Source: UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA submitted to NRP
DEVELOPMENT OF PEANUT LINES WITH SUPERIOR PEST RESISTANCE USING WILD SPECIES AND MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
ACTIVE
Funding Source
AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1028251
Grant No.
2022-67013-37075
Cumulative Award Amt.
$590,542.68
Proposal No.
2021-07590
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
May 1, 2022
Project End Date
Apr 30, 2026
Grant Year
2022
Program Code
[A1141]- Plant Health and Production and Plant Products: Plant Breeding for Agricultural Production
Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
200 D.W. BROOKS DR
ATHENS,GA 30602-5016
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
Peanut is a nutritious legume, widely grown in countries of tropical and sub-tropical climate. The U.S. is the fourth largest producer, and over 85% of the production is used in edible products, such as roasted peanuts, peanut butter and peanut candy; the remainder is crushed to extract oil. On average, each American consumes eats more than 6 pounds of peanut products each year, totaling more than $2 billion at the retail level. The peanut crop in the U.S., however, is plagued by pests, such as leaf diseases caused by fungi and root diseases caused by worms. These pests decrease or impede productivity, and, because no natural resistances are found in peanut, crops need many chemical applications each season. This makes peanut production costly and environmentally unfriendly. New ways to make peanut resistant are needed, so costs are reduced, and less harmful agrochemicals are used.In this project, we will make use of peanut wild relatives, which are plants that occur naturally in South America. In the 60's, 70's and 80's, hundreds of populations were collected from the wild and deposited in the USDA seed bank. Several studies show that these species carry resistance to pests and diseases that affect the peanut crop. However, because their genetic characteristics make them difficult to cross with peanut, they have mostly not been used for agricultural improvement. So, they are an invaluable almost untapped source of resistance to the peanut crop and, therefore, revenue to the peanut industry. Here we are doing systematic analyses of these species, selecting the ones with the most valuable traits (disease/pest resistances), making them compatible with peanut, crossing them with high producing, but susceptible elite lines and making successive selections. The goal is to combine the good agronomical traits of the elite peanut lines with the high resistance of the wild species. This process will be aided by DNA-based markers, which makes plant selection more efficient. The use of wild species has been a game changer for other crop species, and is having major impact in peanut breeding.
Animal Health Component
40%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
10%
Applied
40%
Developmental
50%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2011830108020%
2021830108170%
2121830112010%
Knowledge Area
212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1830 - Peanut;

Field Of Science
1120 - Nematology; 1081 - Breeding; 1080 - Genetics;
Goals / Objectives
Peanut is an expensive, high agrochemical input crop. This project aims to build on the previous achievements to make a major impact on peanut cultivation in the U.S. by reducing farmers' agrochemicals costs for control of pests and diseases and increase production. We propose to accomplish this via the introgression of high value chromosomal segments from wild species that confer strong pest and disease resistances into peanut using crossing schemes aided by genome information and genotyping. We also aim to create a publicly available strategic resource to facilitate the introduction of new wild genes into peanut breeding programs much beyond the duration of this project.There is one main goal - peanut improvement using wild species - divided in three objectives that we envisage will bring benefits to the U.S. agriculture in the short-, medium-, and long-term. All milestones can be accomplished within the time frame of this project. At the end of the project, we expect to have advanced lines at the point to be taken to multi trial experiments for cultivar release; advanced lines in various stages of development, with defined wild-derived segments that confer resistance to at least three of the main peanut pests of the USA; and a structured collection of wild-derived allotetraploids/neopolyploids available to the peanut community through the NPGS.The project has one main goal, divided in three objectives (short-, medium, and long-term), with different milestones that can be accomplished within the time frame of this project.Objective 1 - long-term - Laying a new genetic foundation for breeding - Here we want to make wild alleles available in the tetraploid form, so they can be utilized in breeding programs. We will build a Structured Arachis Neotetraploid Core Collection. This will involve Primary diploid crosses, confirmation of F1 diploid hybrids, genome duplication of F1 diploid hybrids, genotyping of newly formed allotetraploids, evaluation of newly formed allotetraploids for disease resistance, seed multiplication and germplasm registration/deposit in the USDA National Plant Germplasm SystemObjective 2 - Medium term - Moving wild alleles along the pipeline. - Map and introgress resistance to pests and diseases from chromosomal wild segments into peanut elite lines. Here we will move move wild alleles into peanut lines by crossing, selecting, mapping. The main activities are: Crosses neotetraploids x peanut; Mapping of ELS and Rust resistance in BatSten BC3F2 and MagSten3 BC3F3 material; Mapping of TSWV resistance in BatSten BC3 material; Mapping of White Mold resistance in a ValSten x cultivated peanut F2 population; Development of marker for disease resistances mapped in activities ii), iii) and iv).Objective 3 - Short term - incorporate and combine late, early leaf spot and root-knot nematode resistance loci in advanced germplasm and cultivars. Here we use advanced lines to reach the end goal - create peanut lines with multiple resistances. The main activities are: Mapping of Early Leaf Spot resistance loci from A. cardenasii in Bailey; Advance new sources of leaf spot resistance from A. cardenasii, for release of new peanut germplasm and cultivars; Advance new sources of nematode resistance from A. stenosperma, for release of new peanut germplasm and cultivars; Combining ELS, LLS and RKN-(A cardenasii) and RKN-(A stenosperma) resistance loci
Project Methods
For all goals, obtaining lines with high levels of resistance to rust, LLS, TSWV and/or RKN will indicate success. For genetic characterization (confirm hybrid plants and introgression segments in ensuring backcross generations) we will use SNPs, assayed using individual markers (eg. PACE/KASP), commercial genotyping panels (eg. Axiom Arachis Array), or whole genome sequencing (eg. using PacBio/Illumina). In addition, we will phenotype plants for the target traits and, where feasible, use trait-associated markers to confirm the presence and transmission of desired traits. Pest and disease resistances will be evaluated by standard methods, using controlled greenhouse/incubator and/or field trials. Advanced populations will be analyzed in the field for agronomically important traits, such as seed number, seed size, and plant architecture. Germplasm will be shared with those that request materials. Publications will be used to disseminate data and many data sets (e.g. mapping and phenotyping data) will be shared via the USDA-ARS supported peanut genomics portal peanutbase.org.The measure of success for each objective will be as follows:Objective 1 (long-term): new peanut-compatible, induced allotetraploids, with resistance to rust, LLS, TSWV and/or RKN. Evaluations will be done in greenhouse to assess the transmission of resistances and levels of resistance. We will use the Arachis phylogenetic tree to guide us as to what accessions to use for crosses, so that we tap into most of the allelic diversity of the Arachis section.Objective 2 (medium-term): number of genetically characterized A. stenosperma-containing lines that predominantly have the genetic background of cultivated peanut and higher levels of resistance to ELS, LLS, RKN, white mold and TSWV. Evaluation will be done in greenhouse and in the field. Markers will be developed for mapped resistance regions identified.Objective 3 (short-term): number of advanced agronomically adapted lines containing different A. cardenasii segments; their level of resistance to LLS and ELS, productivity and plant architecture as compared to the recurrent peanut parent and to elite varieties in GA and NC.For genetic characterization we will use SNPs, assayed using individual markers (eg. PACE/KASP), commercial genotyping panels (eg. Axiom Arachis Array), or whole genome sequencing (eg. using PacBio/Illumina). Germplasm will be deposited in germplasm banks and shared with those that request materials. Publications will be used to disseminate data. Relevant data sets will be made available via the USDA-ARS supported peanut genomics portal peanutbase.org and The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Progress 05/01/24 to 04/30/25

