 days post receiving, on performance and health of feeder cattle. Asian-Aust. Anim. Sci. 19:1450-1454.
• Richardson, S. M., Siciliano, P.D., Engle,T.E., Larson, C.K.,and Ward, T.L. 2006. Effect of selenium supplementation and source on the selenium status of horses. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1742-1748.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements required by beef cattle for many biochemical functions (Davis and Mertz, 1987). Recent research suggests that feeding physiological concentrations of Cu alters lipid metabolism in beef cattle. Copper supplementation to high concentrate finishing diets (marginal in Cu) fed to steers, decreased subcutaneous adipose tissue deposition (Ward and Spears, 1997; Engle et al., 2000; Engle and Spears, 2000), increased polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and tended to decrease cholesterol concentrations of longissimus muscle (Engle et al., 2000). Furthermore, Sinnett-Smith and Woolliams (1987) reported that Cu supplementation to Cu deficient sheep increased in vitro lipolytic rates of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, Spears and Kegley (2002) reported that Zn supplementation (25 mg Zn/kg DM) to finishing steer diets (basal diet contained 26 mg of Zn/kg DM) increased quality grade and marbling score compared to non-Zn supplemented steers. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of Cu and Zn source on performance, trace mineral status, lipid metabolism, and carcass quality in finishing steers. One hundred ninety five steers were blocked by origin, stratified by body weight and sorted into 24 pens. Pens within blocks were then randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were 10 mg Cu per kg DM from Cu sulfate or 10 mg Cu per kg DM from organic Cu and 90 mg Zn per kg DM from Zn sulfate or 36 mg Zn per kg DM from organic Zn plus 54 mg Zn per kg DM of Zn from Zn sulfate. Steers were fed a high concentrate finishing diet until they reached an approximate weight of 580 kg. Diets were fed once daily in the morning to allow ad libitum access to feed throughout the day. Daily feed offerings were recorded and feed refusal was measured every 28 d. Body weights were recorded for each steer and blood samples were collected from three steers per pen every 28 d. Post harvest, longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected and evaluated for fatty acid composition. There were no Cu or Zn main effects or Cu by Zn interactions for ADG, DMI, or feed efficiency. The effect of Cu or Zn source was similar across treatments for HCW, dressing percentage, rib eye area, back fat thickness, KPH, and marbling score. Serum cholesterol concentrations, and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle were similar across treatments. However, there was a Zn effect for calculated yield grade (CYG). Steers receiving organic Zn had a lower CYG than steers receiving inorganic Zn. Current results from this study indicate that trace mineral source had little influence on performance, carcass characteristics, and lipid metabolism.

Impacts
Effects of trace mineral supplementation on lipid metabolism in feedlot cattle have not been well documented. Further research is needed to determine the role of trace minerals on growth and lipid metabolism in beef cattle fed high concentrate diets.

Publications

• Ahola, J. K., Baker, D.S., Burns, P.D., Whittier, J.C., and Engle, T.E. 2005. Effect of copper, zinc, and manganese source on mineral status, reproduction, immunity, and calf performance in young beef females over a two-year period. Prof. Anim. Sci. 21:397-304.
• Ahola, J. K., Sharpe, L.R., Dorton, K.L., Burns, P.D., Stanton, T.L., and Engle, T.E. 2005. Effects of lifetime copper, zinc, and manganese supplementation and source on performance, mineral status, immunity, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 21:305-317.

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
An alternative treatment system was installed adjacent to a dairy anaerobic lagoon to convert digestion to aerobic digestion using algae and bacteria addition plus mixing. After six months of operation, dissolved oxygen was significantly increased from 0.04 to an average level of 0.61 mg/L. The higher oxygen level in the lagoon seemed to substantially reduce odors as soon as three months of operation. The micro-diffuser system appeared to be an adequate mixing system based on the increased level of total dissolved salts (TDS) in the lagoon, followed by a leveling off of TDS levels after three weeks of operation. Algae and bacteria additions plus mixing system evaluated appears to have potential for increasing dissolved oxygen levels without the expense of high horsepower mechanical aeration, while also showing potential for reducing odors that were produced from anaerobic digestion of lagoon waste. No written complaints were received from neighbors after the system was operational. Key Words: Algae, bacteria, aerobic digestion, dairy waste, micro-diffuser, water column mixing

Impacts
The algae treatment system evaluated to convert an anerobic dairy lagoon to aerobic digestion appears to have potential to significantly increase dissolved oxygen levels throughout the water column and to reduce odor from this site. The cost of this technology is manageable for most medium size dairies experiencing urban encroachment.

