Progress 05/15/19 to 05/04/22
Outputs
Target Audience:1. Mango Farmers of the south part of the island. 2. Agricultural Federal Agents. 3. Students collaborating in the project. 4. Agricultural general public Efforts: 1. Finish with all monitoring and scouting in differents farms. 2. One of the project's graduate students prepared the final thesis "Hongos pertenecientes a la familia Botyosphareriaceae, asociados a la muerte descendente en mango (Mangifera indica Linn.), luego del huracan Maria en Puerto Rico". 3. The other graduate student finished all statistical analyses and is writing her thesis " Preferencias y factores abióticos que influyen en las poblaciones de diferentes especies de Queresas de las familias Diaspididae, Coccidae, Coccidae y Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) en Cultivares de Mangó (Mangifera indica)". 4. There were different conferences held during the project's duration : a) Species of scale insects in Mango in the South part of Puerto Rico; b) Outbreaks of insects pests and diseases in mango and soursoap; c) Posibles efectos del cambio climático en los incrementos de las querezas en frutales. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project provided a professional opportunity for four students. Two graduate students, of which one has already completed his Master's Degree, and the other one is in progress. Undergraduate students were able to train in insect monitoring and work with climate data sheets and perform correlations. Farmers were provided with an identification guide for scale insect and Botrosphaeria fungi so that they can better identify their problems in the field. Additionally, the field people who will be monitoring these pests and diseases in the field were trained. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this project were disseminated through virtual conferences and field visits to train students and farmers. Additionally, participnats were provided with the field guides of scale insects and Botrosphaeria fungi found, so that they can continue identifying themselves. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Scale insect and diseases infestation is a major concern for mango (Mangifera indica) growers in the southern region of Puerto Rico, given that outbreaks have increased, producing serious economic losses. These changes in population growth may result in variations of geographical distribution, increased overwintering, changes in population growth rates, increases in the number of generations and others (Porter et al., 1991). Overall, a major limitation in tropical fruit production is yield loss caused by insect pests (Ploetz, 2003). Also, atmospheric disturbances caused by storms and hurricanes have severely affected fruit orchards on the island, causing branch breakage or the fall of entire trees, thus increasing the attack of fungal diseases. Scale insects are among the pests that affect different crops; some of these families were previously reported on the island (Medina-Gaud et al., 2003, Cabrera-Asencio and Vélez, 2017). To start to collect the identification data, samples for scale insects and fungi were collected and these are the results obtained: from June 2019 to January 2020, identification of the scale insects present in Keitt mango farms was carried out. Fourteen species were obtained from the leaves, fruits, peduncles and branches of mango trees. The following species were determined to be present: A) Ferrisia virgata and Ferrisia sp.; B) Pseudococcus longispinus; C) Planococcus citri; D)Phalacroccus howertoni; E) Aulacaspis tubercularis; F)Saissetia miranda; G) Ceroplaste stellifer; H) Milviscutulus mangiferae; I) Ceroplaste cirripediformis; J) Philephedratuberculosa; K) Aonidiella orientalis; L) Parasaisetia nigra; M) Pinnaspis strachani; N) Dysmicoccus grassi. Abundance of the diversity of scale insect species: The abundance of scale species collected was diverse within the farms with fluctuations between 568 to 32,576 individuals according to the species and farm. These 14 species belong to three different families which are Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, and Diaspididae. The most abundant species were Pseudococcus longispinus, Ferrisia sp., Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ceroplastes stellifer, Dysmicoccus grassi, and Milviscutulus mangiferae. The most abundant species at Farm 1 were Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ferrisia sp., Pseudococcus longipinus, and Phalacroccus howertoni. On farm 2 the species were Pseudococcus longipinus and Ferrisia virgata, however, with 87% of infestation on fruit , 50 % pedicels, 36% leaves and branches, 27% in trunks. In Farm 3 Ferrisia sp. Ceroplastes stellifer and Dysmicoccus grassi (Fig 2; Fig.3). Finally, Farm 4 had Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ceroplaste stellifer and Milviscutulus mangiferae (Fig.3). We found that Ferrisia virgata was a scale insect present in three farms and in the temperature experiment, the stage of nynph increased when the temperature increased in 30 and 35 Celsius. In the study carried out in Carica papaya and Annona muricata results showed that five different species are found in these fruit trees. In papaya, Philephedra tuberculosa was the one that maintained the highest percentage of infestation (Fig 7). While the temperature that showed the greatest increases in Philephedra tuberculosa was when it increased to 29 C. In the case of the identification of fungi, they were isolated from two commercial varieties of mango: Keitt and Palmer. Symptomatic tissue was collected in two locations in southern Puerto Rico during September and November 2019. The samples were isolated in potato and dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated for 5 days at 25ºC. The observed symptoms were: descending death, gomosis, and necrosis in various organs. 