Outputs
Target Audience:TARGET AUDIENCE In this third year, three main audiences were targeted and reached by our efforts: Farmers and other sectors of the industry - two Field Days were organized in Georgia: One field day was organized at the ATTA August 1, 2024. Around 70 people were present. The field day in Southeast Georgia Research and Education Center, in Midville GA, had to be cancelled due to inclement weather. Research scientists and breeders - several joint activities to facilitate discussions were conducted in UGA Athens and partners' labs. Meetings with the partners at NCSU were conducted on line. Students - mentoring of students focused on experimental design, critical thinking, and practical skills. Students in the Athens and Tifton UGA campuses and NCSU students were involved. APRES was the main venue for scientific interactions. The information obtained in the second year of this project was disseminated in various communications: five posters and nine oral presentations in three different domestic and two international conference and two university organized retreats. Four manuscripts were published in refereed journals. The conferences were attended by a diverse audience, including graduate and undergraduate students, peanut farmers, extensionists, research scientists, legume research scientists, university professors, members of the peanut industry, stakeholders, and governing bodies. Changes/Problems:This project is providing opportunity for the training of graduate and undergraduate students. UGA graduate students had three senior author publications. One MS student Alexi Dong transitioned to PhD, as the results were excellent. Three other PhD students are also involved in the activities of this project:, Samuele Lamon, Emile Barnes and Daniel Matusinek. The students attended the following conferences: AAGB (Huntsville, AL), 56th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (Oklahoma City) Plant Health 2023, the Annual Meeting of the Georgia Association of Plant Pathologists (Savannah, GA) and Crops (Huntsville, AL). Four students were awarded five prizes: Dan Matusinek got the second prize for poster presentation at AAGB, YC Tsai received the award for best graduate publication at Plant Pathology Department (UGA) for 2023, Alexi Dong received the second prize for graduate oral presentation at the GAPP, and at APRES, Emile Barnes received the first prize for graduate oral presentation at APRES (Joe Sugg competition). What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project is providing opportunity for the training of graduate and undergraduate students. UGA graduate students had three senior author publications. One MS student Alexi Dong transitioned to PhD, as the results were excellent. Three other PhD students are also involved in the activities of this project:, Samuele Lamon, Emile Barnes and Daniel Matusinek. The students attended the following conferences: AAGB (Huntsville, AL), 56th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (Oklahoma City) Plant Health 2023, the Annual Meeting of the Georgia Association of Plant Pathologists (Savannah, GA) and Crops (Huntsville, AL). Four students were awarded five prizes: Dan Matusinek got the second prize for poster presentation at AAGB, YC Tsai received the award for best graduate publication at Plant Pathology Department (UGA) for 2023, Alexi Dong received the second prize for graduate oral presentation at the GAPP, and at APRES, Emile Barnes received the first prize for graduate oral presentation at APRES (Joe Sugg competition). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The information obtained in this third year of project was disseminated in various communications: posters and oral presentations in different conferences. The conferences were attended by a range of audiences, including graduate and undergraduate students, peanut farmers, extensionists, research scientists, legume research scientists, university professors, members of the peanut industry, stakeholders and governing bodies. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1 - long-term - Building a Structured Arachis Neotetraploid Core Collection Nine new combinations of primary Crosses made in 2024: Arachis batizocoi K9484 x Arachis cardenasii PI 476013 Arachis batizocoi K9484 x Arachis diogoi PI 468142 Arachis batizocoi K9484 x Arachis kuhlmannii PI 681082 Arachis batizocoi K9484 x Arachis stenosperma PI 666099 Arachis batizocoi K9484 x Arachis cardenasii PI 688945 Arachis batizocoi PI 666081 x Arachis kuhlmannii PI 681082 Arachis magna PI 599183 x Arachis diogoi PI 468142 Arachis benesis PI 475878 x Arachis duranensis GK30065 Arachis benesis PI 540870 x Arachis duranensis GK30065 These crosses cover the remaining main Arachis clades that had not been used for crosses previously. The following crosses, colchicine treated, generated hybrids: A. magna PI 599183 x A. stenosperma PI 599186 - 2 hybrids A. magna PI 599183 x A. kuhlmannii V 9214 - 6 hybrids A. magna PI 599183 x A. cardenasii PI 476993 - 3 hybrids A. magna PI 599183 x A. hertzogii PI 476008 - 3 hybrids A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. kuhlmannii PI 666089- 1 hybrid A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. schinini V 9923 - 1 hybrid A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. stenosperma PI 599186 - 2 hybrids New allotetraploids obtained in 2024: BatSten2: [A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. stenosperma PI 599186]4x MagSten5 [A. magna PI 599183 x A. stenosperma PI 599186]4x Seeds of five allotetraploids were multiplied and deposited at the NPGS under the following PIs: WPL-BatDur1 = PI 707934 - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=2191301 WPL-BatDur2 = PI 707936 - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=2191304 WPL-IpaDur1 = PI 707937 - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=2191305 WPL-IpaCor1 = PI 707938 - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=2191306 WPL-IpaVillo1 = PI 707941 - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=2191311 WPL-MagDur1 = PI 707942 - https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/accessiondetail?id=2191312 Objective 2 - Medium term - Map and introgress resistance to pests and diseases from chromosomal wild segments into peanut elite lines. Activity i) Crosses neotetraploids x peanut For wild introgression, backcrosses were made and advanced using the MagDio1, MagHoe1, ValMicro1, MagSten, MagKuh1. Cultivated genotypes used for crosses were: GA-06G, IAC 321, 13-1014 (highly productive and partially resistant to TSWV), TifNV HG, GA-12Y, the drought-tolerant cultivar Fleur11, and Serenut. A population derived from IAC 321 and MagDio1 F2 was advanced to the F2/5 generation, creating 143 RILs. About 150 lines derived from 13-1014 and MagKuh1 were advanced to F2/4. Other first backcrosses were obtained. The most advanced backcrossed materials were: 31 hybrids Serenut x IAC 321 x