Publications

• Stanton,T. L., W. R. Wailes, S. Reynolds, D. Johnson and J. Davis. 2004. The effect of algae and bacterial additions to a Concentrated Animal Feed Operations (CAFO) lagoon on the conversion from anaerobic to aerobic fermentation. Department of Animal Sciences Research Report. http://ansci.colostate.edu/documents/04ResearchReports/algaeadditiont oCAFOlagoon.pdf

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
Two hundred eighty-eight British cross beef steers (average BW = 305 plus or minus 2 kg) were fed for 163 d at the Eastern Colorado Research Center, in a randomized block design to evaluate effects of four levels of supplemental salt (NaCl) on growth performance, cost of gain, carcass characteristics and manure nutrient content. Calves were stratified by breed, randomized by BW and assigned to one of four supplemental NaCl treatments (six pens per treatment); 0.0, 0.125, 0.25 percent or block salt offered in the feedbunk. Average daily feed intake, ADG, feed efficiency and feed cost of gain were not affected (P greater than 0.05) by dietary salt level. Dressing percent and hot carcass weight tended to decrease (P equals 0.08) linearly as salt supplementation increased. As dietary NaCl increased, concentrations of Na and Mg increased linearly (P less than 0.05) in core manure samples taken in pens behind the feedbunk apron. No apparent advantage for NaCl supplementation at or above NRC (1996) recommendation was observed for growth performance or cost of gain. However, by decreasing dietary NaCl levels, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage increased linearly (P less than 0.10) while NaCl concentration decreased linearly (P less than 0.05) in the manure. One hundred nineteen beef heifers and one hundred two beef steers were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of phosphorus levels (0.34 percent for 147 days on feed (DOF) versus 0.34% for 85 DOF then 0.24 percent from 86-147 DOF) on growth performance, cost of gain, serum concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and carcass characteristics. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were not affected (P greater than 0.05) by phosphorus withdrawal at reimplant time.

Impacts
Reducing supplemental salt in cattle finishing diets had little negative impact on cattle performance while dramatically reducing manure salinity. Removing supplemental P also has potential to reduce fecal P without hurting cattle performance.

Publications

• Flatt, W.R., Stanton,T.L. Schutz, D., Davis, J., and Engle, T.E. 2002. Effect of salt levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics, cost of gain and manure salinity on finishing beef steers. Proceedings Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, Vol. 53, p. 660.
• Flatt, W.R., Stanton, T.L., Schutz, D., Engle, T.E., and Davis, J. 2002. Effect of phosphorus concentration on blood serum phosphorus, growth performance, carcass characteristics and cost of gain on finishing cattle. Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University. Animal Sciences Research Report, p. 7-10.

Progress 01/01/01 to 12/31/01

Outputs
Four levels of supplemental salt (sodium chloride) were fed in a trial at the Eastern Colorado Research Center (ECRC) starting November 29, 1999. A randomized experimental design was used to evaluate growth performance of 288 beef steers. Steers were randomized by weight, stratified by breed and assigned to one of the four treatment groups. The treatments consisted of 1) 0 percent supplemental salt, 2) 0.125 percent, 3) 0.25 percent added supplemental salt or 4) a salt block added to the feed bunk (DM basis) and fed with the same diet as treatment 1: 0 percent supplemental salt. Each treatment group consisted of 72 animals per treatment in six pens. Feed intake tended to increase days 0 to 38 as dietary salt increased in the diet. Over the 163 day study, dietary salt level did not affect feed intake, average daily gain or feed efficiency. Feed cost of gain was not influenced by dietary salt level. Off test weight was not affected by dietary salt, although weight tended to decrease as dietary salt increased. Shrunk dressing percent was reduced linearly as dietary salt increased. Hot carcass weight also decreased linearly as the salt level increased in the diet resulting in almost a 9 kg decrease from the lowest to highest salt treatment. Quality and yield grade were not affected by salt treatment. A performance, carcass or cost advantage to supplementing finishing rations with salt at or above NRC (1996) recommended levels was not apparent in this trial. The value of manure from feedlots may be enhanced without reducing growth performance by reducing dietary salt levels in calf finishing diets and also decreasing the amount of salinity in manure. Cattle consumed approximately 21 mg of salt/head/day from salt blocks. A randomized experimental design was used to evaluate growth performance, and carcass characteristics of 119 beef heifers and 102 steers. Cattle were randomized by weight, stratified by breed and assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Treatments consisted of 0.34 percent phosphorus in the diet for 147 DOF (Continuous equals C) or 0.34 percent phosphorus until day 85 at which time the phosphorus level was reduced to 0.24 percent (Withdrawal equals W) by removing the supplemental phosphorus. Each treatment group consisted of four pens with 25 to 28 head per pen. Each treatment had two pens of steers and two pens of heifers. Growth performance was not affected by removing supplemental phosphorus at re-implant time. Cattle on W tended to have higher feed intake and lower ADG. There appeared to be a slight growth performance advantage by keeping the cattle on the 0.34 percent phosphorus treatment throughout the duration of the finishing period. Hot carcass weight tended to be heavier for cattle on the continuous phosphorus level compared to those on the reduced phosphorus treatment. This has been a consistent trend observed in other phosphorus trials conducted at CSU. Cattle on the phosphorus withdrawal treatment graded slightly lower than those on the 0.34 percent P treatment.

Impacts
Reducing dietary salt and phosphorus in finishing cattle diets may enhance the nutrient quality of manure to be used as fertilizer. These reductions do not appear to impact feeding performance.