32 (25%) and 34 (39%) of isolates with distinctive mycelial growth of this family were selected for the first and second sampling, respectively. The isolates were classified into eight morphotypes, based on the change of mycelial coloration in PDA after 4 days after transfer (ddt). Growth curves were also developed ( Table 1, Figure 5, Figure 6). The morphotypes showed changes in mycelial hue from white, gray-green, dark gray to black. The growth curves showed that the morphotypes completed their growth in PDA after 2 ddt., establishing in this way two patterns in the rate of mycelial growth, as well as six patterns of coloration. Significant differences were obtained both in the E.E.A. of Juana Díaz and in the private company (Santa Isabel), for the variable severity of symptoms caused by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi. In the interaction month x cultivar x organ (Table 2) for the E.E.A., Juana Díaz, the cultivar 'Keitt' presented a greater presence of branches with dieback, in the months of August and May 2020 with 37.29% severity. The cultivar 'Palmer', showed the lowest level of severity in leaves with leaf spots, during the months of May and September 2020, 3.34% and 2.97%, respectively. The evaluations carried out in the private company, in the interaction month x cultivar x part of the plant (Table 2), the highest level of symptoms was presented in the cultivar 'Keitt' in branches with descending death for the month of August 2020 with 31.75% of severity. The cultivar 'Palmer' presented the lowest level of severity, 5.85%, in leaves with leaf spots during the month of May 2020. With respect to the data on maximum, minimum temperature and precipitation, the highest percentage of stress (28%) occurred during the months of October 2019 and March 2020. The months with the least stress (20%) were November 2019 and August 2020. Table 3 shows the results of the Wilcoxon test that compares the possible differences in mean ranges between maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation with the stress level, finding a high probability between each environmental factor (p < 0.02) with plant stress. The stress reports issued by the company Caribe Drones establish that, for the months of October 2019 and March 2020, the mango trees of the Germplasm Bank of the E.E.A. of Juana Díaz, reached levels of 28%. Temperatures remained between 20 °C and 33 °C (minimum and maximum), while precipitation ranged between 34 and 41 mm. For the months of November 2019 and August 2020, the stress decreased to 20%, registering temperatures between 20 °C and 34 °C, and precipitation of 41 mm and 56 mm, respectively. Water stress is an environmental condition, whose main effect on mango (in periods of water stress) is the interruption of the growth of vegetative flows, preventing terminal buds from reaching physiological maturity to induce flowering in subtropical and tropical climates (CEDEVA , 2017 and Chapilliquen Navarro, 2018). For example, in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) the dieback caused by L. theobromae is associated with water stress in the plants caused by lack of irrigation, favoring mechanical damage or cracking in the grafting areas or any type of wound. Indeed, Marquez (2005), cited by Jurado (2015), mentions that periods of water stress favor the entry of L. theobromae in cocoa. As a result of the six samplings carried out from October 2019 to September 2020, a total of 687 isolates were obtained, of which 228 isolates were related to plant tissue with dieback. This corresponds to 33% of the total isolates obtained (Table 4). The following species are reported for the first time: a) L. caatinguensis with moderate virulence causing downward dieback of mango worldwide; b) L. crassispora with moderate virulence associated with branch gummosis worldwide; c) N. umdonicola with moderate virulence causing leaf spot and gummosis in mango stems worldwide; d) L. iraniensis as a highly virulent pathogen causing dieback, leaf spot, necrosis, and gummosis in mango stems in Puerto Rico; e) L. hormozganensis as a highly virulent pathogen causing dieback and gummosis in mango stems in Puerto Rico; f) N. mangiferae as a highly virulent pathogen causing dieback and leaf spot on mango in Puerto Rico.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Cabrera I., L. Rivera, A. Quimbita , V.Gonz�lez , 2021. Gu�a: Queresas en Mangifera indica, Annona muricaca y Carica papaya. Publication 1. Lajas, PR: 3A Press. 46 p.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Quimbita A., L. Rivera. I. Cabrera,V.G�nzalez. 2021. Lasiodiplodia spp. y Neofusicoccum spp., hongos responsables de enfermedades en mang� (Mangifera indica). Publication 1. Lajas, PR: 3A Press. 37p.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Quimbita-Reyes, A.M., L.I. Rivera-Vargas, I. Cabrera-Asencio and Luz M. Serrato-Diaz. 2021. First report of Lasiodiplodia caatinguensis causing dieback of mango (Mangifera indica). Plant Diseases. Note Report accepted: PDIS-01-22-0149-PDN.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2022
Citation:
Cabrera I., R. Tirado, J. Salinas, C. Reyes. Outbreak of scale insect in Mangifera indica, Annona muricata and Carica papaya after atmospheric event. Under review.
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Progress 05/15/20 to 05/14/21
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience: 1. Mango farmers of the southern part of the island. 2. Agricultural federal agents. 3. Students collaborating on the project. ?Efforts: 1. Scouting and Monitoring days: We provided monthly training sessions in monitoring scale insects to: (1) three mango farmers ;( 2) one or two agronomists per month per farm; 3) three employees monitoring insects on farms. 2. Conference: We gave one training conference to the agricultural federal agents of APHIS PPQ on the identification of scale insects in mango: Species of Scale Insects in Mango in the Southern Region of Puerto Rico was attended by 24 agents. 3. Conference: We held one training conference for students, technicians, and professors collaborating on the project: Outbreaks of insect pests and diseases of tropical fruits after the atmospheric disturbances caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. Seven people attended. 4. Conference: We gave one conference to the Puerto Rico Science, Technology & Research Trust for farmers, scientists and professors: "Posibles efectos del cambio climático en los incrementos de poblaciones insectiles: Incrementos de queresas en frutales en la costa sur de Puerto Rico. (Potential effects of climate change in the increase of insect populations: Increases of scales in fruits in the southern region of Puerto Rico). Attended by 50 people in October 2020. Changes/Problems:Different situations have occurred in Puerto Rico affecting our ability to take samples. Data collection was delayed by two months because of earthquakes that occurred on the island in January 2020. Additionally, the coronavirus pandemic has limited us in collecting data. Due to these circumstances, we request an extension to collect the data needed to complete the project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to identify the scale insects and fungi and determine the infestation rate of scale insects in other cultivars of mango, as well as study the interaction of both pests, particularly Pseudococcidae and Bothryosphaeriae fungi, carry out molecular identification of Bothryosphaeriae fungi, determine the increase in population of scale insects during the year, and also report on scale insects and disease in soursop.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Scale insect and disease infestation is a major concern for mango (Mangifera indica) growers in the southern region of Puerto Rico, given that in recent years outbreaks have increased, producing serious economic losses. These changes in population growth may be a result of variations in geographical distribution, increased overwintering, changes in population growth rates, increases in the number of generations and other factors. Overall, a major limitation in tropical fruit production is yield loss caused by insect pests. Also, the atmospheric disturbances caused by storms and hurricanes have severely affected the fruit orchards on the island, causing branch breakage or the fall of entire trees, thus increasing the attacks of fungal diseases. Scale insects are among the pests that affect many crops; some of these families were previously reported on the island (Medina-Gaud et al., 2003, Cabrera-Asencio and Vélez, 2017). To gather identification data, we began with the collection of samples for scale insects and fungi. From June 2019 to January 2020, we worked on the identification of the scale insects present in Keitt mango farms. During that period, fourteen species were obtained from the leaves, fruits, peduncles and branches of mango trees. As a result, the following species were determined to be present: A) Ferrisia virgata and Ferrisia sp.; B) Pseudococcus longispinus; C) Planococcus citri; D) Phalacroccus howertoni; E) Aulacaspis tubercularis; F) Saissetia miranda; G) Ceroplaste stellifer; H) Milviscutulus mangiferae; I) Ceroplaste cirripediformis; J) Philephedra tuberculosa; K) Aonidiella orientalis; L) Parasaisetia nigra; M) Pinnaspis strachani; N) Dysmicoccus grassi. The abundance of scale species collected varied within the farms with fluctuations between 568 and 32,576 individuals, depending on the species and the farm. The 14 species identified belong to three families: Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, and Diaspididae. The most abundant species overall were Pseudococcus longispinus, Ferrisia sp., Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ceroplastes stellifer, Dysmicoccus grassi, and Milviscutulus mangiferae. The most abundant species on Farm 1 were Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ferrisia sp., Pseudococcus longipinus, and Phalacroccus howertoni. On Farm 2 the most copious species were Pseudococcus longipinus and Ferrisia virgata; however, on Farm 3, Ferrisia sp., Ceroplastes stellifer and Dysmicoccus grassi were most abundant. Finally, Farm 4 led with Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ceroplaste stellifer and Milviscutulus mangiferae. For fungi identification, samples were isolated from two commercial varieties of mango: Keitt and Palmer. Symptomatic tissue was collected in two locations in southern Puerto Rico during September and November 2019. The samples were isolated in potato and dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated for 5 days at 25 degrees C. The symptoms observed were descending death, gomosis, and necrosis in various organs. Thirty-two (25%) and 34 (39%) isolates with distinctive mycelial growth of this family were selected for the first and second sampling, respectively. The isolates were classified into eight morphotypes, based on the change of mycelial coloration in PDA 4 days after transfer (ddt). Growth curves were also developed. The morphotypes showed changes in mycelial hue from white, gray-green, dark gray to black. The growth curves showed that the morphotypes completed their growth in PDA 2 ddt. In this way we established two patterns in the rate of mycelial growth, as well as six patterns of coloration. We will continue to identify the scale insects and fungi and infestation rate of scale insects in other cultivars of mango, the interaction of both pests, and how they increase during the year. Additionally, we will identify scale insects in soursop and papaya. In the study carried out in Carica papaya, we found five different species present in this fruit tree, in which Philephedra tuberculosa maintained the highest percentage of infestation. Meanwhile, the greatest increase in Philephedra tuberculosa occurred at a temperature of 29 degrees C. The disease severity evaluated in the two mango cultivars appears to be higher in the Keitt cultivar. The species of Botrosfaeria present are determined using molecular identification. Students are also doing pathogenicity tests. Pathogenicity studies in soursop began in March 2021 with the different fungi found and will be extended until September of this year.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Tirado R., I. Cabrera, A.V�lez, J. Salinas and C. Reyes. 2019. Preliminary Data: Diversity of Scale Insect Species at Mango Farms in Southern Puerto Rico. Proceedings Annual SOPCA Meeting.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Irma Cabrera. 2019. Species of Scale Insect in Mango in the South Part of Puerto Rico. USDA APHIS PPQ.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Irma Cabrera. 2019.Outbreaks of insect pests and diseases of tropical fruits after the atmospheric disturbances caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. Agricultural Experiment Station Juana Diaz.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Irma Cabrera. 2020. Posibles efectos del cambio clim�tico en los incrementos de poblaciones insectiles: Incrementos de queresas en frutales en la costa sur de Puerto Rico. Annual PR Science & Technology & Reseach Trust Meeting.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Alexis Quimbita. 2021. Patogenicidad de hongos Botryosphaeriacea. Phytopathology Lab. Month Meeting. Agriscience Department UPRM. Enero 28.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2021
Citation:
Alexis Quimbita. 2021. Hongos responsables de muerte descendente en mang� en Puerto Rico. March. Feria de investigaciones UPRM.
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Progress 05/15/19 to 05/14/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience: 1. Mango farmers of the south part of the island 2. Agricultural Federal Agents 3. Students collaborated in the project. Efforts: 1. Scouting and Monitoring days: We are providing monthly training in monitoring scale insect: (1) 3 Mango farmers ;( 2) one or two agronomist per month per farm; 3) 3 employees monitoring insects in farms. 2. Conference : We provided one training conference to the agricultural federal agents APHIS PPQ in identification of scale insects in mango: Species of Scale Insect in Mango in the South Part of Puerto Rico, Attended 24 persons ( see photo) 3. Conference: We delivered one training conference to students, technicians, and a professor to collaborate in the project: Outbreaks of insect pests and diseases of tropical fruits after the atmospheric disturbances caused by Hurricane Mari?a in Puerto Rico. Attended 7 people. Changes/Problems:Different conditions have occurred in Puerto Rico that have affected our taking of samples. A situation that has affected our data collection has been an earthquake that occurred on the island in January 2020; this delayed the data collection for two months. Additionally, the coronavirus pandemic has limited us to continue with the data collection. Because of these situations, we are requesting that this project be extended for another year to collect the data that has been affected. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to identify the scale insect and fungi and infestation rate of scale insect in others cultivars of mango, interaction of both pests especially Pseudococcidae and Bothryosphaeriae fungi, molecular identification of Bothryosphaeriae fungi, and the increase population of scale insect during the year. Additionally we will identify the scale insects in soursop and papaya.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Scale insect and diseases infestation is a major concern for mango (Mangifera indica) growers in the southern region of Puerto Rico, given that in recent years outbreaks have increased, producing serious economic losses. These changes in population growth may result in variations of geographical distribution, increased overwintering, changes in population growth rates, increases in the number of generations and others (Porter et al., 1991). Overall, a major limitation in tropical fruit production is yield loss caused by insect pests (Ploetz, 2003). Also, the atmospheric disturbances caused by storms and hurricanes have severely affected the fruit orchards on the island, causing branch breakage or the fall of entire trees, thus increasing the attack of fungal diseases. Scale insects are among the pests that affect different crops; some of these families were previously reported on the island (Medina-Gaud et al., 2003, Cabrera-Asencio and Vélez, 2017). To start to collect the identification data, we started with the collection of samples for scale insects and fungi, and these are the results obtained: from June 2019 to January 2020, identification of the scale insects present in Keitt mango farms was carried out. Consequently, fourteen species were obtained from the leaves, fruits, peduncles and branches of mango trees during these months. As a result, the following species were determined to be present: A) Ferrisia virgata and Ferrisia sp.; B) Pseudococcus longispinus; C) Planococcus citri; D)Phalacroccus howertoni; E) Aulacaspis tubercularis; F)Saissetia miranda; G) Ceroplaste stellifer; H) Milviscutulus mangiferae; I) Ceroplaste cirripediformis; J) Philephedratuberculosa; K) Aonidiella orientalis; L) Parasaisetia nigra;M) Pinnaspis strachani; N) Dysmicoccus grassi. Abundance of the diversity of scale insect species: The abundance of scale species collected was diverse within the farms with fluctuations between 568 to 32,576 individuals according to the species and farm. These 14 species belong to three different families which are Pseudococcidae,Coccidae, and Diaspididae. The most abundant species were Pseudococcus longispinus, Ferrisia sp., Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ceroplastes stellifer, Dysmicoccus grassi, and Milviscutulus mangiferae. The most abundant species throughout Farm 1 were Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ferrisia sp., Pseudococcus longipinus, and Phalacroccus howertoni (Fig.1). On farm 2 the species were Pseudococcus longipinus and Ferrisia virgata, however, on Farm 3 the species were Ferrisia sp. Ceroplastes stellifer and Dysmicoccus grassi (Fig 2; Fig.3). Finally, Farm 4 had Aulacaspis tubercularis, Ceroplaste stellifer and Milviscutulus mangiferae (Fig. 4). In the case of the identification of fungi, they were isolated from two commercial varieties of mango: Keitt and Palmer. Symptomatic tissue was collected in two locations in southern Puerto Rico during September and November 2019. The samples were isolated in potato and dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated for 5 days at 25ºC. The observed symptoms were: descending death, gomosis, and necrosis in various organs. 32 (25%) and 34 (39%) isolates with distinctive mycelial growth of this family were selected for the first and second sampling, respectively. The isolates were classified into eight morphotypes, based on the change of mycelial coloration in PDA after 4 days after transfer (ddt). Growth curves were also developed ( Table 1, Figure 5, Figure 6). The morphotypes showed changes in mycelial hue from white, gray-green, dark gray to black. The growth curves showed that the morphotypes completed their growth in PDA after 2 ddt. Establishing in this way, two patterns in the rate of mycelial growth, as well as six patterns of coloration. We will continue to identify the scale insect and fungi and infestation rate of scale insect in others cultivars of mango, the interaction of both pests, and how they increase during the year. Additionally we will identify the scale insects in soursop and papaya.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Tirado R.,I. Cabrera, A.V�lez, J. Salinas and C. Reyes. 2019. Preliminary Data: Diversity of Scale Insect Species at Mango Farmers in the South Part of the Island. Presentation and Abstract. Annual Report SOPCA Symposium. December 6, 2019. Colegio de Agr�nomos de Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Irma Cabrera. 2019. Species of Scale Insect in Mango in the South Part of Puerto Rico. USDA APHIS PPQ.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Irma Cabrera. 2019. Outbreaks of insect pests and diseases of tropical fruits after the atmospheric disturbances caused by Hurricane Mari?a in Puerto Rico. Agricultural Research Station Juana Diaz.
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