MagDio1 15 hybrids Fleur11 × Fleur11 × IAC 321 × MagHoe1 15 hybrids Bailey II × GA-06G × MagKuh1 21 hybrids GA-12Y x IAC 321 x MagDio1 All hybrids were confirmed with DNA markers and are being advanced. Activity ii) Mapping of ELS and Rust resistance in BatSten BC?F? and MagSten? BC?F? material Initially, the five wild allotetraploid were phenotyped using detached leaf in vitro assays for ELS resistance. MagDio1, MagHoe1, ValMicro1 and MagKuh1 showed strong resistance. To genetically map ELS resistance in ValMicro1, the F? population derived from a cross with 13-1014 was assayed with in vitro detached leaf assays and genotyped with a 48K SNP array. Genetic mapping identified a resistance locus on chromosome A04 and a susceptibility locus on chromosome A09. This population provides new material for introgressing ELS resistance into peanut. Selected individuals with the wild resistance QTLs are being used in further crosses into elite peanut cultivars. Advanced peanut lines carrying introgressions from A. stenosperma were phenotyped using detached leaf in vitro assays. Association analysis identified a segment on chromosome A06 associated with resistance to early leaf spot. This same segment was also implicated in resistant introgressed plants from a collaborator's peanut improvement program in Brazil. Allele-specific PCR markers were developed for the identified QTL, and plants carrying the segment were evaluated under field conditions in Midville and Tifton during the 2023 and 2024 seasons. Introgressed peanut lineages derived from ValSten and BatSten hybrids were tested under no-spray conditions in Tifton, alongside resistant and susceptible controls. Several of these lineages showed superior resistance to the resistant checks, with the added advantage of TSWV resistance. Genotyping confirmed the presence of wild segments. Objective 3 - Short term - incorporate and combine late, early leaf spot and root-knot nematode resistance loci in advanced germplasm and cultivars Advanced lines carrying new sources of nematode resistance from the A02A02 and A09 chromosome segments of A. stenosperma were planted in a nematode-infested field in Attapulgus in 2023 and 2024. Peanut plants carrying the wild segments showed near immunity to root-knot nematode and maintained yields comparable to elite cultivars grown under no nematode pressure. This is a significant result. The best A02-derived lines also showed good TSWV resistance and highly competitive yields; these lines will enter Advanced Yield Trials and multi-location State trials in 2025. The best A09-derived lines will advance to Preliminary Yield Trials in 2025. To improve resistance to early and late leaf spots and combine this with nematode resistance, we stacked multiple chromosome segments from A. cardenasii into elite backgrounds. Bailey, the most widely grown cultivar in North Carolina, already carries two A. cardenasii segments that confer early leaf spot resistance. To further improve its disease resistance, we introgressed an additional segment from IAC-321 (a sister line of IAC-322) into Bailey, greatly increasing its resistance to late leaf spot. rosses were made between Bailey and IAC-321, and hybrids were confirmed using KASP markers. The hybrids were backcrossed to Bailey and to TifNV-High Oleic, resulting in thirty-two BC? lines confirmed by marker analysis. Early in vitro assays suggest combining Bailey's long A02 segment with IAC-321's A03 segment enhances late leaf spot resistance while maintaining early leaf spot resistance. Building on this, a three-way cross involving Bailey II, TifNV High Oleic, and IAC-321 produced ~158 F?-derived lines fixed for four A. cardenasii-derived disease resistance introgressions (on chromosomes 2, 8, 9, and 13) and the high oleic trait. These lines entered preliminary leaf spot trials at PBRS in Lewiston-Woodville, NC, in summer 2024. Another 42 F?-derived lines from Bailey II × IAC322, fixed for three introgressions, were also included. Field screening identified 17 lines with superior leaf spot resistance and growth habit, which were selected for advancement to yield trials in summer 2025. Two red-seeded entries (46 and 49) were selected to initiate new Valencia-type peanut breeding populations. From the same base crosses stacking A. cardenasii-derived segments, 61 lineages selected in 2023 were planted in Midville in 2024. Some lines were also evaluated in replicated trials in Tifton under leaf spot pressure. These showed exceptional resistance to early and late leaf spots, further validating the value of A. cardenasii-derived resistance. Three top-performing lineages will advance to Intermediate Yield Trials in 2025. Two stack resistance to early and late leaf spot, rust, and nematodes, while the third stacks resistance to early and late leaf spot and rust. Although the exact genetic basis for TSWV resistance is unclear, all three lineages also show good TSWV resistance. Combining multiple strong resistances in high-performing lines enables major reductions in plant protection products, greater grower profitability, and improved product quality.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Dong A, Hopkins M, Bertioli D, Leal-Bertioli S The Art of Resistance: Utilizing a nascent wild hybrid as a new source of resistance to early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola) in cultivated peanut. Georgia Aspiring Plant Pathologists Meeting. Savannah, Georgia. March 4-6, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Leal-Bertioli S.C.M. Simpson C.E. Moretzsohn M.C., Valls J.F.M., Bertioli. D.J. The migrations of Arachis stenosperma  from the Brazilian far west to multi-resistant peanuts in three continents. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Bertioli DJ. Widening the genetic base of peanut using wild species  success stories. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Lamon S., Tonnis B.D., Holton R. Leal-Bertioli S., Bertioli. D. 2024. Seeds of Trust: A Legacy of Purity in the Peanut Industry. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Barnes E.C., Brenneman T., Brown N., Leal-Bertioli S.C., Bertioli D. Wild Species Arachis stenosperma Provides a Novel Source of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in High-Yielding Backcross Lines of Cultivated Peanut. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Matusinec DJ, Alyr MH, Hopkins MS, Tsai YC, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ. Searching for stem rot resistance: could A. microsperma have a macro impact? 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Gomis J, Kane A, Diop CA, Sambou A, Tossim HA, Seye M, Djiboune R, Bertioli D, Bertioli S, Nguepjop J, Rami JF, D. Fonceka. Conversion of early maturing spanish-type peanut variety to resistance to early leaf spot using an Arachis cardenasii derivative line as donor. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Tallury SP, Stigura NE, Simpson, CE; Bertioli DJ; Leal-Bertioli, SCM and Seijo GJ. International treaties and the USDA peanut germplasm collection. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Silva FA, Culbreath AK, Kemerait RC, Leal-Bertioli S, Cantonwine EG, Holbrook CC. Characterization of resistance to leaf spot diseases in different peanut genotypes in field trial and light microscopy studies. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Matusinec DJ, Mounirou HA, Tsai YC, Hopkins MS, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ. Combatting stem rot with wild peanuts. Crops Conference. Huntsville, Alabama, June 3-6, 2024. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Barnes EC, Brenneman T, Brown N, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli D. Wild Species Arachis stenosperma Provides A Novel Source of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in High-Yielding Backcross Lines of Cultivated Peanut. Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, UGA Spring Retreat. May 2024. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Lamon S, Leal-Bertioli SCM. and Bertioli DJ. Does polyploidy favor domestication? Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, UGA Spring Retreat. May 2024. Poster.
  • Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Tsai YC, Brenneman T, Gao D, Chu Y, Lamon S, Bertioli D. Leal-Bertioli SCM. 2024. The identification of the peanut wild relative Arachis stenosperma as a source of resistance to stem rot and analyses of genomic regions conferring disease resistance through QTL Mapping. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1442.
  • Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Leal-Bertioli SCM, de Blas FJ, Chavarro MC, Simpson CE, Valls JFM, Tallury SP, Moretzsohn MC, Custodio AR, Stalker HT, Seijo G, Bertioli DJ. 2024.An analysis of the relationships of the wild peanut species in the taxonomic section Arachis using high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms  a resource for botanical classification, crop improvement and germplasm management. American Journal of Botany. 2024;111:e16357.
  • Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Ball�n-Taborda C, Maharjan N, Hopkins M, Lindsey D, Guimar�es L, Bertioli D, Leal-Bertioli SCM. 2024. A study of pod constriction in a peanut population with mixed wild and cultivated genetics. Crop Science. 2024:1-17.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Gonzales M, Abernathy B, Kemerait R Jr, Bertioli DJ, Brewer M and Leal-Bertioli SCM. 2024. Chromosome-level genome sequence resource of Nothopassalora personata (syn. Cercosporidium personatum), a devastating fungal pathogen of peanut. Phytofrontiers.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: 5. Bomireddy, D., Sharma, V., Leal-Bertioli, S., Fonceka, D., Bhat, R. S., Liao, B., Kommana, M., Jiang, H., Wang, J., Bera, S. K., Huang L, Wang X, Pandey MK. 2024. Exploiting Arachis Wild Relatives for Increasing Genetic Diversity and Resilience in Groundnut. In Legume Crop Wild Relatives (1st ed., pp. 27). CRC Press.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Srinivasan, R., Abney, M., Culbreath, A., & Bertioli, S. (2024). Interactions between tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus and its vector in peanut genotypes: host resistance mechanisms and implications. In XII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PLANT BUNYAVIRICETES AND THEIR VECTORS. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Maharjan N, Leal-Bertioli SCM. and Bertioli DJ. Survey and deep sequence characterization of peanut viruses in Georgia, USA. Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, UGA Spring Retreat. May 2024. Poster.


Progress 05/01/23 to 04/30/24

Outputs
Target Audience:In this second year, three main audiences were targeted and reached by our efforts: Farmers and other sectors of the industry -two Field Days were organized at the UGA Southeast Georgia Research and Education Center, in Midville GA, on July 10 and August 09, 2023. Around 45 and 75 people were present on each respective date. One field day was organized at the ATTA September 23, 2023. Research scientists and breeders - several joint activities to facilitate discussions were conducted in UGA Athens and partners' labs. Meetings with the partners at NCSU were conducted on line. Students -mentoring of students focused on experimental design, critical thinking, and practical skills. Students in the Athens and Tifton UGA campuses and NCSU students were involved. APRES was the main venue for scientific interactions. Other meetings were also important, such as AABG, in Huntsville, Alabama. The information obtained in the second year of this project was disseminated in various communications: six posters and 14 oral presentations in five different domestic and one international conference and one university organized retreats. Five manuscripts were published in refereed journals. The conferences were attended by a diverse audience, including graduate and undergraduate students, peanut farmers, extensionists, research scientists, legume research scientists, university professors, members of the peanut industry, stakeholders, and governing bodies. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project is providing opportunity for the training of graduate and undergraduate students. UGA graduate students had three senior author publications. One MS student Alexi Dong transitioned to PhD, as the results were excellent. Three other PhD students are also involved in the activities of this project:, Samuele Lamon, Emile Barnes and Daniel Matusinek. The students attended the following conferences: AAGB (Huntsville, AL), 56thAnnual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (Oklahoma City) Plant Health 2023, the Annual Meeting of the Georgia Association of Plant Pathologists (Savannah, GA) and Crops (Huntsville, AL). Four students were awarded five prozes: Dan Matusinek got the second prize for poster presentation at AAGB, YC Tsai received the award for best graduate publication at Plant Pathology Department (UGA) for 2023, Alexi Dong received the second prize for graduate oral presentation at the GAPP, and at APRES, Emile Barnes received the first prize for graduate oral presentation at APRES (Joe Sugg competition). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The information obtained in this second year of project was disseminated in various communications: posters and oral presentations in different conferences. The conferences were attended by a range of audiences, including graduate and undergraduate students, peanut farmers, extensionists, research scientists, legume research scientists, university professors, members of the peanut industry, stakeholders and governing bodies. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? ? Objective 1- long-term - Building a Structured Arachis Neotetraploid Core Collection New primary crosses were done this year. Two accessions of Arachis magna and A. batizocoi from unsampled clades were chosen for crosses with accessions of A. stenosperma, A. kuhlmannii and A. cardenasii also from previsouly unsamples clades, as well as with species that hadn't been used in crosses yet (A. hertzogii and A. schinini). The following hybrids (crossed made in 2023) are now being colchicine treated in greenhouse: A. magna PI 599183 x A. stenosperma PI 599186 A. magna PI 599183 x A. kuhlmannii V 9214 A. magna PI 599183 x A. cardenasii PI 476993 A. magna PI 599183 x A. hertzogii PI 476008 A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. kuhlmannii PI 666089 A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. schinini V 9923 A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. stenosperma PI 599186 A. magna GK30097 x A. diogoi V10602 The following hybrids were colchicine treated and now are being tested to confirm genome duplication: A. gregoryi V 6389 x A. cardenasii PI 688945 A. gregoryi V 6389 x A. cardenasii PI 476013 A. ipaensis GK 30076 x A. duranensis GK 30065 A. duranensis GK 30065 x A. ipaensis GK 30076. Previously created allotetraploids continue to be maintained in greenhouse for phenotyping and seed multiplication. New allotetraploids