Publications

• Flatt, W.R., Stanton, T.L., Schutz, D., and Davis, J. 2001. Effect of salt levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics and cost of gain of finishing cattle. Animal Sciences Research Report, Colorado State University, p. 1-5.
• Flatt, W.R., Stanton, T.L, Schutz, D., Engle, T.E. and Davis, J. 2001. Effect of phosphorus concentration on blood serum phosphorus concentrations, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and cost of gain on finishing cattle, p. 7-10.

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
A) One hundred seventy-two cattle were used in a two treatment randomized design evaluating either a (1) high concentrate diet or (2) switching to a hay diet five days prior to slaughter. Growth performance, carcass characteristics and generic fecal E. coli counts were measured. Feed intake was reduced (P less than 0.05) over 3.2 kgs per head per day by switching to a hay diet the last five days of the feeding period. Cattle fed hay lost weight and had a negative feed conversion when fed hay. Off-test weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percent and percent choice all tended to be reduced when cattle were fed hay prior to slaughter. Total coliform counts and generic E. coli counts were lower in feces of cattle switched to a hay diet. B) One hundred sixty-one beef steers and 157 heifers were used in a randomized experimental design to examine growth performance and carcass characteristics. Four levels of Profi peas were fed (0, 5, 10 and 20 percent) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Carcass, morbidity, average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake for the first 3 feeding periods were not improved (P less than 0.05) with increasing level of Profi peas in the total mixed ration. However, feed intake, feed efficiency and mortality were all improved (P less than 0.05) linearly as pea level increased. Profi peas may offer potential for an economical supplemental protein source. C) Sixty-four steer calves were used to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic trace minerals in the presence of high dietary mineral antagonists on performance, health and carcass characteristics. Calves were assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial; with factors being 2 levels of organic and 2 levels of inorganic trace minerals. Calves were fed 28 days on the ranch in 2 pens of 8 head per treatment before a simulated transport stress. After being loaded, hauled eighty miles, unloaded with an overnight stand without feed and water and reloaded, they were shipped to the CSU research feedyard and placed in individual pens. Calves fed the organic low level and inorganic high level gained better (P less than .05) the first 28 days than calves fed the organic high level or inorganic low level trace minerals. Overall growth performance was not influenced by trace mineral types or levels. Ribeye area was higher (P less than .05) for calves fed the low level organic trace minerals compared to those fed the low level inorganic trace minerals. Liver cobalt was increased (P less than .05) at the November sampling when inorganic trace minerals were fed. Liver copper was highest (P less than .05) at March sampling for calves fed low level inorganic trace minerals followed by calves fed organic high level trace minerals. Liver iron was lower (P less than .05) in calves at the March sampling when organic trace minerals were fed. Liver zinc was elevated (P less than .05) in November by feeding the inorganic low level trace minerals and in March liver zinc was higher (P less than .05) for calves fed the low levels of trace minerals.

Impacts
Increasing roughage to reduce generic E. coli counts in feces does not appear to be cost effective. B) Unprocessed Profi peas may have potential as an economical protein supplement in beef finishing diets. C) Cattle growth performance was not influenced by treatment. Longissimus area increased when supplemented Cu was fed in presence of high dietary Mo.

Publications

• Stanton, T.L. and Schutz, D. 2000. Effect of switching from high grain to hay five days prior to slaughter on finishing cattle performance. CSU Animal Sciences Research Report, p. 67-70.
• Stanton, T.L, Schutz, D. and Swenson, C. 2000. Trace mineral supplementation in presence of dietary antagonists on growth performance, health and carcass characteristics of transport stressed calves. CSU Animal Sciences Research Report, p. 71-76.
• Flatt, W.R. and Stanton, T.L. 2000. Effect of Profi peas, Pisum arvense, on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. CSU Animal Sciences Research Report.

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
Two hundred eighty-three steers were used in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of supplementing Vitamin D and phosphorus on growth performance and slaughter data. The basal ration was analyzed to contain 0.24 percent phosphorus. Treatments were formulated to contain: 1) 0.35 percent phosphorus and 114 IU vitamin D/kg of DM (The basal ration was supplemented with 0.11% phosphorus/114 IU vitamin D)/kg, 2) 0.35 percent phosphorus and no added vitamin D (the basal ration supplemetned with 0.11 percent phosphorus only, .35 percent P/ 0 IU Vitamin D), 3) 0.24 percent phosphorus and no added vitamin D (the basal ration only, .24 percent P/ 0 IU vitamin D), and 4) 0.24 percent phosphorus and 114 IU vitamin D/kg of DM (the basal ration supplemented with 114 IU/kg vitamin D only, .24 percent P/114 IU vitamin D). Steers were fed a finishing ration consisting of 83.16 percent whole corn, 7.10 percent alfalfa hay, 3.04 percent corn stalks, and 6.69 protein supplement. There were no differences (P less than .05) found for overall performance or slaughter data between treatments. Main effects of vitamin D and phosphorus treatments did not exhibit any overall significant differences. However, for the vitamin D treatments, there were significant differences for DM intake for periods 1 and 3 (8.21 vs. 8.57 kgs/d, 114 IU vitamin d vs. 0 IU vitamin D, respectively and 9.35 vs. 8.79 kg/d/114 IU vitamin D vs. 0 IU vitamin D, respectively).Two hundred eight-eight British crossbred steer calves were used in a randomized design to evaluate four concentrations of cull great northern beans (GNB). Beans were included in the dietary DM at 0, 5, 10 and 15 percent and were substituted for corn. Over the 30-d trial, feed intake and ADG decreased linearly (P less than 0.001) as the level of GNB increased. Feed efficiency increased linearly (P less than 0.001) as the bean concentration increased in the diet. Because there was a dramatic reduction in performance and a watery diarrhea associated with feeding the beans, the trial was terminated after 30 d. In the second trial, 64 Hereford steers (345 kg) were used in a four-treatment randomized design with 16 individually fed steers per treatment. Cull GNB were included in the dietary DM at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 percent. Feed intake increased (P less than 0.05) linearly as the concentration of beans increased in the diet. Feeding beans improved ADG quadratically as the concentration increased to 1% and then declined at the 2 percent concentration for d 0 to 28 and 0 to 113. Feed efficiency improved quadratically (P less than 0.05) as the bean concentration increased to 1 percent and then increased at 2 percent level. Feeding GNB at greater than 2 percent of the dietary DM in finishing diets is contra-indicated.

Impacts
Nitrogen and phosphorus contamination of ground and surface water are leading environmental issues facing livestock farmers in the eastern United States. Most efforts have focused on manure management; handling nutrients once they accumulated on the farm. Better understanding of phosphorus requirements of cattle will reduce phosphorus excretion. Great northern beans (culls) are sometimes used in beef cattle diets as an ingredient or as a protein "filler." Our study indicates that dietary levels above 2 percent of diet dry matter are detrimental to cattle performance.

Publications

• Hurley, L.A., Stanton, T.L. and Schutz, D. 1999. Phosphorus and vitamin D in beef finishing diets. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 45-50.
• Stanton, T.L. and Schutz, D. 1999. Cull great northern beans for finishing steer calves. The Professional Animal Scientist, 15:

Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
Two hundred eight-four steers were used in a 2x2 factorial arrangement with 4 treatments to evaluate the effects of supplementing different levels of phosphorus and copper on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The 4 treatments were: 1) .34 percent phosphorus and 56 ppm copper (High P/High Cu), 2) High phosphorus and 10 ppm copper (High P/Low CU), 3) low phosphorus and high copper (Low P/High Cu) and 4) .22 percent phosphorus and low copper (Low P/Low Cu). Steers were fed a finishing ration consisting of 87.7 percent whole corn, 3.4 percent alfalfa, 3.4 percent straw and 5.7 percent protein supplement. Steers were fed for 170 d. There were no significant differences found for overall growth performance. However, there was a significant difference between the High P/High Cu and the Low P/Low Cu groups in ADG for days 0-28 and between the High P/High Cu and the Low P/High Cu groups in ADG for days 57-84. Feed efficiency was significantly lower for the Low P/Low Cu group when compared to all other groups for days 29-56. No significant interactions (P greater than .05) were found between treatment groups with the exception of unshrunk dressing percent for carcass characteristics. Main effects of high vs. low phosphorus and high vs. low copper also did not exhibit significant differences for growth performance or carcass characteristics with the exception of the effect of the level of phosphorus supplementation on unshrunk dressing percent. Two hundred and eighty-eight British cross steer calves were used in a randomized block design with 4 levels of cull great northern beans (GNB). GNB were included in the diets dry matter at 0, 5, 10 and 15 percent. GNB were substituted for corn. Over the 30 day trial, feed intake and average daily gain decreased linearly (P less than .001) as the level of GNB increased in the diet dry matter. Feed efficiency (F/G) increased linearly (P less than .001) as the bean level increased in the diet. Since there was a water diarrhea associated with feeding the beans, the trial was terminated after 30 days. Steers that were fed the beans were then switched to the control treatment and finished. No other detrimental side effects were noted after withdrawing the beans from the diet. It does not appear that feeding cull GNB at 5 percent or above of the diet dry in finishing diets is advisable. Sixty-four Hereford steers (760 lbs) were used in a 4 treatment randomized design with 16 individually fed steers per treatment. Cull great northern beans (GNB) were included in the diet dry matter at: 0 percent, 0.5 percent, 1 percent and 2 percent of dietary dry matter. Feed intake increased (less than 0.5) linearly as the level of beans increased in diet days 29-56 and 0-113 of the trial. Feeding beans impacted average daily gain quadratically (P less than .05) days 0-28 and 0-113. Feed efficiency was impacted linearly and quadratically (P less than .05) the first 28 days as the bean level increased in the diet. It would appear that including GNB in diet up to 1 percent would not be detrimental to growth performance.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• Hurley, L.A., Stanton, T.L., and Schutz, D. 1998. The effects of supplementing different levels of phosphorus and copper in beef finishing diets. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 115-124.
• Stanton, T.L. and Schutz, D. 1998. High levels of cull Great Northern beans for finishing steer calves. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 125-129.
• Stanton, T.L. and Robertson, D. 1998. Low levels of cull Great Northern Beans for finishing steers. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 131-133.
• Stanton, T.L. and Schutz, D. 1998. Growing heifer performance when fed on 10 pct cull Great Northern beans. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 135-138.
• Parsons, C.H., Stanton, T.L., and Ulmann, R. 1998. Restricted feed intake and grain processing effects on finishing Holstein cattle. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 139-145.
• Parsons, C.H., Stanton, T.L., Davidson, D., and Utmann, R. 1998. Roughage level effects in finishing Holstein cattle diets. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 147-153.
• Stanton, T.L, Johnson, A.B., and Kimberling, C.V. 1998. Effect of trace mineral type and level in pre- and past-shipment diets on subsequent feedyard performance and immune function, CSU Beef Program Report, p. 155-165.
• Stanton, T.L, Greathouse, G., and Hurley, L.A. 1998. Effect of implant type, sequence, and reimplant timing finishing steer performance, CSU Beef Program Report, p. 165-168.

Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
Fifty-nine steers were used in a randomized block design to examine the effects of supplemental protein source on finishing steer growth performance and carcass characteristics. The four supplemental N treatments were: 1) urea (urea control), 2) solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), 3) expeller-processed soybean meal (SoyPLUS(R); SP), and 4) dried brewers grains (DBG). The diets were isonitrogenous (13% CP dry matter basis) and fed for 84 d. From d 85 to 194, all steers were fed the urea-supplemented diet. Steers supplemented with natural protein compared to urea consumed 13% more feed (P < 0.01) and gained 11% faster but the effect was not significant (P = 0.20). Feed efficiency was not altered by treatment (P > 0.10). There were no differences (P > 0.10)in steer performance among natural protein sources. Previous supplemental N source did not affect (P > 0.10) growth performance of steers after 84 d. Feed cost of gain for the DBG-supplemented diet was the highest (P < 0.05). Steers fed supplemental true protein had heavier carcasses, but the difference was not detected statistically (P > 0.10). The combination of competitive cost of gain and heavier carcasses for steers supplemented with SBM and SP resulted in average returns per head $9.23 and $15.79 higher than for steers supplemented with urea.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• COSBY, N.T. and T.L. STANTON, PAS. 1997. Performance of feedlot steers supplemented with natural protein or urea during the early finishing phase. The Professional Animal Scientist 13:124-128.
• GRAY, K.S., T.L. STANTON, PAS, and D.N. SCHUTZ. 1997. Sunflower seed as a protein supplement for cows grazing winter range. The Professional Animal Scientist 13:8-13.
• STANTON, T.L. 1997. Hidden costs of sorting cattle. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 241-244.
• JAROSZ, M.J. and T.L. STANTON. 1997. Depression in performance of steers fed different levels of fat. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 237-240.
• STANTON, T.L., C. F. NOCKELS, A.B. JOHNSON, and D. ROBERTSON. 1997. Effect of 4-Plex and protein level on incoming cattle performance and immune function. CSU Beef Program Report, p. 221-236.
• PATTERSON, H.H., J.C. WHITTIER, T.L. STANTON, and D. SCHUTZ. 1997. Comparison of cull beans, sunflower meal or canola meal as protein sources for beef cows grazing native winter range, Proc. Western Section, Am. Soc. of An. Sci., Vol. 48.

Progress 01/01/96 to 12/30/96

Outputs
Ninety-nine steers and 44 heifers were used in a randomized block design that evaluated 2 treatments with 2 pens of steers and 1 pen of heifers/treatment. Treatments included an unbedded control group (3 pens) and a bedded group (3 pens). Bedding was administered 10 times during the study at 15.5 kgs/head. Feed intake was not increased by bedding pens with chopped wheat straw. Average daily gain and dressing percent were significantly improved by bedding pens. Feed efficiency and feed cost of gain tended to be improved. Bedding an area of the pen during mild to severe mud conditions returned $8 per head. Fifty-nine steers were used in a randomized block design to examine the effects of supplemental protein source during the early growth phase on finishing steer performance and carcass characteristics. The four supplemental N treatments were: 1) urea (urea control), 2)solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), 3) expeller-processed soybean meal (SoyPLUS), and 4) dried brewers grains (DBG). The diets were isonitrogenous (13% CP) and fed for 84 d. From d 85 to 194, all steers were fed the urea-supplemented diet. Steers supplemented with natural protein compared to urea consumed 13% more feed (P<.01) and gained 11% faster, but the effect was not significant (P=.20). Feed efficiency was not altered by treatment (P>.10). There were no differences (P>.10) in steer performance among natural protein sources. Previous supplemental N source did not affect (P>,10) growth performance of steers after 84 d.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

• STANTON, T.L. and D.N. SCHUTZ. 1996. Effect of bedding on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Colorado State University Beef Program Report, p. 37-48.
• COSBY, N.T., T.L. STANTON, D. STIDHAM, and D. KOESTER. 1996. Supplemental protein sources during the early growth phase for finishing steers: Effects on growth and carcass characteristics. Colo. State Univ. Beef Program Report, p. 55-62..
• COSBY, N.T., T.L. STANTON, D. KOESTER, and D. SCHUTZ. 1996. Growth performance and carcass characterstics of heifers fed processed corn diets supplemented withroasted soybeans. Colorado State University Beef Program Report, p. 63-70.
• GRAY, K.S., T.L. STANTON, and D.N. SCHUTZ. 1996. A comparison of sunflower meal,peanut meal, and cottonseed meal as protein supplements for beef cattle grazing winter range. Colorado State University Beef Program Report, p. 49-54.

Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95

Outputs
Fifty-one crossbred heifers were used to study the effects of supplemental N from urea, soybean meal with added soybean oil, or whole roasted soybeans (WRS) on performance. Performance advantages from WRS were minimal whether fed for the first 84 days or for the entire trial. Apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude protein were not altered by supplemental N source; however, apparent digestibility of ether extract was higher for the soybean meal/oil and WRS supplemented diets compared to the urea supplemented diet. The amount and digestibility of oil provided by WRS may increase the energy density of the diet and could account for the performance advantages seen in previous trials with steers. Eighty-four British crossbred steers were fed for 123 d to evaluate the effects of urea level, corn processing (whole or cracked), and reimplant type (Implus-S or Revalor-S) on finishing performance. Effectiveness of urea supplementation depended on corn processing; cattle fed whole corn did not respond to either supplemental urea level while cattle fed cracked corn gained the fastest when fed 1.4% urea. Feed efficiency was not affected by corn processing or urea level. During the first 55 d, as urea level increased, steers given Implus gained slower and were less efficient, while steers given Revalor gained faster and were more efficient. Reimplanting with Revalor improved daily gain for the first 84 d compared to Implus, but no differences were detected in daily gain or feed efficiency.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 07/01/94 to 12/30/94

Outputs
Sixty British and British crossbred steers were used to evaluate the effect of protein level and implant type on steer performance from reimplant to slaughter. Steers were fed either 11% or 13% (supplemental protein from soybean meal) crude protein diets and implanted with either Revalor-S or Implus-S. Daily dry matter intake throughout the entire trial (0-77 d) was not affected (P>.10) by protein level or implant treatment. Daily gain was reduced (P<.05) in steers receiving the 13% crude protein diet when compared to steers consuming the 11% crude protein diet throughout the entire trial. Feed efficiency was reduced by 19% in steers implanted with Implus-S and fed 13% crude protein, but Revalor-S treated steers consuming 13% crude protein diet were not affected. Steers implanted with Implus-S were just as efficient as steers implanted with Revalor-S when fed 11% crude protein. There were no significant differences in carcass traits across implant treatments. However, cattle fed 13% crude protein had 34% more carcass grade choice than those fed 11% crude protein. Two hundred sixty-one crossbred calves were used to determine whether there were any interactions between grain processing and protein source on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Daily dry matter intake was not different across treatments over the entire trial. Average daily gain was greatest (P<.05) in steers fed diets containing whole shelled corn compared to steers consuming steam flaked corn and urea.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93

Outputs
Fifty seven crossbred steers were individually fed in Calan gates and were used in a randomized block design with three treatments: 1) Control with no soybeans and a urea protein supplement, 2) 12.5% roasted whole soybeans (WRS) on a DM basis with no urea, 3) 25% roasted whole soybeans on a DM basis with no urea. Steers fed 12.5% WRS had higher feed intake (P=.03) than controls whereas steers fed WRS at the 25% level had higher average daily gain (P=.01) than the control. Feed efficiency trended lower for those steers fed WRS although significance only appeared in the first 28 days (P=.009). The only carcass parameters that were different were KPH fat with the 25% level being higher than the urea control (P=.0536 respectively). Cost of gain was higher for increasing amounts of WRS with treatments 1, 2, and 3 being $24.59, $28.02, and $32.29 dollars/hundred weight of gain respectively. This study suggests that the 12.5% WRS level improved gain and feed efficiency compared to a urea based protein and the 25% WRS level was only slightly superior to 12.5% WRS level therefore the optimum amount may be lower than l2.5%. Due to the high cost of soybeans, optimization is of utmost importance. Soybeans had little effect on carcass characteristics with the exception of internal fat deposition.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92

Outputs
A study evaluated alfalfa levels in whole shelled corn (WC) finishing rations. 288 crossbred steers were used in a randomized block design and were fed once daily: 1) WC with 0% roughage, 2) WC with 2.5% roughage, 3) WC with 5% roughage and 4) WC with 7.5% roughage. Feed intake was lower during the 194-day study for steers fed no roughage in the finishing ration compared to steers fed alfalfa at any of the levels evaluated. However, average daily gain was not influenced by roughage level. Feed efficiency was significantly better for steer calves fed 0% roughage than 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5%alfalfa, respectively. Carcass parameters were not significantly influenced by alfalfa level in the finishing ration.In another study, 64 crossbred steers (initial wt 731 lbs)were used in a randomized block design. The grain processing types evaluated were WC, ground corn (GC) and steam flaked corn (SFC). The treatments evaluated were: 1) WC with 0%roughage, 2) WC with 7.5% roughage, 3) SFC with 7.5% roughage and 4) GC with 7.5% roughage. Feed intake was significantly lower for the SFC treatment than GC and WC-7.5 treatments, however, average daily gain was not significantly altered by treatments. Feeding SFC improved feed efficiency by 11 and 13% over feeding WC-0% or 7.5% alfalfa with whole orground corn, respectively. Carcass characteristics were not significantly influenced by treatment.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91