obtained in 2024: BatSten2: [A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. stenosperma PI 599186]4x MagSten5 [A. magna PI 599183 x A. stenosperma PI 599186]4x Objective 2- Medium term - Map and introgress resistance to pests and diseases from chromosomal wild segments into peanut elite lines. Activity i) Crosses neotetraploids x peanut As an initial phase for introgression, allotetraploids were crossed with cultivated peanut. This year, several were backcrossed:IAC 321 x MagDio1, Fleur11 x MagDio1, GA-06G x MagDio1 and GA-06G x ValMicro1. The population F2 IAC 321 x MagDio1 is being multiplied to advance generations for population mapping. The neotetraploids MagDio1,MagHoe1, ValMicro1 and MagSten were used for crosses with Ga-adapted cultivar GA-06G (the most grown cultivar in GA) and IAC 321, and the advanced line 13-1014 (highly productive and with partial resistance to TSWV. They are also being crossed with drought tolerant cultivar Fleur11). Hybrids were confirmed and are being advanced. Activity ii) Mapping of ELS and Rust resistance in BatSten BC3F2and MagSten3 BC3F3material ELS and LLS - in vitro studies.Using a detached leaf assay, we identified a segment on chromosome A06 derived fromA. stenospermathat is related to resistance to early leaf spot. This segment was also found in wild-derived resistant plants in a collaborator's field in Brazil.The identified QTL for ELS and LLS are being validated, and allele-specific PCR markerPACE (PCR allele competitive extension) were developed.We hope to validate these molecular markers in the 2023/2024 season. The plants with these segments were evaluated in Midville and Tifton in 2023. Progeny from F3 individuals derived from elite breeding lines and the tetraploid hybrid [A. valida and A. stenosperma]4x selected in single plant field trials in Midville in the 2019 and 2020 seasons were planted in field conditions for a further round of selection in the 2021 season. Selection was based on disease resistance, vigor and agronomically adapted characteristics. Under no spray conditions, over ten lineages had higher productivity than GA-06G, TifGuard and 5-646-10. Lines derived from Val Sten: TVS-10-13-2-MR, TVS-81-60-4-MR, TVS-56-4-MR, TVS-39-4-6-MR, TVS-24-36-10-MR and lines drived from BatSten: 158_B_10-MR, 95_C_3-MR, 170_A_1-MR, 2_B_10-MR, 54_B_1-MR, 54_B_4-MR, 107_B_11-MR, 158_B_1-MR were tested in Tifton under no spray conditions (under Dr Culbreath supervision). Controls were: IAC-322 (Sempre Verde) and CB-2 (resistant to LLS), GA-06G, GA-13M and TUFRunner-511 (susceptible to LLS). Several RBS and TVS lines had comparable resistance to the resistant controls, with the advantage of presenting added resistance to TSWV. These lines were genotyped to confirm the presence of wild segments. In a preliminary study, eight synthetic wild allotetraploid hybrids were phenotyped for disease resistance to peanut early leaf spot. Of the allotetraploids screened, four genotypes had strong resistance - MagDio1, ValMicro1, MagnaKuhlmannii, and MagnaHoehnei1. Frome these genotypes, ValMicro1 was selected to create an F2population, as this hybrid readily crossed with cultivated peanut. An F2population derived from a cross between ValMicro1 with 13-1014 (a cultivated peanut line) was created. 200 F2seeds were planted in a greenhouse along with the wild parents (Arachis validaPI 666103andArachis microspermaGrif 15116), allotetraploid parents (ValMicro1 and 13-1014) and a susceptible cultivated control (GA-06G). Phenotypic disease resistance in the was evaluated with in-vitro detached leaf bioassays. Disease resistance was determined by evaluating the total number of lesions and sporulating lesions per leaf area developed over time. Five replicates of each genotype were inoculated and tested in two detached leaf bioassay trials. After phenotyping the plants, the population was genotyped with a 48K SNP array to identify loci associated with resistance and susceptibility observed. A resistance locus on chromosome A04 and a susceptibility locus on chromosome A09 were identified. The potential for introgressing the identified resistance locus within this ValMicro1 population into cultivated peanut is promising and will aid in improving peanut disease resistance, thus reducing yield losses due to early leaf spot. Objective 3- Short term - incorporate and combine late, early leaf spot and root-knot nematode resistance loci in advanced germplasm and cultivars In this objective: (1) advanced lines with the segment A02 of A. stenosperma were planted in a nematode infested field in Attapulgus. Peanut plants that carried the segment showed near immunity to the RKN and had comparable yields to the elite cultivars under no nematode pressure.. This is a very significant result. These lines were taken to Preliminaty Yield Trials and we envisage that they will be used for cultivar release in the near future. TheA. cardenasii-derived segments that confer resistance to LLS are also being transferred to the cultivar Bailey, mostly grown in North Carolina with moderate resistance to ELS, derived from a differentA. cardenasiisegment. Crosses were made between Bailey and IAC321 (a sister line of 322). Hybrids were confirmed using KASP markers all segments. Hybrids were crossed with Bailey and with TifNV-High O/L. Thirty-two BC1 lines obtained and confirmed using KASP markers. A first round of in vitro assays suggests that the incorporation of the longer segment on A02 together with the A03 from IAC321 increase resistance to LLS whilst maintaining resistance to ELS on the cultivar Bailey. Originating from the three-way cross of Bailey II, TifNV HO, and IAC 321, ~192 F5plants have been fixed for fourA. cardenasiidisease resistance introgressions (Chromosome 2, 8, 9, and 13) plus the high oleic trait. Following a greenhouse seed increase, plants were selected based on pod sizes consistent with the Virginia market type. All 156 F5:6selections were sent to the Peanut Winter Nursery Program in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico for bulk seed selection in the F5:7and entered preliminary testing in 2024.These lines have been fixed for the four disease resistance introgressions plus the high oleic trait. These lines were increased in the 2023-24 winter nursery and are currently entered in preliminary trials and further seed increases in summer 2024 at the Peanut Belt Research Station (PBRS) in Lewiston-Woodville, NC. In addition, 41 F5-derived lines from the cross of Bailey 2 by IAC322 are fixed for three disease introgressions and advanced to the same stages as described above.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Leal-Bertioli SCM, de Blas FJ, Chavarro MC, Simpson CE, Valls JFM, Tallury SP, Moretzsohn MC, Custodio AR, Stalker HT, Seijo G, Bertioli DJ. 2024. An analysis of the relationships of the wild peanut species in the taxonomic section Arachis using high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms  a resource for botanical classification, crop improvement and germplasm management. American Journal of Botany. 2024;111:e16357. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16357
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Gonzales M, Abernathy B, Kemerait R Jr, Bertioli DJ, Brewer M and Leal-Bertioli SCM. 2024. Chromosome-level genome sequence resource of Nothopassalora personata (syn. Cercosporidium personatum), a devastating fungal pathogen of peanut. Phytofrontiers. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-10-23-0135-A.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Chen Y-J, Pandey S, Catto M, Leal-Bertioli S, Abney MR, Bag S, Hopkins M, Culbreath A and Srinivasan R. 2023. Evaluation of wild peanut species and their allotetraploids for resistance against thrips and thrips-transmitted Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus (TSWV). Pathogens 12: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091102
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Chen Y-J, Catto M, Pandey S, Leal-Bertioli S, Abney MR, Hunt, BG, Bag S, Culbreath A. and Srinivasan R. 2023. Characterization of gene expression patterns in respose to an orthotospovirus infection between two diploid peanut species and their hybrid. 2023. Frontiers in Plant Science. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1270531.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Newman, C.S., Andres, R.J., Youngblood, R.C., Campbell, J.D., Simpson, S.A., Cannon, S.B., Scheffler, B.E., Oakley, A.T., Hulse-Kemp, A.M. and Dunne, J.C., 2023. Initiation of genomics-assisted breeding in Virginia-type peanuts through the generation of a de novo reference genome and informative markers. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, p.1073542.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Dong A, Hopkins M, Bertioli D, Leal-Bertioli S The Art of Resistance: Utilizing a nascent wild hybrid as a new source of resistance to early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola) in cultivated peanut. Georgia Aspiring Plant Pathologists Meeting. Savannah, Georgia. March 4-6, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Matusinec DJ, Mounirou HA, Tsai YC, Hopkins MS, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ. Combatting stem rot with wild peanuts. Crops Conference. Huntsville, Alabama, June 3-6, 2024. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Leal-Bertioli S & Bertioli D. Wild species and genomic tools: a remarkable combination. 12th International Conference of the Peanut International Community on Advances in Arachis through genetics and genomics. AAGB. Huntsville, Alabama, Oct 16-19, 2023. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Bertioli D, de Blas F, Abernathy B, Leal-Bertioli S. 2023. A comprehensive analysis of the origin of peanut. 12th International Conference of the Peanut International Community on Advances in Arachis through genetics and genomics. AAGB. Huntsville, Alabama, Oct 16-19, 2023. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Matusinec D, De Blas FJ, Costello K, Hopkins MS, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ. Harnessing mass-genotyping data for efficient wild-cultivated peanut hybridization. 12th International Conference of the Peanut International Community on Advances in Arachis through genetics and genomics. AAGB. Huntsville, Alabama, Oct 16-19, 2023. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Alyr MH, Leal-Bertioli S, Bertioli D. Identification of a QTL for rust resistance on chromosome 18 in an interspecific population involved synthetic allotetraploid (A. stenosperma x A. magna)4x. 12th International Conference of the Peanut International Community on Advances in Arachis through genetics and genomics. AAGB. Huntsville, Alabama, Oct 16-19, 2023. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Dong A, Hopkins M, Bertioli D, Leal-Bertioli S.Utilizing a nascent wild hybrid as a new source of resistance to early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola) in cultivated peanut. Plant Health 2023. Denver, Colorado, August 12-16, 2023. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Leal-Bertioli S.C.M. Simpson C.E. Moretzsohn M.C., Valls J.F.M., Bertioli. D.J. The migrations of Arachis stenosperma  from the Brazilian far west to multi-resistant peanuts in three continents. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Bertioli DJ. Widening the genetic base of peanut using wild species  success stories. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Lamon S., Tonnis B.D., Holton R. Leal-Bertioli S., Bertioli. D. 2024. Seeds of Trust: A Legacy of Purity in the Peanut Industry. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Barnes E.C., Brenneman T., Brown N., Leal-Bertioli S.C., Bertioli D. Wild Species Arachis stenosperma Provides a Novel Source of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in High-Yielding Backcross Lines of Cultivated Peanut. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Matusinec DJ, Alyr MH, Hopkins MS, Tsai YC, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli DJ. Searching for stem rot resistance: could A. microsperma have a macro impact? 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Gomis J, Kane A, Diop CA, Sambou A, Tossim HA, Seye M, Djiboune R, Bertioli D, Bertioli S, Nguepjop J, Rami JF, D. Fonceka. Conversion of early maturing spanish-type peanut variety to resistance to early leaf spot using an Arachis cardenasii derivative line as donor. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Tallury SP, Stigura NE, Simpson, CE; Bertioli DJ; Leal-Bertioli, SCM and Seijo GJ. International treaties and the USDA peanut germplasm collection. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Silva FA, Culbreath AK, Kemerait RC, Leal-Bertioli S, Cantonwine EG, Holbrook CC. Characterization of resistance to leaf spot diseases in different peanut genotypes in field trial and light microscopy studies. 56th annual meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July 9-11, 2024. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Maharjan N, Leal-Bertioli SCM. and Bertioli DJ. Survey and deep sequence characterization of peanut viruses in Georgia, USA. Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, UGA Spring Retreat. May 2024. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Barnes EC, Brenneman T, Brown N, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Bertioli D. Wild Species Arachis stenosperma Provides A Novel Source of Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in High-Yielding Backcross Lines of Cultivated Peanut. Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, UGA Spring Retreat. May 2024. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2024 Citation: Lamon S, Leal-Bertioli SCM. and Bertioli DJ. Does polyploidy favor domestication? Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, UGA Spring Retreat. May 2024. Poster.


Progress 05/01/22 to 04/30/23

Outputs
Target Audience:In this first year, three main audiences were targeted and reached by our efforts: Farmers and other sectors of the industry -two Field Days were organized at the UGA Southeast Georgia Research and Education Center, in Midville GA, on July 10 and August 09, 2023. Around 45 and 75 people were present on each respective date. Research scientists and breeders - several joint activities to facilitate discussions were conducted in UGA Athens and partners' labs. Meetings with the partners at NCSU were conducted on line. Students -mentoring of students focused on experimental design, critical thinking, and practical skills. Students in the Athens and Tifton UGA campuses and NCSU students were involved. APRES was the main venue for scientific interactions. The information obtained in the first year of this project was disseminated in various communications: four posters and six oral presentations in four different domestic conferences. Five manuscripts were published in refereed journals. The conferences were attended by a diverse audience, including graduate and undergraduate students, peanut farmers, extensionists, research scientists, legume research scientists, university professors, members of the peanut industry, stakeholders, and governing bodies. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project is providing opportunity for the training of graduate and undergraduate students. Two UGA graduate students have finalized their theses successfully, obtaining a PhD degree: Maricel Gonzales and Wendy Tsai from the University of Georgia, and had senior author publications. Now, they are both post-doctoral associates. One MS student and three other PhD students are also involved in the activities of this project: Alexi Dong, Samuele Lamon, Emile Barnes and Daniel Matusinek. The students attended the following conferences: 55thAnnual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (Savannah, GA) Plant Health 2022, PAG 2023 and Annual Meeting of the Georgia Association of Plant Pathologists. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The information obtained in this second year of project was disseminated in various communications: posters and oral presentations in different conferences. The conferences were attended by a range of audiences, including graduate and undergraduate students, peanut farmers, extensionists, research scientists, legume research scientists, university professors, members of the peanut industry, stakeholders and governing bodies. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1- long-term - Building a Structured Arachis Neotetraploid Core Collection New primary crosses were done this year. An accession of Arachis magna was chosen from a clade that had not been previously sampled: PI 599183. Similarly, the accession PI 666081ofA. batizocoiwas chosen for crosses. CROSSES MADE: A. magna PI 599183 x A. stenosperma PI 599186 A. magna PI 599183 x A. kuhlmannii V 9214 A. magna PI 599183 x A. cardenasii PI 476993 A. magna PI 599183 x A. hertzogii PI 476008 A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. kuhlmannii PI 666089 A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. schinini V 9923 A. batizocoi PI 666081 x A. stenosperma PI 599186 A. magna GK30097 x A. diogoi V10602 Colchicine-treated cuttings are being maintained in greenhouse. We hope that in a 8-12 months at least half of these crosses will generate tetraploid plants. Previously created allotetraploids continue to be maintained in greenhouse for phenotyping and seed multiplication: Tetraploid NameCross MagHoe1A. magna GK30092 x A. hoehnei PI 666086 MagHoe2A. magna V13752 x A. hoehnei PI 666086 MagHoe3A. magna V13752 x A. hoehnei V9094 ValMicro1A. valida PI 666103 x A. microsperma Grif 15116 ValMicro2A. valida PI 666102 x A. microsperma Grif 15116 BatKemp1A. batizocoi K9484 x A. kempff-mercadoi PI 468330 BatKemp2A. batizocoi Pi 468325 x A. kempff-mercadoi PI 468330 BatKemp3A. batizocoi K9484 x A. kempff-mercadoi PI 468334 CruSim1A. cruziana Grif 14257 x A. simpsonii Grif 14534 CruSim2A. cruziana PI 476003 x A. simpsonii Grif 14534 MagKuhl1A. magna PI 599184 x A. kuhlmannii PI 476108 IpaDur4A. ipaensis GK30076 x A. duranensis V14167 A few allotetraploids were planted in Midville. However, as expected, they are not adapted and a few did not survive the environment. These plants carry beneficial alleles for introgression but do not have a suitable adapted background. Plants that are showing strong vigor in the field in the 2023 season: IpaCor1, ValMicro1, MagDur1. Twenty-four neotetraploids were planted in the greenhouses of the North Carolina State University peanut breeding program in Raleigh, NC. Five failed to germinate and flow cytometry was performed on the remaining 19 (Table 1). Two were found to be diploid and discarded, one was classified as an aneuploid. Twelve were confirmed as tetraploids. Three neotetraploids (highlighted in green; Table 1) were selected based off subjective selection of flowering rate in the greenhouse and seed set. These three, along with the neotetraploid 'ValSten1' (A. validaPI 468154 xA. stenospermaV10309), were sequenced to 10X depth using Illumina short read sequencing prior to alignment to the Bailey II genome for variant calling. Short nameAccessions IpaDur1[A. ipaënsis KG30076 x A. duranensis 14167]4x MagSten2[A. magna K30092 x A. stenosperma 410]4x MagSten1[A. magna K30097 x A. stenosperma V10309]4x IpaSten 1[A. ipaënsis KG30076 x A. stenosperma V10309]4x BatSten1[A. batizocoi K9484 x A. stenosperma V10309]4x IpaCor2[A. ipaënsis KG30076 x A. correntina G9530]4x IpaDur3[A. ipaensis KG30076 x A. duranensis 30060]4x GreSten1[A. gregoryi 6389 x A. stenosperma V10309]4x BatDur2[A. batizocoi K9484 x A. duranensis sesn2848]4x IpaSten2[A. ipaënsis KG30076 x A. stenosperma 410]4x IpaCor1[A. ipaënsis KG30076 x A. correntina V9548]4x IpaCor2[A. ipaënsis KG30076 x A. correntina V9530]4x Objective 2- Medium term - Map and introgress resistance to pests and diseases from chromosomal wild segments into peanut elite lines. Activity i) Crosses neotetraploids x peanut As an initial phase for introgression, allotetraploids were crossed with cultivated peanut: Activity ii) Mapping of ELS and Rust resistance in BatSten BC3F2and MagSten3 BC3F3material ELS and LLS - in vitro studies.Using a detached leaf assay, we identified a segment on chromosome A06 derived fromA. stenospermathat is related to resistance to early leaf spot. This segment was also found in wild-derived resistant plants in a collaborator's field in Brazil.The identified QTL for ELS and LLS are being validated, and allele-specific PCR markerPACE (PCR allele competitive extension) were developed.We hope to validate these molecular markers in the 2023/2024 season. The plants with these segments are being evaluated in Midville in 2023. Objective 3- Short term - incorporate and combine late, early leaf spot and root-knot nematode resistance loci in advanced germplasm and cultivars MARICELs summary TheA. cardenasii-derived segments that confer resistance to LLS are also being transferred to the cultivar Bailey. Bailey is mostly grown in North Carolina and has moderate resistance to ELS, derived from a different introgressed segments ofA. cardenasii. Pyramiding all segments has the potential to generate a cultivar that has stronger resistances to both leaf spots. Crosses were made betweenBailey and IAC321 (a sister line of 322). Hybrids were confirmed using KASP markers all segments. Hybrids were crossed with Bailey and withTifNV-High O/L. Thirty-two BC1 lines obtained and confirmed using KASP markers. A first round of in vitro assays suggests that the incorporation of the longer segment on A02 together with the A03 from IAC321 increase resistance to LLS whilst maintaining resistance to ELS on the cultivar Bailey. NC: Originating from the three-way cross of Bailey II, TifNV HO, and IAC 321, ~192 plants in the F5generation have been fixed for fourA. cardenasiidisease resistance introgressions (Chromosome 2, 8, 9, and 13) plus the high oleic trait. Following a greenhouse seed increase, plants will be selected based on pod sizes consistent with the Virginia market type. All qualifying F5:6selections will be sent to the Peanut Winter Nursery Program in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico for bulk seed selection in the F5:7and will be entered into preliminary testing in 2024 and advanced yield trials in 2025. Breeding lines representing the runner-type market that are not selected for the winter nursery program will enter F6progeny rows for further seed increase in summer 2024 prior to beginning preliminary yield trials in 2025 and advanced yield trials in 2026. There are an additional ~200 plants in the F4generation nearing fixation at these five loci as they advance through the marker-assisted selection (MAS) pipeline.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Moretzsohn MC, Santos JF, Moraes ARA, Cust�dio AR, Michelotto MD, Mahrajan N, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Godoy IJ, Bertioli DJ. 2023. Marker-assisted introgression of wild chromosome segments conferring resistance to fungal foliar diseases into peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Frontiers in Plant Sciences. 14. doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1139361.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Tsai YC, Brenneman T, Holbrook CC, Chu Y, Ozias-Akins P, Bertioli D. Leal-Bertioli SCM. 2023. Development of a greenhouse method to evaluate peanut resistance to Athelia rolfsii. Phytofrontiers doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-06-22-0069-TA.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gonzales, M.C. 2023. Discovery and pyramiding of wild-derived resistances to peanut early and late leaf spot. PhD Thesis. Department of Plant Pathology. UGA. Athens, GA.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Tsai, Y-C. 2023. The potential of wild species for improving southern stem rot resistance in cultivated peanut and the genome sequence of the causal pathogen. PhD Thesis. Department of Plant Pathology. UGA. Athens, GA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gonzales M.C., Kemerait Jr. R., Bertioli D. J. and Leal-Bertioli S.C.M. 2022. Evaluation of leaf spot resistance in peanut with alleles from the wild species Arachis cardenasii. Plant Health 2022. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. August 6-10, 2022 Poster presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Dong A., Bertioli D.J. Leal-Bertioli, S.C.M. 2022. Identifying resistance to early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola) in nascent allotetraploids cross-compatible with cultivated peanut. Plant Health 2022. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. August 6-10, 2022. Poster presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Lamon, S., Santos, JF, Godoy, IJ, Moretzsohn, MC, Leal-Bertioli, S. Bertioli, DJ. 2023. The landscape of double reduction in peanut, a segmental allotetraploid. PAG 30 - Plant and Animal Genome Conference. Jan 13-18, 2022. San Diego. Poster presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Tsai Y-C. Brenneman T., Bertioli D., De Blas, F., Chu Y., Ozias-Akins P., Bertioli D.J., Leal-Bertioli, SCM. 2023. Quantitative Trait Locus mapping for wild-derived Stem Rot Resistance in Peanut. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Oral Presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Gonzales M.C., Leal-Bertioli S.C.M., Bertioli D.J. 2023. Pyramiding wild species resistances to Early and Late Leaf Spots in elite genetics peanut. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Oral Presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Hopkins M., J. Leverett, M. Gonzales, Yun-Chin Tsai, D. Gao, Bertioli D.J. & S.C.M. Leal-Bertioli. 2023. Description and Charaterization of six allotetraploids derived from the progenitors of peanut Arachis ipaensis and Arachis duranensis. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Oral Presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: De Blas F. J., Bertioli D.J., Abernathy B., Leal-Bertioli S.C.M. 2023. Better understanding Peanuts and its relationship with the Wild relatives. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Oral Presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Silva F.A., Culbreath A.K., Kemerait R.C., Leal-Bertioli S., Cantonwine E.G., Holbrook C.C. 2023. Peanut Leaf Spot Disease Progress based on Lesion Development. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Oral Presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Dong A., Hopkins M., Bertioli D. and Leal-Bertioli S. 2023. Identifying resistance to early leaf spot (Passalora arachidicola) in nascent allotetraploids cross-compatible with cultivated peanut. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Poster Presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2023 Citation: Leal-Bertioli S.C.M. De Blas F., Chavarro M.C.C., Tallury S., Simpson C.E., Seijo G.J., Moretzsohn M.C., Valls J.F.M., Stalker H.T., Bertioli D.J. 2023. Botanically Curated SNP Analyses of Wild Species of the Arachis Section Aids Genebank Curation and Peanut Pre-breeding Programs. 55th Annual Meeting of the American Peanut Research and Education Society. July 11-13, 2023. Savannah, GA. Oral Presentation.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Gonzales M, Kemerait Jr. R, Bertioli D, Leal-Bertioli S. 2022. Wild-derived neotetraploids show strong resistance to peanut Early and Late Leaf Spots. Plant Disease. Jun 24. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-03-22-0721-RE. Epub ahead of print.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Godoy IJ, Santos, JF, Moretzsohn, MC, Moraes, ARA, Michelotto, MD, Bolonhezi, D, Nakayama, FT, Freitas, RS, Bertioli DJ, Leal-Bertioli SCM. 2022. IAC SEMPRE VERDE: a wild-derived peanut cultivar highly resistant to foliar diseases. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology. 22(3): e41252232, 2022.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2022 Citation: Grover CE, Forsythe ES, Sharbrough J, Miller ER, Conover JL, DeTar RA, Chavarro C, Arick II MA, Peterson DG, Leal-Bertioli SCM, Sloan DB, Wendel JF. 2022. Variation in cytonuclear accommodation in diverse polyploid lineages. Genetics, 222:2, iyac118, https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac118.