Outputs
The effects of roughage source were compared in whole corn finishing diets on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers. Two hundred ninety-six crossbred steers (average initial wt of 317 kg) were used in a r4andomized block design. The four roughage sources were: 1) alfalfa hay (AH), 2) corn silage (CS), 3) wheat straw (WS) and (4) ammoniated wheat straw (AWS). These roughages were fed at 6% of the ration dry matter (DM) except the CS which was fed at 8% of the ration DM. Feed intake was similar for steers fed AH, CS and AWS diets, but intake was lower (P=.04) for steers fed WS diet than the other three diets. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by roughage source, although steers fed CS diet gained less rapidly during the first 28 days (P=.02) and first 58 days (P=.05) compared to AH and AWS diets. Feed cost of gain was significantly lower (P=.02) for the WS diet than for AH or CS diets, but was similar to AWS diet. This study suggests that low quality roughages could effectively be fed in whole corn finishing diets without adversely affecting animal performance or carcass characteristics. Sixty-four crossbred steers with an average initial weight of 375 kg were utilized in a randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of roughage source and methods of monensin administration when fed with 86.5% whole corn finishing diets on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90

Outputs
Four finishing trials and one pasture trial were completed in 1990 directed at lowering costs of producing beef. One trial evaluated combinations of feed additives (i.e., MGA) and implants as to their influence on cost of gain and carcass characteristics. Implanting increased averge daily gain compared to control heifers days 0-28 (P=.02) and days 0-132 (P=.09). Implanting improved (P=.001) feed efficiency and feed cost of gain (P=.02) compared to unimplanted heifers. Type of implant regimen did not (P>.05) influence live animal performance. Quality grade and percent choice were higher (P<.05) for heifers fed MGA and implanted with TBA and/or TE compared to heifers not fed MGA and implanted with TBA and TE. Based on feed cost of gain, there was a $13.13, $16.94 and $22.23 per head advantage for MGA + TBA, MGA/TBA + TE and TBA + TE, respectively, over unimplanted controls. Another trial evaluated feed additives (i.e., Rumensin and Bovatec) as to their impact on cost of gain and carcass characteristics. This study suggests: Bovatec fed during the last part of the feeding period does not stimulate feed intake or improve performance and increasing Rumensin levels, as ration energy increases, improves steer performance. Feeding time and finishing heifer performance was the subject of the third finishing trial. A growing study evaluated levels of wet brewers grains with corn silage and a pasture study evaluated zinc methionine levels in a mineral mix upon grazing steer performance.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89

Outputs
A 150 day finishing trial with 240 head of crossbred heifers was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of melengestrol acetate (MGA), Synovex-H and Finaplix-H when fed with Rumensin. Treatments included: (1) control; (2) MGA (0.4 mg/head/day); (3) MGA and implanted with Finaplix-H (200 mg); and (4) MGA and implanted with Synovex-H. All rations included Rumensin at 225 mg/head/day. Synovex-H implanted heifers tended (P=.06) to have higher intake than control or Finaplix-H implanted heifers by the end of a 150 day trial. Heifers implanted of fed MGA alone tended to gain faster (P=.13) than controls. Implanting heifers with Finaplix-H significantly improved feed efficiency over MGA only at 84 days. However, implanted heifers did not show significant improvement in feed efficiency compared to MGA without an implant at the end of the trial. Feeding MGA and Rumensin significantly improved feed efficiency compared to heifers fed only Rumensin (control) by the end of the test. Two hundred eighty-eight head of crossbred heifers were used in a restricted randomized block design with four treatments: (1) Rumensin step-up, 13 to 26 grams/air dry ton; (2) Bovatec included at 30 grams/air dry ton or Bovatec at 30 grams/air dry ton and (4) same ionophores as treatment 3, but cattle were not implanted. Heifers in treatments 1, 2, and 3 were implanted with Synovex-H on days 1 and 56. All rations included MGA at 0.4 mg/head/day.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88

Outputs
An 88-day finishing trial with 240 mixed-breed heifers was conducted to evaluatethe additive or nonadditive effects of MGA and Synovex-H when fed with Rumensin. Heifers fed MGA, whether alone or in combination with Synovex-H gained and converted feed to gain significantly better than control heifers. Feeding MGA alone or MGA with Synovex-H returned over twice what implanting alone did, based on cost of gain. Feed cost of gain was better with the combination than Synovex-H alone or control heifers. Feeding MGA without an implant tended to improve percent choice compared to heifers implanted with Synovex-H. Feeding MGA without an implant returned $9.66 more per head than MGA plus Synovex-H. Eighty-four steers were used in a restricted randomized block design that evaluated natural protein or nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplements in whole corn finishing rations. Feed intake and efficiency were not affected by type of protein supplement. Feed cost of gain and average daily gain tended to favor the NPN supplement. Based on 236 kg gain and $2.42/100 kg cost of gain advantage, cattle fed the NPN supplement cost $5.71 per head less to feed than steers fed the natural supplement. This study suggests that a urea supplement can be fed economically with whole corn to finishing steers compared to a natural protein supplement (cottonseed meal). Feed intake and feed efficiency were not different between heifers supplemented with 0, 180 or 360 mg/head/day zinc (from zinc methionine) in a 98 day finishing trial.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87

Outputs
Forty heifers were utilized in a two treatment finishing trial to evaluate abortifacient administration on open, individually fed heifer performance. Feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass parameters were not significantly affected by abortifacient administration. A growing-finishing trial with 240 head of mixed breed steers was conducted to evaluate blends of whole and rolled corn on cattle performance and feed economics. Four treatments were compared in a restricted randomized lot design with the following blends of whole corn and dry rolled corn: (1) whole corn, (2) 67 whole corn: 33 dry rolled corn, (3) 33 whole corn: 67 dry rolled corn and (4) dry rolled corn. Feed intake by cattle fed dry rolled corn was numerically lower (P<.05) at the end of the 218 day trial compared to the other treatments. Average daily gain was lower (P>.05) over all when cattle were fed dry rolled corn compared to those fed whole corn or 67% whole corn: 33% dry rolled corn. Feed efficiency was improved (P>.05) for the cattle fed the 67 whole corn: 33 dry rolled corn compared to any other treatment. Feeding whole corn costs 36 cents, $3.59 and $8.49 per head less than feeding 67 whole: 33 dry rolled; 33 whole: 67 dry rolled and dry rolled corn, respectively. Sixty four crossbred pregnant heifers were used in a completely randomized block of design to evaluate abortion on individually fed finishing heifer performance.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86

Outputs
Since nutrition and management are important aspects of profitable feedlot operations, the following trials were completed in 1986. The effect of abortifacient on open individually fed finishing heifers was evaluated. Forty open heifers were utilized in a two treatment finishing trial to evaluate abortifacient administration on open individually fed heifer performance. Feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass parameters were not significantly affected by abortifacient administration. In another trial, beef steers (120 head) and heifers (120 head) were fed 90% concentrate diets in which the corn portion (82%) was comprised of mixtures of whole shelled corn (WC) and dry rolled wheat (DRW) in the following ratios (dry matter basis): 100 WC:0 DRW, 67 WC:33 DRW, 33 WC:67 DRW and 100 high moisture corn (HMC). Cattle fed 100 WC:0 DRW and 67 WC:33 DRW gained significantly faster through the first 56 days than cattle fed high moisture corn. Feed intake, average daily gain and feed efficiency were not different among treatments at the end of the trial. Dressing percentage was reduced (P=.099) when 33 WC:67 DRW was fed compared to 100 WC:0 DRW, 67 WC:33 DRW or 100 HMC. Cost of gain favored 100 WC:O DRW.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/85 to 12/30/85

Outputs
Pregnancy in finishing heifers can be an economic disaster. However, in order to make intelligent management decisions producers need to know actual costs. In order to gather information, a series of three trials were initiated in fall of 1984 in cooperation with Monfort of Colorado. The summary of trial one follows: Twenty-four pregnant and twenty-eight open heifers were utilized in a finishing trial to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on performance. Feed intake, average daily gain and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by pregnancy, when compared on a live weight basis, over the 87-day trial. However, dressing percent was reduced (P<.05) 2.16%, for pregnant heifers. Pregnant heifers (x = 195 day gestation) yielded a 5.4 kg trial. Trial two data is presently being analyzed and trial three will be started in December 1985. Health and nutrition are inseperable when it comes to improving efficiency and economics of feedlot performance. However, vaccines to maintain cattle health are generally not evaluated as to their affect on feedlot performance. The following study was conducted for this purpose. Thirty yearling heifers were randomly assigned to three treatments: an unvaccinated control, a group vaccinated with Pasteurella hemolytica, and a group vaccinated with Bovine Virus Diarrhea. The vaccinations with these two products had no significant effect on average daily gain, feed, intake, feed efficiency, or carcass parameters during this trial.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 10/01/83 to 09/30/84

Outputs
Feed additives and implants offer producers substantial returns on their investments when these products are used properly. If used improperly they can just as easily be an economic loss. The purpose of these trials was (1) to evaluate Sarsaponin levels in combination with Bovatec, and (2) to compare a new implant to implants already available. Sarsaponin TM levels of 0, 500, 700, and 900 mg per head per day were fed in combination with 360 mg of Bovatec TM to 40 individually fed finishing steers. Feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and carcass parameters were not significantly affected by Sarsaponin level over the 108-day trial. One hundred-sixty Hereford, Hereford crossbred steers with an average weight of 298 kg were randomly allotted to four treatments: (1) controls, no implant, (2) Synovex-S implant reimplanted with Synovex-S on day 70, (3) a single Synovex-S implant, and (4) one Compudose 200 implant. The growing-finishing trial lasted 168 days. Cumulative performance improvements over controls were essentially the same in all implant treatments and were significantly better than unimplanted controls after 168 days on test.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications