Source: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES TO OPTIMIZE EFFICIENT RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1008416
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
IOW03821
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jan 21, 2016
Project End Date
Jan 20, 2021
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Gabler, NI, .
Recipient Organization
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
2229 Lincoln Way
AMES,IA 50011
Performing Department
Animal Science
Non Technical Summary
Animal management and production is constantly challenged by environmental factors such as feedstuff composition and nutrition, pathogens, erratic climates (e.g., heat stress, cold stress) that result in suboptimal nutrient digestion and utilization. These antagonistic forces influence nutrient and energy metabolism and utilization that can negatively influence reproduction, growth, milk and egg production, wellbeing, health, product quality and profitability of animals. Therefore, our overall goal is to improve animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. The proposed nutrition research will address key issues of nutrient utilization to optimize animal management and production efficiency, animal health and wellbeing, and the environmental footprint of animal management. This proposal will address the following objectives:Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs.Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment.Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing.Completion of this project will increase our understanding of how we can use nutrition to optimize the biological mechanisms that underlie animal growth, lean accretion, lactation, nutrient digestion, and metabolism. Further, metabolic dysfunctions will be examined. The knowledge generated will also enhance animal management capability to design, feed, and manage successful animal systems in the face of environmental challenges and will lead to the development of a more sustainable and eco-friendly animal industry. The completion of our last objective will result in a better understanding and improvement in animal product nutrient composition and in the role animal-based products have in human health. This will lead to increased consumer confidence and demand for animal products. Additionally, the use of animals in agri-medical nutrition-based studies will enhance our knowledge of bioactive nutrients and diet composition to optimize human health and wellbeing.
Animal Health Component
10%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
60%
Applied
40%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3023410101020%
3023310101020%
3023210101010%
3023510101020%
3023610101010%
3023999101020%
Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
3210 - Egg-type chicken, live animal; 3610 - Sheep, live animal; 3999 - Animal research, general; 3310 - Beef cattle, live animal; 3510 - Swine, live animal; 3410 - Dairy cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism;
Goals / Objectives
The overall goal of this project is to improve animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. The animal feed industry is a constantly changing landscape. This is evident with the continuous development of new pre- and probiotics, expansion change of the biofuels industry and their by-products, and the search for antibiotic replacement products and application and use for by-products of the meat industry. Furthermore, for these products to be effective in improving animal production and health, they need to be evaluated in different species and in the presence of different forage, grain, protein and fibrous feedstuffs. These feedstuffs may have low digestibility and crude protein concentrations that result in limited utilization by animals. Alternatively, these feed additives and feedstuffs may enhance digestibility and nutrient utilization to support animal wellbeing, milk, meat, and fiber production. Animal management and production is also under constantly challenges by environmental factors such as pathogens, erratic climates (e.g., heat stress, cold stress) and suboptimal nutrient utilization and nutritional management that negatively influence reproduction, growth, milk and egg production, and profitability. Animals raised in ambient weather conditions that are outside of their thermal neutral zone or are health challenged by bacteria or viral pathogens have inefficient nutrient utilization and reduced production. This reduced production is very costly and threatens profitable, sustainable, and competitive animal agricultural production. Additionally, the interactions of animals and animal production systems with their environment (e.g., carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen emissions/footprints) are of increasing importance. At the animal system level, monitoring nutrient cycling, greenhouse emissions, energy flows, and, in general, the response of the environment to animal production and management systems is the foundation to minimize environmental impacts and optimize efficiencies. We also aim to increase our understanding of how we can use nutrition to optimize the biological mechanisms that underlie animal growth, lean accretion, lactation, nutrient digestion, and metabolism. Animal-derived foods such as meat, milk, and eggs provide major amounts of calories, protein, lipids, and other nutrients in the human diet. Additionally, feeding food producing animals certain diets can fortify or enhance the profile of bioactive nutrients in these human foods. Human health is "tied" to the human diet. Thus, there is an opportunity to improve the composition of animal products to meet demands by an ever increasing health-conscious consumer. Further, using animals as a model to nutrient-by-health interactions can be used to increase our understanding on nutrient bioactivity and function to mitigate disease such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. To achieve our overall goal, this project will address the following three objectives:Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs.Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment.Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing.
Project Methods
Objective 1: Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs.To evaluate new feedstuffs, enzymes and probiotics, their ability to alter the apparent total tract or ileal (monogastric) digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein, amino acids, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total dietary fiber, ether extract, and P will be determined in the digestibility studies. These feedstuffs include second and third generation biofuel and fermentation byproducts, such as those from cellulosic ethanol production or fungal biomass fermentation, by-products from the pork industry and native plant forages that are changing in fiber, protein, fat and mineral composition. In pigs, sheep and cattle, we will evaluate the nutritional contributions of these feedstuffs using titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker to determine total tract digestibility of feed. Typically, these experiments will utilize 6-24 animals in metabolism crates that allow for total urine and feces collections. Feed, feces and urine can be assayed for nitrogen/protein, dry matter, organic matter, energy, phosphorus, fiber, vitamins and minerals and digestibility coefficients calculated. We will also partition the utilization of energy between the upper and lower gut in monogastric species, to better understand the role of fermentation in nutrient and energy utilization.Feedstuffs will also be titrated in diets to ruminants and monogastric livestock, and poultry, to determine how they may improve growth performance, feed efficiency, dietary variety and overall health. Pre and probiotic research will also utilize advanced metagenomics techniques to assess both epithelial, luminal and fecal microbial population changes. Vitamin and mineral utilization and the impact they have on livestock performance and health will be assessed. In ruminants (cattle and sheep), we have evaluated novel feedstuffs using total collection digestibility trials, as well as steer performance trials to determine net energy of feedstuffs, when compared to corn and hay with known energy values. Objective 2: Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment. Different nutritional programs and ingredients will be evaluated in animal growth studies. Animals will also be body scanned, body condition scored or harvested after the growth trial to determine tissue accretion rates and the effects of diet on carcass characteristics. Metabolism studies will also enable the characterization of whole animal nutrient utilization and retention. These may include (but are not limited to) nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, fiber, fat, amino acids and protein. In addition, we aim to develop a better understanding of how animals utilize energy from different sources (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, and fats). Cattle, swine,sheep and poultry nutrient utilization will be determined in different environmental conditions. Identifying how thermal and/or environmental stress alters nutrient partitioning will enable the development of models to better predict nutrient requirements during stressful parts of the year (e.g., winter and summer). In conjunction with these metabolism studies, greenhouse gas emission, nutrient recycling, and carbon footprint studies will be conducted.At the tissue level, skeletal muscle, the rumen, and small and large intestines will be a focal point of research. The effects of nutritional management, immune system activation/inflammation, and environmental stresses such as heat stress and pathogen stress, will be examined in the context of liver metabolism, lean tissue accretion and intestinal function and integrity. To further address this interaction between environment and nutrition, advanced technologies such proteomics, RNASeq, metabolomics and metagenomics will be utilized. Intestinal physiology will be assessed using in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro approaches. These approaches will use histology and tight junction complex assessment, modified Ussing chambers and transepithelial resistance, and the measurement of fluorescently tagged molecules to study transport permeability. Explant cultures and model rumens will also be utilized. The effects of nutritional management on the kinetics and mechanisms of nutrient (e.g., glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals) transport in cattle, pigs, and poultry will be further characterized by using molecular techniques.Different grazing management practices will also be evaluated in cattle for optional cattle distribution, performance and environmental aspects such as stream water quality. Rotational grazing, limiting stream access to stabilized crossings, or providing shade, water, or improved forage species off-stream will be implemented in replicated pastures on university farms and on individual pastures on producer farms. Cattle distribution will be evaluated monthly using GPS collars and compared with microclimatic data. Pasture characteristics including the distribution of manure and vegetative cover and forage composition including phosphorus will be measure. Effects of grazing treatments on nutrient loading of the stream and runoff, erosion and wild pheasant populations will also be examined.Objective 3: Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing.The effect of feeding dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on milk and cheese quality will be evaluated by assaying milk and cheese for usual measures of quality such as oxidative stability. In addition, stability of microRNA in milk and colostrum (known to have biological effects when consumed) to different processing methods will be evaluated. Glucagon will be injected subcutaneously two weeks before parturition. Liver biopsies collected at -14, 2, 14, and 35 days will be assayed for fat content and for several key enzyme activities and mRNAs. Key blood metabolites and metabolic hormones and milk production and composition will be quantified.The functional role long chain n-3, n-6 and saturated fatty acids in regulating intestinal function, bone health and metabolic health will be studied using pigs and poultry species. Examples of this research will be the studying of dietary energy and fatty acid composition in the modulation of intestinal function and integrity, and inflammation. Saturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to reciprocally modulate the LPS receptor, TLR4, and cell membrane lipid rafts. It has been proposed that this is due to saturated fatty acids (SFA), such as lauric and myristic acid, being part of the fatty acyl side chain composition of Lipid-A component of endotoxin and LPS. However, n-3 PUFA reduce the potency of endotoxin when substituted in place of saturated fatty acids in Lipid-A. Understanding the functional role long chain n-3, n-6 and saturated fatty acids in regulating health, inflammation and metabolism will be conducted using pig and cell culture models. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models will be used to study this area. In particular, researchers will utilize novel primary intestinal organoid cultures. These intestinal organoid cultures can be grown in 3D or monolayer structures and contain enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cell populations that more closely resemble the intestinal epithelium. These models will be used to study transcytosis of endotoxin and bacteria, metabolism and nutrient utilization. Results from these translational studies can be used in to further our understanding of how diet and nutrient composition impacts human health.

Progress 01/21/16 to 01/20/21

Outputs
Target Audience:This project has targeted communities which included poultry, beef, dairy, swine producers, veterinarians, allied industries and research professionals in the state of Iowa, regionally, nationally and internationally. We have also targeted undergraduate and graduate students in training efforts and opportunities to gain experience in animal agriculture and research. Our works have delivered applied and basic science-based knowledge to these communities through producer workshops and field days, webinars, formal and in-formal classroom instruction, experiential learning and via peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations at regional, national and international scientific meetings. Changes/Problems:COVID-19 cause moderate disruptions to activities, training and research in 2020 - 2021 due to supply chain issues, access to labor and disruption to the work place. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Over this project period, opportunities to train undergraduate and graduate students in techniques and methods associated with assessing and improving animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches were conducted. Most of these students are now serving Iowa and the U.S. beef, dairy, poultry and swine industries in roles that include but are not limited to: animal production, animal nutrition, technical support, sales, academia, veterinary medicine, or marketing. The knowledge they have gained from their work within this project is allowing these students and professionals to conduct science with practice. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our results have been disseminated to our target communities that include poultry, swine, beef and dairy producers, veterinarians, allied industry and research professionals via presentations at workshops, extension newsletters and talks, conference presentations, peer-reviewed and popular press articles, factsheets and webinars. Due to COVID-19 disruptions, many in person events and conferences were cancelled or moved to webinar online platforms. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Nutrition provides our livestock and poultry species with energy, water and nutrients (i.e., amino acids, vitamins, and minerals) that are critical to support optimal growth, lactation and reproduction. Over this project period, our research evaluated nutritional ingredients, feedstuffs, and nutritional strategies to effectively feed and manage livestock and poultry across three objectives: Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs. Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment. Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing. Objective 1 evaluated new and reformulated feedstuff, enzymes and probiotics for improved livestock performance. Our work on mineral nutrition is changing the paradigm of how we address mineral and nutrition of ruminants. We reported that increased supplemental zinc may alter the rate of recovery of zinc status from an acute inflammatory event and that zinc plays a role in improving transit stress and growth performance in beef steers. We also showed that bis-glycinate bound copper is less bioavailable from ruminant cattle diets than copper sulfate. This copper work is important as it is determining the most effective blend of copper sources for feedlot cattle. We also reported that supplemental rumen-protected folic acid increased plasma folate concentrations throughout the study. In dairy cattle, we reported on the effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on glucose transporter abundance and glucose uptake, and lactose synthesis pathway markers bovine mammary epithelial cells and mammary tissue slices. This work showed that decreasing leucine supply to mammary tissues enhances glucose transport and uptake, but not lactose synthesis rates. The data highlighted the importance of branch chain amino acid supply to the mammary gland for the synthesis of a milk component. Our project also examined the importance of drinking water in pre-weaned dairy calves. Although it is recommended to offer water immediately after birth, producers often wait to first offer drinking water to newborn dairy calves. In swine, fiber fractions such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) limit the ability of pigs to capture nutrients and energy from feedstuffs. We examined the role of exogenous NSP enzymes (NSPases) in pig diets. This work showed that supplementing pig diets with NSPases, partially mitigated the impact of increased corn-based fiber on energy and nutrient digestibility and fermentation. Other work in swine reported that the endogenous intestinal losses of ether extract exert significant influence on the apparent digestibility at the levels commonly used in the swine industry. Therefore, evaluation of the digestibility of fat should be interpreted after the correction for endogenous fat secretions. Our researchers also determined the lysine requirement by increasing crude protein for lactating sows at different parities. Lysine requirements are important to determine in pig diets as lysine is the first limiting amino acid and considered dietary essential for optimal performance and health. The results from this study showed that older sows required similar total lysine to that of growing, first parity gilts. Thus, dietary lysine requirements for lactating sows of different parities are similar based on optimized litter growth rates. Microalgae feed ingredients in poultry diets have typically been investigated as an alternative protein source, but may provide bioactive compounds such as functional fatty acids high in omega 3 fatty acids. In broilers, we reported promising health benefits associated with dietary algae inclusion on intestinal integrity and bird performance. These data suggest that algae could be good feed ingredient beyond a protein alternative. We also examined the use of probiotics in poultry diets. This work showed that compositionally different probiotics had varying effects on the intestinal integrity and splenic immune cell profiles in broiler chickens at higher inclusion rates. In Objective 2, the role of nutrition and enrichment in optimizing animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment were assessed. We reported that laser enrichment devices were successful in stimulating broiler physical activity and feeding. This technology has the potential to aid in bird enrichment and wellbeing and is currently being adopted in poultry production setting within the industry. Additionally, the project examined the early lactation period in dairy cattle. This period is a unique physiological state for dairy cows in which nutrient consumption often does not meet maintenance and milk production needs. These cows go through major adjustments in energetic and mineral metabolism that are necessary for lactogenesis and galactopoiesis to occur during the periparturient period in dairy cows. Understanding these shifts in nutrients and energy that support the mammary gland for milk production is allowing producers to modify diets to enhance this transition. This will help dairy producers reduce the incidence of metabolic diseases and improve cow welfare and wellbeing. Across many livestock species, extreme fluctuations in ambient temperatures such as high heat indexes jeopardize animal welfare and compromise productivity. Work conducted herein reported that organic zinc or selenium enriched yeast supplementation may be a nutritional strategy to minimize the negative consequences of heat stress. Work also reported that feeding lactating cattle with electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds during heat stress periods could be a beneficial dietary strategy in helping cattle dissipate heat, mitigate heat related strain and maintain production metrics. This project also evaluated diet composition as a way to improve the health performance of disease challenged pigs. This work highlighted that increasing the nutrient density of the diet relative to energy, improved growth performance of pigs when challenged with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus. Further, we reported that increasing dietary fermentable fiber/starch reduced enteric disease and maintained growth of grow-finish pigs in the face of swine dysentery. These diet modifications are helping producers reduce antibiotic use and improve pig health and performance in the face of disease challenges. For Objective 3, overall this project has evaluated the impact of nutrition and diets on meat and milk quality. In particular, we have reported that post mortem protein degradation is only minimally affected in cattle and pigs that are extremely feed efficient or in pigs and cattle fed novel feed ingredients such as fortified minerals and vitamins, probiotics and exogenous enzymes. These data demonstrate to producers and consumers that meat quality can be maintained when our livestock are fed ingredients or are selected for improved feed efficiency and growth. Further, our research has reported limits of corn co-product inclusion rates in dairy cattle diets were reported and shown to not affect the quality of milk and Swiss cheese production. This work is important for dairy nutritionists as they formulated diets with corn and soybean ethanol and bio-diesel industry co-products. Lastly, we reported that dietary strategies to maintain pig growth during the COVID-19 supply chain shutdown had a marginal impact on pork quality measures. These data showed that nutritional strategies recommended did not affect pork quality at the packing plant.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Emma T Helm, John F Patience, Matthew R Romoser, Colin D Johnson, Jason W Ross, Nicholas K Gabler, Evaluation of increased fiber, decreased amino acids, or decreased electrolyte balance as dietary approaches to slow finishing pig growth rates, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 99, Issue 7, July 2021, skab164, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab164
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Helm ET, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Highly Fermentable Fiber Alters Fecal Microbiota and Mitigates Swine Dysentery Induced by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(2):396. Published 2021 Feb 4. doi:10.3390/ani11020396
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Helm ET, Ross JW, Patience JF, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E, Greiner LL, Reever LM, Hastad CW, Arkfeld EK, Gabler NK. Nutritional approaches to slow late finishing pig growth: implications on carcass composition and pork quality. J Anim Sci. 2021 Jan 1;99(1):skaa368. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa368.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Emma Rients, Erin Deters, Jodi McGill, Craig Belknap, Stephanie Hansen, Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product affects growth performance, immune system, and antioxidant capacity of finishing beef steers, Translational Animal Science, Volume 5, Issue Supplement_S1, December 2021, Pages S111S114, https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab159
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Katherine R VanValin, Remy N Carmichael-Wyatt, Erin L Deters, Elizabeth M Messersmith, Katie J Heiderscheit, Katherine G Hochmuth, Trey D Jackson, Joshua M Peschel, Anna K Johnson, Stephanie L Hansen, Dietary zinc concentration and lipopolysaccharide injection affect circulating trace minerals, acute phase protein response, and behavior as evaluated by an ear-tagbased accelerometer in beef steers, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 99, Issue 10, October 2021, skab278, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab278
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Horst EA, Kvidera SK, Baumgard LH. Invited review: The influence of immune activation on transition cow health and performance-A critical evaluation of traditional dogmas. J Dairy Sci. 2021 Aug;104(8):8380-8410. doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-20330.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mayorga EJ, Horst EA, Al-Qaisi M, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Rodr�guez-Jim�nez S, Lei S, Acosta JA, Patience JF, Serao MCR, Baumgard LH. Effects of continuously infusing glucose or casein into the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal morphology in growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2021 Jul 1;99(7):skab163. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab163.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Mayorga EJ, Kvidera SK, Horst EA, Al-Qaisi M, McCarthy CS, Abeyta MA, Lei S, Elsasser TH, Kahl S, Kiros TG, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. Transl Anim Sci. 2021 May 27;5(2):txab072. doi: 10.1093/tas/txab072.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fries-Craft K, Meyer MM, Bobeck EA. Algae-based feed ingredient protects intestinal health during Eimeria challenge and alters systemic immune responses with differential outcomes observed during acute feed restriction. Poult Sci. 2021 Sep;100(9):101369. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101369.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Meyer M, Bobeck E, Sato Y, El-Gazzar M. Comparison of Naturally Occurring vs. Experimental Infection of Staphylococcus aureus Septicemia in Laying Hens in Two Different Age Groups. Avian Dis. 2021 Jun;65(2):310-320. doi: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.2.310.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Fries-Craft K, Meyer MM, Sato Y, El-Gazzar M, Bobeck EA. Age and Staphylococcus aureus Inoculation Route Differentially Alter Metabolic Potential and Immune Cell Populations in Laying Hens. Front Vet Sci. 2021 Mar 26;8:653129. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653129.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Silva JVV, Ganesan S, Wickramasinghe HKJP, Stepanchenko N, Kaya CA, Beitz DC, Appuhamy JADRN. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on glucose uptake and lactose synthesis rates in bovine mammary epithelial cells and lactating mammary tissue slices. J Dairy Sci. 2021 Nov 18:S0022-0302(21)01038-9. doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-20950.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Dankwa AS, Humagain U, Ishaq SL, Yeoman CJ, Clark S, Beitz DC, Testroet ED. Bacterial communities in the rumen and feces of lactating Holstein dairy cows are not affected when fed reduced-fat dried distillers' grains with solubles. Animal. 2021 Jul;15(7):100281. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100281.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Petry AL, Huntley NF, Bedford MR, Patience JF. The influence of xylanase on the fermentability, digestibility, and physicochemical properties of insoluble corn-based fiber along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2021 Jul 1;99(7):skab159. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab159.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Acosta JA, Boyd RD, Patience JF. Estimation of endogenous intestinal losses of acid hydrolyzed ether extract in growing and finishing pigs using the linear regression method. Transl Anim Sci. 2021 May 6;5(2):txab080. doi: 10.1093/tas/txab080.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2021 Citation: Petry AL, Patience JF, Huntley NF, Koester LR, Bedford MR, Schmitz-Esser S. Xylanase Supplementation Modulates the Microbiota of the Large Intestine of Pigs Fed Corn-Based Fiber by Means of a Stimbiotic Mechanism of Action. Front Microbiol. 2021 Mar 24;12:619970. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619970.


Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:This projecttargeted communities which included poultry, beef, dairy, swine producers, veterinarians, allied industries and research.Our works in this reporting period delivered applied and basic science-based knowledge to these communities through producer workshops and field days, webinars, formal and in-formal classroom instruction, experiential learning and via peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations at regional, national and international scientific meetings. One of our targets are undergraduate and graduate students. Changes/Problems:COVID-19 caused major disruptions to research work and access to supplies and labor. Thus, productivity was reduced in this reporting period. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Funding from this project has provided in-kind support for training of approximately 18 undergraduate students, and 28 graduate students (15 Ph.D. and 13 M.S.) in this reporting period. These training opportunities have allowed these personnel to learn techniques and methods associated with assessing and improving animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. It has also provided opportunities for these students to disseminate their work and experiences to our target audience. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Due to COVID-19 restrictions, most of our results have been disseminated to our target communities in poultry, swine, beef and dairy via webinars, extension newsletters, online conference presentations, peer-reviewed journal articles and popular press articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to recruit and train students in animal production sciences and address aspects contributing towards all three of our project objectives involving feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs, optimize animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment, and to study the effects of nutrients on animal product quality.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The year 2020 was a unique year. COVID-19 provided unique challenges to our livestock industry due to major supply chain issues with meat packing plant capacity significantly diminished. Producers needed ways to slow pig growth down until the supply chain opened back up. Maintaining swine at a desired body weight or body condition is a common practice with mature animals found in boar studs and sow farms; however, the practice of feeding whole barns diets to either stop or slow growth during the growth phase is not common. Our researchers lead efforts to evaluate dietary formulations for pigs that could be successful slow pig growth without negative consequences to pork quality and wellbeing. This research and information efforts provided producers with diet formulation strategies based on the use of essential amino acid restriction, high fiber or acidogenic salts (calcium chloride). These data and information resulted in effective dietary strategies for producers to slowing pig growth, albeit at greater inclusion rates, in individual and group pen settings. These strategies had marginal impact of pork quality and pig welfare. Altogether, these data were critical for producers to hold growing and market pigs until the supply chain resumed. Work was also conducted on nutrient requirements of health challenged animals and novel feed formulation during times of disease were also evaluated in this project. One of our projects showed that diet formulations can be effective in improving pig performance in the face of a viral challenge. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) compromises pig performance. We reported that PRRSV-challenged grower pigs will increase feed intake to meet their energy needs when dietary energy is diluted. Further, in either PRRS vaccinated or non-vaccinated pigs increasing the ratio of dietary lysine to energy levels resulted in enhanced overall growth performance during this viral disease challenge. Further, other research evaluated dietary soluble (beet pulp) or insoluble fiber (corn distillers dried grains with solubles) with or without exogenous carbohydrases in enterotoxigenic E. coli challenged pigs. This work highlighted that enterotoxigenic E. coli challenges disrupte gut microbial homeostasis and impaired microbial fermentation capacity. Soluble fiber improved volatile fatty acid production and both soluble fiber and carbohydrases altered microbiota composition to maintain or restore microbial homeostasis. This may be a dietary strategy solution to reduce the burden of enterotoxigenic E. coli in nursery pigs and reduce antibiotic use. Stress and disease commonly result in reduced voluntary feed intake and poor performance (growth, lactation etc...). We reported in dairy cattle that feed restriction negatively influences intestinal morphology, initiates a systemic inflammatory response and augments intestinal permeability. Interestingly, zinc source (zinc hydroxychloride) can mitigate these negative phenotypes and maintain animal performance to some degree. In dairy cattle, rumen protected glucose supplementation appears to have benefited the immune system, due to decreased inflammatory response. This may be a dietary strategy to aid animals under stress. In pigs, we also demonstrated that the changes that occur to intestinal epithelium structure, function, and integrity during a systemic viral disease challenge can be partially explained by reductions in feed intake. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are the two most abundant minerals in the body of the pig and are required for many important physiological functions. If either Ca or P is present in the diet in excess or deficit relative to requirement, compromised utilization of the other may occur. Therefore, studies were conducted to characterize the nature of this relationship by titrating an increasingly wide Ca:available P against pig performance and bone development when the basal diet was marginally deficient in available P. This work showed that the overall growth performance and bone mineral content of nursery pigs was impaired by a dietary Ca:available P at least as low as 1.25:1 when the diet is deficient in P. These results highlight the importance of ensuring adequate P and an optimum ratio of Ca:P in swine diets in order to maximize growth performance and skeletal development. In broilers, we examined the use of probiotics in diets. This work showed that compositionally different probiotics had varying effects on the intestinal integrity and splenic immune cell profiles in broiler chickens at higher inclusion rates. Work conducted in beef cattle as it related to vitamin C and transit stress. As cattle are often transported multiple times between birth and harvest, pre-transit vitamin C administration mitigated the transit-induced decline in plasma ascorbate concentrations and improved post-transit feedlot performance of beef steers. This work is significant as transit stress reduces cattle performance and vitamin C is a relatively ignored nutrient in beef production.

Publications

  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Emma Helm. Pathogenic disease modulation of pig intestinal function and integrity. Diss. Iowa State University, 2020. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/94476
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Erin Deters. Nutritional modulation of oxidative stress in beef steers during the feedlot receiving period: A focus on transit stress. Diss. Iowa State University, 2020. hhttps://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/94510
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Amy Petry. An investigation into the mechanism of action of xylanase in pigs fed insoluble corn-based fiber. Diss. Iowa State University, 2020. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/94527
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Erin Horst. The influence of immune activation on energetic and calcium homeostasis in Holstein dairy cows. Iowa State University, 2020. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/94293
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jessica Jasper. Evaluation of dietary approaches to improve growth performance of health-challenged pigs. Iowa State University, 2020. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/32219
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Carl Frame. Investigations of the oxidative stability of rendered protein meals and their suitability as feed ingredients. Iowa State University, 2020. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/94279
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Gorden PJ, Kvidera SK, Baumgard LH. Evaluating effects of zinc hydroxychloride on biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal integrity during feed restriction. J Dairy Sci. 2020 Dec;103(12):11911-11929. doi: 10.3168/jds.2020-18860.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Fries-Craft K, Anast JM, Schmitz-Esser S, Bobeck EA. Host immunity and the colon microbiota of mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium are beneficially modulated by lipid-soluble extract from late-cutting alfalfa in the early stages of infection. PLoS One. 2020 Jul 16;15(7):e0236106. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236106.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Humphrey D, Becker S, Lee J, Haydon K, Greiner L. Evaluation of a novel threonine source for nursery pig diets. Transl Anim Sci. 2020 Oct 6;4(4):txaa182. doi: 10.1093/tas/txaa182.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: McCarthy CS, Dooley BC, Branstad EH, Kramer AJ, Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Abeyta MA, Perez-Hernandez G, Goetz BM, Castillo AR, Knobbe MR, Macgregor CA, Russi JP, Appuhamy JADRN, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Baumgard LH. Energetic metabolism, milk production, and inflammatory response of transition dairy cows fed rumen-protected glucose. J Dairy Sci. 2020 Aug;103(8):7451-7461. doi: 10.3168/jds.2020-18151.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Li Q, Peng X, Burrough ER, Sahin O, Gould SA, Gabler NK, Loving CL, Dorman KS, Patience JF. Dietary Soluble and Insoluble Fiber With or Without Enzymes Altered the Intestinal Microbiota in Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic E. coli F18. Front Microbiol. 2020 May 27;11:1110. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01110.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Jasper JE, Mendoza OF, Shull CM, Schweer WP, Schwartz KJ, Gabler NK. Increasing the ratio of SID lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge. J Anim Sci. 2020 Apr 1;98(4):skaa082. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa082.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Helm ET, Curry SM, De Mille CM, Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity. PLoS One. 2020 Jan 7;15(1):e0227265. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227265.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Acosta JA, Stein HH, Patience JF. Impact of increasing the levels of insoluble fiber and on the method of diet formulation measures of energy and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2020 Jun 1;98(6):skaa130. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa130.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Becker SL, Gould SA, Petry AL, Kellesvig LM, Patience JF. Adverse effects on growth performance and bone development in nursery pigs fed diets marginally deficient in phosphorus with increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios. J Anim Sci. 2020 Oct 1;98(10):skaa325. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa325.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Becker SL, Li Q, Burrough ER, Kenne D, Sahin O, Gould SA, Patience JF. Effects of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge on growth performance, immunological status, and gastrointestinal structure of weaned pigs and the potential protective effect of direct-fed microbial blends. J Anim Sci. 2020 May 1;98(5):skaa113. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa113.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2020 Citation: Deters EL, Hansen SL. Pre-transit vitamin C injection improves post-transit performance of beef steers. Animal. 2020 Oct;14(10):2083-2090. doi: 10.1017/S1751731120000968.


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Work from this project has targeted communities which included poultry, beef, dairy, swine producers, nutritionists, veterinarians, allied industries and research professionals. We have also targeted students in training efforts and opportunities. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Funding from this project has provided in-kind support for training of approximately 21 undergraduate students, 17 Ph.D. and9 M.S. graduate students in this reporting period. These training opportunities have allowed these personnel to learn techniques and methods associated with assessing and improving animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. It has also provided opportunities for these students to disseminate their work and experiences to our target audience. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our results have been disseminated to our target communities that include beef, dairy, swine and poultry producers, veterinarians, allied industry and research professionals via field day presentations, workshops, extension newsletters and talks, conference presentations, peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period will be the last year of this project. In this last reporting period, we willcontinue to recruit and train students in animal production sciences. We will also continue to address aspects contributing towards all three of our project objectives involving feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs, optimize animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment, and to study the effects of nutrients on animal product quality.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: Enhancing animal nutrition and digestibility to promote more efficient (biologically and economically) nutrient and energy utilization for animal based product production and wellbeing is a major focus of this project. Results of our research will help animal agriculture by improving global competitiveness and reducing costs. It will help consumers by keeping the cost of food as low as possible. It will help society by minimizing the quantity of feed resources required to support the production of animal food products. Development of nutritional management strategies that optimize animal production, health, and wellbeing is also a major focus of this project. Our research (described below) contributes to sustainable and eco-friendly production practices. Health and environmental challenges increase days on feed and attenuate milk, eggs, and meat production. As animal feed costs are a major factor in production of food and fiber, mitigating these environmental challenges and feed cost will improve profitability of production and lessen any negative impact on the environment. Objective 1: Feedstuff evaluation Over the year, the project has continued to evaluate feedstuffs for their ability to enhance animal wellbeing and productivity at least cost. In particular, many of these feedstuffs have been evaluated in the absence of antibiotics. Since the ban of growth promoting antibiotics in animal feed, dietary alternatives have been slow to regain growth performances advantages. We have identified compounds that alter immunity such that animals can respond more rapidly to pathogens, improve the abundance of microbes that relate to improved feed conversion, and overall promote sustainability in livestock. We have worked to identify compounds that improve immune performance such that animals recover more quickly from immune stimulation and revert back to performance representative of unstimulated populations. Research has also been conducted to understand how plant phytochemicals impact gut microbes and antimicrobial resistance. A review of published literature was also performed to determine how different antibiotic alternatives influenced growth performance. The alternatives evaluated were prebiotics, probiotics, resistant starch/fiber, botanicals, organic acids, lysozymes, oligosaccharides, yeast, and zinc and copper. Finding from this descriptive review highlighted that the most effective antibiotic growth promoter alternatives were probiotics, organic acids, and zinc/copper, where significant improvements in growth performance was reported in 39.9%, 31.8%, and 38.7% of studies, respectively. Within the probiotic studies, one-third of them reported improved growth performance used a combination of probiotics, while another third used single strains of Lactobacillus. In summary, antibiotic growth promoter alternatives can improve performance parameters in nursery pigs but there may be a specific age, body weight, or duration of feeding that can optimize the response. Also, the use of dietary antibiotics and specialty proteins have profound impacts on the efficacy of these antibiotic growth promoter alternatives. With the data obtained, the industry may be able to better design and evaluate antibiotic growth promoter alternative research for the swine industry. Work has also continued to study the effects of protein and fat rendering conditions (time and temperature) on rendered product quality as feedstuffs. We have confirmed the occurrence of protein oxidation on rendered products (beef, poultry and fish) when those are exposed to high temperature and storage time and have evaluated the impact of these oxidized dietary protein sources in pig diets on pig performance. These data are showing that feeding oxidized protein products can induce oxidative stress and attenuate parameters of animal performance. Finally, we have examined 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and its glucuronide conjugate. Vitamin D-mediated response is limited to intestinal epithelial cells nearest the luminal interior in both the duodenum and colon. Orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D elicits a response in the duodenum through agonistic binding and activity. Both oral and subcutaneous 25-hydroxyvitamin D glucuronide exhibits hormonal actions in the colon, but not in the duodenum. We have shown that 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and its glucuronide conjugate are meaningful participants in regulating the vitamin D receptor-mediated response in the intestines of animals. Objective 2: Optimizing Animal Nutrition Work continues to focus on how trace minerals can be optimally supplemented in cattle diets to achieve the best rates of growth and feed efficiency for the producer, without over supplementation having impacts on the environment. Additional efforts have focused on determining the effects of nutrition on the stress response of cattle, such as those held off feed or cattle trucked long distances. Our work suggests that supplementing cattle with the potent antioxidant vitamin C can prevent negative impacts of long distance trucking on cattle growth, supporting better feedlot performance. We also have developed and further refined a technique to estimate the glucose requirements of an activated immune system in farm animals. We evaluated how nutritional strategies influence immune system glucose use in an effort to provide producers strategies to maximize productivity during times of stress. In the last reporting period, a novel enrichment device that improves overall broiler health, welfare, and production was created and assessed. We have found a method of enriching poultry such that they are able to use resources more efficiently to produce more saleable meat. Work has also highlighted bioactive components of feed and the mechanisms by which these components enhance bird performance during both challenged and unchallenged growing environments. Objective 3:Effects of nutrients on animal product quality A small amount of research continues to explore the effects of live animal nutrition, such as trace mineral nutrition and disease, on post mortem meat quality and thus impacts on the consumer's eating experience. This work suggests that while high concentrations of zinc in the diet positively affect cattle growth, it also appears to be positively influencing meat tenderness. This is an important area of research as we want to optimize cattle growth rates but need to maintain positive eating experiences for the consumer to maintain product demand. Further, research outputs in this reporting cycle has shown that natural disease challenges do not negatively impact pork quality. This information is providing meat processors, producers and consumers with tools for improved food safety and quality.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Acosta, J. A., and J. F. Patience. 2019. Insoluble dietary fiber does not affect the ability of phytase to release phosphorus from phytate in the diet of nursery pigs1. J Anim Sci 97: 3451-3459. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz194
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Boyd, R. D., C. E. Zier-Rush, A. J. Moeser, M. Culbertson, K. R. Stewart, D. S. Rosero, and J. F. Patience. 2019. Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry. Animal 13: 2951-2966. doi: 10.1017/s1751731119001915
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Li, Q., E. R. Burrough, N. K. Gabler, C. L. Loving, O. Sahin, S. A. Gould, and J. F. Patience. 2019a. A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1. J Anim Sci 97: 2139-2153. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz093
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Li, Q., S. Schmitz-Esser, C. L. Loving, N. K. Gabler, S. A. Gould, and J. F. Patience. 2019b. Exogenous carbohydrases added to a starter diet reduced markers of systemic immune activation and decreased Lactobacillus in weaned pigs1. J Anim Sci 97: 1242-1253. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky481
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Olsen, K. M., S. A. Gould, C. L. Walk, N. V. L. Serao, S. L. Hansen, and J. F. Patience. 2019. Evaluating phosphorus release by phytase in diets fed to growing pigs that are not deficient in phosphorus. J Anim Sci 97: 327-337. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky402
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Petry, A. L., H. V. Masey O'Neill, and J. F. Patience. 2019. Xylanase, and the role of digestibility and hindgut fermentation in pigs on energetic differences among high and low energy corn samples1. J Anim Sci 97: 4293-4297. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz261
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Patience, J. F., and J. R. Pluske. 2019. Evolving technological change in pork production supporting expectations of improved productivity, sustainability and flexibility. Animal 13: 2948-2950. doi: 10.1017/s1751731119002027
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Reynolds, C.J. 2019. Vitamin D metabolites and their intestinal responses.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Reynolds. C.J., N.J. Koszewski, R.L. Horst, D.C. Beitz, and J.P. Goff. 2019 Localization of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated response in the intestines of mice. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 186:56-60.
  • Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Reynolds, C., J.J. Koszewski, R.L. Horst, D.C. Beitz, and J.P. Goff. 2019. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-glucuronide activates VDR in the colon of mice. Abstr. 21st Workshop on Vitamin D. New York.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: ONeil, M., E. Branstad, C. McCarthy, B. Dooley, D. Beitz, and H. Ramirez-Ramirez. 2019. Effect of daily feeding of a direct-fed microbial to dairy cows during midlactation on production performance and milk composition. Abstr. T163., Annu. Mtg. Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc., Cincinnati, OH.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Anderson, R., Mendonca, R., Rasmussen, M., He, H., Genovese, K., Harvey, R., Beier, R., and Nisbet, D. Effect of feeding chlorophyll on Escherichia coli and enterococci in the pig gut. Congress on Gastrointestinal Function, April 15-17, 2019. Chicago, IL.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Webinar: Are cattle really wrecking the planet, Iowa Learning Farm, March 20, 2019, https://vimeo.com/user42671352/review/325490930/4ea65c8ea7
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Podcast: Cattle, methane and climate, Iowa State University, Iowa Beef Center. August, 2019. http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/podcasts.html
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Invited Panel Participant: Improving post-mortem inspection of beef for human health protection International Association of Food Protection annual meeting, July 21-24, 2019, Louisville, KY.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Burrough, Eric R; Gabler, Nicholas K. Common nutritional and infectious health challenges in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, suppl. Supplement 2; Champaign Vol. 97, (Jul 2019): 62. DOI:10.1093/jas/skz122.115
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: NK Gabler, A Ramirez, WP Schweer. Efficacy of dietary alternatives to growth promoting antibiotics. AFMA Matrix, Volume 28 Number 3, Jul / Sep 2019, p. 39 - 43
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Carmichael, R. N., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, E. L. Deters, T. D. Jackson, E. M. Messersmith, K. R. VanValin, and S. L. Hansen. 2019. The influence of supplemental zinc and dietary fiber concentration on mineral retention of beef steers. Transl. Anim. Sci. 3: 784-795. doi:10.1093/tas/txz032.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: VanValin, K. R., Genther-Schroeder O.N., Laudert S.B., and S. L. Hansen. 2019. Relative bioavailability of organic and hydroxy copper sources in growing steers fed a high antagonist diet. J. Anim. Sci. 97:1375-1383. doi:10.1093/jas/sky487
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Deters, E. L. and S. L. Hansen. 2019. Effect of supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product during a preconditioning period prior to transit on receiving period performance, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant defense by beef steers. Transl. Anim. Sci. Accepted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: SC Lindblom, NK Gabler, EA Bobeck, and BJ Kerr. 2019. Oil source and peroxidation status interactively affect growth performance and oxidative status in broilers from 4 to 25 d of age. Poult Sci. 98(4): 1749-1761. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey547 Impact factor: 2.216. Rank 5/60 Agriculture, Dairy, and Animal Science.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Craft, Krysten, "Lipid-soluble compounds in late-cutting alfalfa maximize host immune responses and beneficially modulate the colon microbiota of mice during Citrobacter rodentium infection" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17430. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17430
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hines, E.A., M.R. Romoser, Z.E. Kiefer, A.F. Keating, L.H. Baumgard, J. Niemi, B. Haberl, N.H. Williams, B.J. Kerr, K.J. Touchette and J.W. Ross. 2019. The impact of dietary supplementation of arginine during gestation in a commercial swine herd: II. Offspring performance. J. Anim. Sci. 97: 3626-3635.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hines, E.A., M.R. Romoser, Z.E. Kiefer, A.F. Keating, L.H. Baumgard, J. Niemi, N.K. Gabler, J.F. Patience, B. Haberl, N.H. Williams, B.J. Kerr, K.J. Touchette, and J.W. Ross. 2019. The impact of dietary supplementation of arginine during gestation in a commercial swine herd I. Gilt reproductive performance. J. Anim. Sci. 97: 3617-3625
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sucu, E., C.E. Moore, M.J. VanBaale, H. Jensen, M.V. Sanz Fernandez, and L.H. Baumgard. 2019. Effects of feeding aspergillus oryzae fermentation product to transition Holstein cows on performance and health. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 99:237-243.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Johnson, J.S., and L.H. Baumgard. 2019. Postnatal consequences of in utero heat stress in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 97:962-971.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Dickson, M.J., S.K. Kvidera, E.A. Horst, C.E. Wiley, E.J. Mayorga, J. Ydstie, G.A. Perry, L.H. Baumgard and A.F. Keating. 2019. Impact of chronic and increasing lipopolysaccharide exposure on production and reproductive parameters in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102:3569-3583.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Horst, E.A., S.K. Kvidera, M.J. Dickson, C.S. McCarthy, E.J. Mayorga, M. Al-Qaisi, H.A. Ramirez, A.F. Keating, and L.H. Baumgard. 2019. Effects of continuous and increasing lipopolysaccharide infusion on basal and stimulated metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102:3584-3597.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mayorga, E.J., S.K. Kvidera, J.T. Seibert, E.A. Horst, M. Abuajamieh, M. Al-Qaisi, J.W. Ross, C.D. Johnson, B. Kremer, L. Ochoa, R.P. Rhoads, and L.H. Baumgard. 2019. Effects of dietary chromium propionate on growth performance, metabolism, and immune biomarkers in heat-stressed finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 97:1185-1197.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Collier, R.J., L.H. Baumgard, R.B. Zimbelman, and Y. Xiao. 2019. Heat stress: physiology of acclimation and adaptation. Anim. Frontiers 9:12-19.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mayorga, E.J., D. Renaudeau, B.C. Ramirez, J.W. Ross and L.H. Baumgard. 2019. Heat stress adaptations in pigs. Anim. Frontiers. 9:54-61.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Al-Qaisi, M., E.A. Horst, S.K. Kvidera, E.J. Mayorga, L.L. Timms and L.H. Baumgard. 2019. Technical note: Developing a heat stress model in dairy cows using an electric heat blanket. J. Dairy Sci. 102:684-689.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Sun, L.L., S.T. Gao, K. Wang, J.C. Xu, M.V. Sanz Fernandez, L.H. Baumgard and D.P. Bu. 2019. Effects of source on seleniums bioavailability, antioxidant status and performance in lactating dairy cows during oxidative stress-inducing conditions. J. Dairy Sci. 102:311-319.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mani, Venkatesh, Jon K. Rubach, David J. Sanders, Thoai Pham, Dawn A. Koltes, Nicholas K. Gabler, and Mitchell J. Poss. "Evaluation of the protective effects of zinc butyrate in IPEC-J2 cells and grower pigs under heat stress." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 2 (2019): 842-854.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Trachsel, J., C. Briggs, N. K. Gabler, H. K. Allen, and C. L. Loving. 2019. Dietary Resistant Potato Starch Alters Intestinal Microbial Communities and Their Metabolites, and Markers of Immune Regulation and Barrier Function in Swine. Frontiers in Immunology 10. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01381
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Frame, C. A., Kilburn, L. R., Johnson, E.M., Rossoni Serao M.C., (2019) Can dietary oxidized protein induce oxidative stress in pigs? Midwest Animal Science Meeting. Omaha, Nebraska.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Burrough, E. R., De Mille, C., & Gabler, N. K. (2019). Zinc overload in weaned pigs: tissue accumulation, pathology, and growth impacts. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 31(4), 537545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638719852144
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Helm ET, Curry S, Trachsel JM, Schroyen M, Gabler NK (2019) Evaluating nursery pig responses to in-feed sub-therapeutic antibiotics. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0216070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216070
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Deters, E. L. and S. L. Hansen. 2019. Vitamin E supplementation strategies during feedlot receiving: effects on beef steer performance, antibody response to vaccination and antioxidant defense. J. Anim. Sci. Accepted Aug. 27, 2019.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ramirez, B., H. Xin, P. G. Halbur, D. H. Beermann, S. L. Hansen, D. C. L. Linhares, J. M. Peschel, C. J. Rademacher, J. M. Reecy, J. W. Ross, T. A. Shepherd, and J. E. Koltes. 2019. At the intersection of industry, academia, and government: how do we facilitate productive precision livestock farming in practice? Animals. Accepted Aug. 26, 2019
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Deters, E. L., and S. L. Hansen. 2019. Transportation stress elicits changes in Mn- superoxide dismutase activity and antioxidant status in cattle. Cell Biology of Metals Gordon Research Conference. Casteldellfas, Spain.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: M. D. Schulte, K. G. Hochmuth, E. M. Steadham, K. J. Prusa, S. M. Lonergan, S. L. Hansen, E. Huff-Lonergan. 2019. Influence of zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation on beef carcass characteristics and quality attributes of aged ribeye steaks. Reciprocal Meat Conference, Poster, Fort Collins, CO.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: M. D. Schulte, K. G. Hochmuth, E. M. Steadham, K. J. Prusa, S. M. Lonergan, S. L. Hansen, E. Huff-Lonergan. 2019. Influence of zinc and beta agonist supplementation on beef carcass characteristics, early postmortem pH, and longissimus thoracis Warner  Bratzler shear force. International Congress of Meat Science Technology, Poster, Potsdam, Germany.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Messersmith, E., E. Niedermayer, G. Crawford, S. L. Hansen. 2019. Effect of Zn supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and liver mineral concentrations of heifers receiving a single Revalor-XH or a Revalor-200/Revalor-200 re-implant program. Plains Nutrition Council.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Deters, E. L. and S. L. Hansen. 2019. Injectable vitamin C improves post-transit performance of beef steers. Plains Nutritional Council Spring Conference
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meyer, MM, AK Johnson, and EA Bobeck (2019). A novel environmental enrichment device improved broiler performance without sacrificing bird physiological or environmental quality measures. Poult Sci 98: 5247-5256.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meyer, MM, AK Johnson, and EA Bobeck (2019). A novel environmental enrichment device increased physical activity and walking distance in broilers. Poult Sci, doi: 10.3382/ps/pez581.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meyer, MM, AK Johnson, and EA Bobeck (2019). Development and validation of broiler welfare assessment methods for research and on-farm audits. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, doi: 10.1080/10888705.2019.1678039.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meyer, MM, AK Johnson, and EA Bobeck (2019). Methods Validated in a Research Setting Including Modifications for Producers to Measure On-Farm Commercial Broiler Welfare, 2019 Animal Industry Report: Iowa State Digital Repository.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: MM Meyer and EA Bobeck. 2019. Responses of undergraduate students pre- and post-education on poultry industry and welfare issues. ASAS Midwest Meeting, Omaha, NE. March 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Meyer, MM, AK Johnson, and EA Bobeck. 2019. Methods to evaluate broiler welfare and environmental enrichment for research and on-farm audits. PSA Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. July 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fries-Craft K, Anast J, Schmitz-Esser S, and EA Bobeck. 2019. Responses to alfalfa supplementation in mice. (Midwest American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting, Omaha, NE).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Evaluation of a high-protein DDGS product in broiler chickens: performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy, and standardised ileal amino acid digestibility, British Poultry Science, DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1652884


Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, work from this project has targeted communities which included poultry, beef, dairy, swine producers, veterinarians, allied industries and research professionals. We have also targeted students in training efforts and opportunities. Our works have delivered applied and basic science-based knowledge to these communities through producer workshops and field days, formal and in-formal classroom instruction, experiential learning and via peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations at regional, national and international scientific meetings. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?27 undergraduate students, 17 Ph.D. and 15 M.S. graduate students learned aspects of animal science, as a result of participating in this project, this project period. These training opportunities have allowed these personnel to learn techniques and methods associated with assessing and improving animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our results have been disseminated to our target communities that include beef, dairy, swine and poultry producers, veterinarians, allied industry and research professionals via field day presentations, workshops, extension newsletters and talks, conference presentations, peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period we will continue to address aspects contributing towards all three of our project objectives involving feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs, optimize animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment, and to study the effects of nutrients on animal product quality and use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: Many livestock production systems are under constant pathogenic and inflammatory stresses that antagonized animal performance, productivity and wellbeing. As such, our research is attempting to identify nutritional strategies to maximize productivity during times of stress. This project period our research increased our understanding of how certain feed ingredients interact with and support or retract from growth, the immune system, and microbiome in livestock. We also increased understanding of energy and nutrient partitioning in immune-stressed livestock. Our research results may provide insight into more effective feeding and management strategies. Objective 1: Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs. Over the last reporting period, work was conducted to further understand the feeding value of new byproducts or existing feedstuffs now being used in the poultry industry. This project period we evaluated different types of feedstuffs (corn byproducts, fats byproducts) to determine benefit to poultry. Results showed these feedstuffs to have feeding value in poultry and highlighted their uses and limitations in commercial and research diets as viable, sustainable, and cost-effective ingredients. In swine, microbial derived phytase is widely used to enhance digestibility of phytate-phosphorus in feedstuffs. By tradition, diets with phosphorus content well below requirement are used to quantify phytate- phosphorus release by phytase, but phosphorus-adequate diets may be more physiologically relevant. Work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on phosphorus digestion and metabolism and develop a phosphorus release curve for phytase in phosphorus-adequate diets (above requirement according to NRC, 2012), and to compare these effects in a phosphorus-deficient diet. Phytase improved phosphorus digestibility and retention in phosphorus-adequate diets, and phosphorus digestibility was used to estimate the quantity of P released by phytase. These results have implications in improving phosphorus utilization by pigs and reducing phosphorus excretion. Xylose is a primary component of arabinoxylan in the hemicellulose (fiber) fraction of carbohydrates in swine diets. It is therefore important to understand if, and to what extent, the pig can utilize xylose as an energy source if xylanase releases free xylose in the small intestine. We report that pigs can metabolize xylose, but with considerably lower efficiency than glucose, and may be able to adapt with time to utilize xylose more efficiently. During this reporting period we also evaluated rendered animal proteins and insect meals as alternative protein and amino acid feedstuffs for monogastric livestock. These results indicated that the digestibility of insect meals is similar to commonly used protein sources such as poultry meal. Further, rendered animal protein quality is impacted by high temperature and pressure processing that results in increased protein oxidation that may impact amino acid utilization from the diet. Objective 2: Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment. Work disseminated in 2018 focused largely on improved understanding of how trace minerals support growth induced through exogenous technologies such as hormone implants. This work seeks to better marry nutrient demand by animals with nutrient supply, to avoid excess without losing performance due to under supplementation. We also developed methods to extract specific compounds from alfalfa and produced altered lipid ingredients to determine the impact on the biology of the animal (poultry or mouse models), specifically the immune system, growth, and the microbiome. These studies reflect an effort to further mechanistically understand how fractionated feed ingredients interact with and support or retract from growth, the immune system, and microbiome in livestock. In ruminants, we evaluated the use of cover crops for grazing of stocker cattle at various locations across Iowa for improved water quality and reduced production costs in Iowa. Further, we reported the use of a one-time probiotic drench containing Megasphaera elsdensii NCIMB 41125, shortly after parturition, decreased dry matter intake and tended to improve feed efficiency in early lactation cows while maintaining yield of milk and milk components. Many livestock production systems are under constant pathogenic and inflammatory stresses that antagonized animal performance, productivity and wellbeing. As such, we are attempting to identify nutritional strategies to maximize productivity during times of stress. With regard to livestock and nutritional immunology, we have developed and further refined a technique to estimate the glucose requirements of an activated immune system in farm animals. In pigs, β-mannanase supplementation in diets effects on immune parameters and energy balance in pigs and is the first to directly relate decreased growth to increased maintenance energy independent of changes in feed intake in immune challenged pigs. Immune stimulation increased energy partitioning to the immune system by 23% which limited lipid deposition and weight gain. Further, carbohydrase enzyme blends enhanced growth rate of weaned pigs fed higher fiber diets, which may be partly explained by the improved small intestinal barrier integrity and reduced immune activation, rather than improvement in nutrient digestibility. We have also reported that increasing diet formulation Lysine to energy ratios by 10% to 20% above National Research Council requirements improved performance and feed efficiency during experimental and natural virus challenges. Understanding energy and nutrient partitioning in immune-stressed livestock may provide insight into more effective feeding and management strategies. Objective 3:Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing. Effects of nutrients on animal product quality is being conducted in collaboration with meat scientists to better understand the implications of increasing dietary zinc on parameters of meat tenderness. Additionally, this project is investigating the impact of ractopamine hydrochloride, a beta agonist, on meat tenderness and biochemical parameters. Milk and its impact on health has also been assessed and our results support the hypothesis in which exosomes in bovine milk contain non-coding RNA that are associated with immune and developmental functions.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Niedermayer, E. K., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, D. D. Loy and S. L. Hansen. 2018. Effect of varying trace mineral supplementation of steers with or without hormone implants on growth and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 96:1159-1170.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hartman, S. J., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, and S. L. Hansen. 2018. Comparison of trace mineral repletion strategies in feedlot steers to overcome diets containing high concentrations of sulfur and molybdenum. J. Anim. Sci. 96(6):2504-2515.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Genther-Schroeder, O. N., M. E. Branine, S. L. Hansen. 2018. Effects of increasing supplemental dietary Zn concentration on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing steers fed ractopamine hydrochloride. J. Anim. Sci. 96(5):1903-1913.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Carmichael, R. N., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, C. P. Blank, E. L. Deters, S. J. Hartman, E. K. Niedermayer, and S. L. Hansen. 2018. The influence of supplemental zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on mineral and nitrogen retention of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 96(7):2939-2948.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Deters, E. L., R. S. Stokes, O. N. Genther-Schroeder, and S. L. Hansen. 2018. Effects of Original XPC in receiving diets of newly weaned beef steers I: Growth performance and antioxidant defense. J. Anim. Sci. 96(9):3897-3905.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Deters, E. L., R. S. Stokes, O. N. Genther-Schroeder, and S. L. Hansen. 2018. Effects of Original XPC in receiving diets of newly weaned beef steers II: Digestibility and response to a vaccination challenge. J. Anim. Sci. 96(9):3906-3915.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: VanValin, K. R., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, Carmichael, R. N., C. P. Blank, E. L. Deters, S. J. Hartman, E. K. Niedermayer, S. B. Laudert and S. L. Hansen. 2018. Influence of dietary zinc concentration and supplemental zinc source on nutrient digestibility, zinc absorption, and retention in sheep. J. Anim. Science https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky384
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Olsen, K. M., S. A. Gould, C. L. Walk, N. V. L. Serão, S. L. Hansen, and J. F. Patience. 2018. Evaluating phosphorus release by phytase in diets fed to growing pigs that are not deficient in phosphorus. J. Anim. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky402
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: VanValin, K. R., Genther-Schroeder, O. N., R. N. Carmichael, C. P. Blank, E. L. Deters, S. J. Hartman, E. K. Niedermayer., and S. L. Hansen. 2018. Evaluation of nutrient digestibility, apparent absorption and retention of zinc in lambs supplemented with zinc from zinc hydroxychloride, zinc sulfate or zinc methionine. American Society of Animal Science National Meeting. Vancouver, BC. Abstract 53.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Messersmith, E., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, M. Branine, and S. L. Hansen. 2018. The effect of liver copper status in finishing steers fed three dietary levels of copper with or without ractopamine hydrochloride on liver copper status, growth performance and carcass characteristics. American Society of Animal Science National Meeting. Vancouver, BC.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Loy, Dan; Doran, Beth; Euken, Russ; Schwab, Denise; Clark, Chris; Sellers, Joe; Wall, Patrick; Dahlke, Garland; Hoyer, Sherry; Lundy, Erika; Schulz, Lee; and Dewell, Grant (2018) "Iowa Beef Center," Animal Industry Report: AS 664, ASL R3216. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_air/vol664/iss1/14.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lundy, Erika; Vittetoe, Rebecca; DeJong, Joel; Doran, Beth; Kassel, Paul; Loy, Dan; Sellers, Joe; and Witt, Mike (2018) "Enhancing the Value of Cover Crops through Utilization by Beef Stocker Cattle: Progress Report (Year 2)," Animal Industry Report: AS 664, ASL R3225. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_air/vol664/iss1/23
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Andresen, C.E., D.D. Loy, T.A. Brick and P.J. Gunn. 2018. Case Study: Effects of extended-release eprinomectin on cow-calf performance and reproductive success in a fall-calving beef herd. The Professional Animal Scientist 34:2 (223-229).
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2018. Beef Quality Assurance⿿the Right Thing to Do and Good Business. January 2018 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Testroet, E.D., D.C. Beitz, M.R. O⿿Neil, A.L. Mueller, H.A. Ramirez-Ramirez, and S. Clark. 2018. Feeding reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles to lactating Holstein dairy cows does not alter milk composition or cause late blowing in cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 101:5838-5850.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Penner, A.D., M.L. Kaplan, L.L. Christian, K.J. Stalder, and D.C. Beitz. 2018. Use of different types and amounts of dietary fats to redesign pork. J. Anim. Sci Livestock Prod. 2: No. 1:3. doi:10.21767/2577-0594.100013.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beitz, D.C., W.J. Banz, T. Brenna, and P.C. Calder. 2018. Omega-3 fatty acids: Health benefits and dietary recommendations. CAST Special Publication No. 32. 39 pp.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Reynolds, C., N. Koszewski, R. Horst, D. Beitz, and J. Goff. 2018. Localization of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated response in the intestines of mice. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.009.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: O⿿Neil, M.R., E.H. Branstad, C.S. McCarthy, B.C. Dooley, D.C. Beitz, A.J. Hund, G.A. Ducharme, and H.A. Ramirez-Ramirez. 2018. Effects of administering an oral probiotic drench containing Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 to dairy cows fed a high starch diet in early lactation. ADSA annual meeting. Abstr. 355. p. 124.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Testroet, E.D. S. Shome, A. Testroet, J. Reecy, R.L. Jernigan, M. Zhu, M. Du, S. Clark, and D. Beitz. 2018. Profiling of the exosomal cargo of bovine milk reveals the presence of immune- and growth-modulatory ncRNAs. FASEB J. 32:., Suppl. 1. Abstr. 747.25.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Reynolds, C., N. Koszewski, R. Horst, D. Beitz, and J. Goff. 2018. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the intestinal vitamin D response. Abstr. Annu. Meeting Amer. Soc. Nutr.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lammers, P., D. Stender, C. Beedle and M. Honeyman. 2017. Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Market Pigs Fed Reduced Lysine Diets in Bedded Hoop Barns. ASL-R3202. Animal Industry Report AS-663, ISU Ext. Serv., Ames, IA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Kristin M Olsen, Stacie A Gould, Carrie L Walk, Nick V L Serão, Stephanie L Hansen, John F Patience; Evaluating phosphorus release by phytase in diets fed to growing pigs that are not deficient in phosphorus, Journal of Animal Science, , sky402, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky402
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Huntley NF, Nyachoti CM, Patience JF. Lipopolysaccharide immune stimulation but not ?-mannanase supplementation affects maintenance energy requirements in young weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:47. Published 2018 Jun 15. doi:10.1186/s40104-018-0264-y
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bhattacharjee, U., Jarashow, D., Casey, T., Petrich, J.W., and Rasmussen, M.A. Using fluorescence spectroscopy to identify milk from grass-fed dairy cows and to monitor its photodegradation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66:2168-2173. 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: 1- Fries, Krysten and Bobeck, Elizabeth (2018) "Energy Digestibility of a High Protein DDGS Product in Broilers," Animal Industry Report: AS 664, ASL R3257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-349 Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_air/vol664/iss1/55
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: 2- Fries, Krysten and Bobeck, Elizabeth (2018) "Amino Acid Digestibility of a High Protein DDGS Product in Broilers," Animal Industry Report: AS 664, ASL R3256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-336 Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_air/vol664/iss1/54
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: 1- Lindblom, Stephanie, Gabler, Nicholas, Bobeck, Elizabeth, and Kerr, Brian. Oil source and peroxidation status interactively affect growth performance and oxidative status in broilers from 4 to 25 days of age. Accepted for publication 11-6-2018 in Journal of Poultry Science.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: K Fries and EA Bobeck. 2018 Optimization of aqueous and lipid-soluble extraction methods for Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Presented at Midwest Animal Science Meetings, Omaha, NE
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Responses to Alfalfa Supplementation in Mice. Submited to Midwest Animal Science Meetings for consideration to be presented 2019.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gabler, N.K. and W.P. Schweer (2017) Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for nursery pigs. Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Mankato, MN. Sept. 20-21.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schweer, W., A. Ramirez, N. Gabler (2017) Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for nursery pigs. The XVIII AMENA Congress, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico Oct. 17-21.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Li, Q., N.K. Gabler, C.L. Loving, S.A. Gould, and J.F Patience. (2018) A dietary carbohydrase blend improved intestinal barrier function and growth rate in weaned pigs fed higher fiber diets. Journal of Animal Science. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky383.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lindblom, S. C., N. K. Gabler, and B. J. Kerr. (2018) Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on growth performance, digestibility, and gut integrity in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 96(2):558-569. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky004.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lindblom, S. C., N. K. Gabler, R. N. Dilger, Z. F. Olson, C. L. Loving and B. J. Kerr. (2018) Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on oxidative status in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 96(2):545-557. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky005.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schweer, W. P., E. R. Burrough, J. F. Patience, B. J. Kerr, and N. K. Gabler. (2018) Impact of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae on intestinal amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in pigs. 14th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs, Brisbane, Australia. August 21-24.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Schweer, W. P., O. F. Mendoza, C. M. Shull, J. Lehman, A. M. Gaines, K. J. Schwartz, N. K. Gabler (2018). Increased Lysine: ME ratio improves grower pig performance during a PRRSV challenge. Journal of Animal Science 96(suppl_2): 24-25
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mendoza, S. M., G. R. Murugesan, E. G. Hendel, S. Stelzhammer, E. T. Helm, N. K. Gabler (2018). Evaluation of a Phytogenic Blend on Nursery Pig Growth and Nutrient Digestibility. Journal of Animal Science 96(suppl_2): 155-156
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Huntley NF, Patience JF (2018) Xylose metabolism in the pig. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0205913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205913
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mayorga, E.J., S.K. Kvidera, E.A. Horst, M. Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, J.T. Seibert, S. Lei, A.F. Keating, J.W. Ross, R.P. Rhoads, Z.J. Rambo, M.E. Wilson and L. H. Baumgard. 2018. Effects of zinc amino acid complex on biomarkers of gut integrity and metabolism during and following heat stress or feed restriction in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96:4173-4185.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Seelenbinder, K.M., L.D. Zhao, M.D. Hanigan, M.W. Hulver, R.P. McMillan, L.H. Baumgard, J.T. Selsby, J.W. Ross, N.K. Gabler, and R.P. Rhoads. 2018. Effects of heat stress during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on metabolic responses in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 96: 1375-1387.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Horst, E.A., S.K. Kvidera, E.J. Mayorga, C.S. Shouse, M. Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, J. Ydstie, H.A. Ramirez Ramirez, K.E. Griswold, and L.H. Baumgard. 2018. Effect of chromium on bioenergetics and leukocyte dynamics following immunoactivation in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 101:5515-5530.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Seibert, J.T., M. Abuajamieh, M.V. Sanz Fernandez, J.S. Johnson, S.K. Kvidera, E.A. Horst, E.J. Mayorga, S. Lei, J.F. Patience, J.W. Ross, R.P. Rhoads, R.C. Johnson, S.M. Lonergan, J.W. Perfield II, and L.H. Baumgard. 2018. Effects of heat stress and insulin sensitizers on pig adipose tissue. J. Anim. Sci. 96:510-520.


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, work from this project has targeted communities which included poultry, beef, dairy, swine and sheep producers, veterinarians, allied industries and research professionals. We have also targeted students in training efforts and opportunities. Our works have delivered applied and basic science-based knowledge to these communities through producer workshops and field days, formal and in-formal classroom instruction, experiential learning and via peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations at regional, national and international scientific meetings. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Funding from this project has provided supplies and samples for training of approximately 22 undergraduate students, 11 Ph.D. and 13 M.S. graduate students and one postdoctoral research scholar in this reporting period. These training opportunities have allowed these personnel to learn techniques and methods associated with assessing and improving animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our results have been disseminated to our target communities that include beef, dairy, swine, poultry and sheep producers, veterinarians, allied industry and research professionals via field day presentations, workshops, extension newsletters and talks, conference presentations, peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next reporting period we will continue feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs, optimize animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment, and to study the effects of nutrients on animal product quality and use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: Published findings provide new knowledge to help producers to make the best financial and nutritional decisions when selecting novel feedstuffs for cattle, hens and pigs. Other published findings are particularly valuable to those producers seeking to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in cattle diets. Objective 1: Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs. The influence of a novel feedstuffs from ethanol production have been evaluated in beef and dairy cattle. This work supports the use of this new post-ethanol extraction sorghum silage in feedlot cattle diets and will provide useful information to nutritionists and producers upon availability of the product. We have also partnered with industry to analyze new commercial feedstuffs for inclusion rate and digestibility, to improve growth and health of broilers, as well as a basic level studying pharmacologic inclusion levels of feedstuffs in laying hen and broiler diets to determine benefit for the animal as well as downstream enrichment of animal products including meat and eggs for the human market. Under this objective we have also evaluated feed stuffs for the pig industry. The energy values of 15 different fat sources were also evaluated for digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE); fat is a commonly used ingredient in swine diets, but they can only be used for effectively and efficiently if their energy values are clearly defined. This project also identified those chemical characteristics that increased (or decreased) their energy content, another important piece of information if new fats are going to be effectively evaluated for use in pig diets. We further examined an alternative lysine source -L-Lysine Sufate for pigs and showed it to be equivalent on a molar basis with the current market dominating source of lysine. This will allow producers to make the best financial decision as it relates to synthetic lysine sources. Synthetic lysine is utilized in virtually all practical pig diets fed in the U.S. Objective 2:Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment. Work disseminated in this reporting period focused on refining trace mineral requirements of feedlot cattle, particularly as related to utilization of growth promoting technologies. Our expansive body of work in this area thus far suggests that implants continue to provide a strong return on investment and that rapidly growing cattle likely have greater need for trace minerals. There is also significant opportunity to refine cattle mineral requirements in the future, particularly as related to different sources of trace minerals to overcome dietary antagonists. We also provided support for the adoption of the NE system for quantifying the energy content of ingredients and diets for pigs. Many US diets are formulated on an ME basis, which is less precise than NE, but producers have been reluctant to adopt the new system, due to lack of information supporting its validity. This project provided further evidence that NE is a very viable energy system. Further outputs from this objective have shown that soluble, fermentable fiber added to the diets of newly weaned pigs can provide some degree of protection against diarrhea caused by E. coil. The data also showed that insoluble fiber is less helpful in this regard. We are also reporting similar findings with swine dysentry. This information will be particularly valuable to those producers seeking to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in their diet. The impact of disease in pork production was quantified under commercial conditions, and assessed in terms of its impact on growth performance and financial returns. In another study we conducted, our objective was to determine the impact high or low inclusions of soybean meal has on apparent total tract and apparent ileal digestibility during Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. PRRS is a major virus that antagonizes growing pig performance and increasing soybean meal in diets during a disease challenges may augment pig performance. We reported that energy and N total tract digestibility are influenced by diet during a PRRSV challenge, while small intestinal digestibility are unaffected. Also, PRRS may not alter total tract endogenous loss of nitrogen and protein. These results have implications on how we feed amino acids and protein to health compromised pigs. Antibiotics have been used in animal feed for about 50 years with significant impacts on pig performance and health. With the induction of the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) in January of 2017, the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics for growth promotion (AGP) in swine production has been illegalized. The goal of this work has been to provide pig producers and the allied industries tools to enable them to enhance the development and implementation of successful AGP alternatives in nursery pig diets. Finding alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotic growth promoters with good efficacy is greatly warranted. We conducetd aliteraturereview to examine the efficacy of AGP nutritional alternatives in nursery pig production. This review highlighted that AGP alternatives can improve performance in pigs but there may be a specific age, body weight, or duration of feeding that can optimize the response, but only appear to be efficacious less than one-third of the time. Also, the use of antibiotics and specialty proteins in the diet have profound impacts on the efficacy of these AGP alternatives. With the data obtained, the industry may be able to better design and evaluate AGP alternative research for the swine industry. Our review using the criteria outlined above highlighted that studies using AGP alternatives significantly improved ADG in 28.4% of the studies evaluated, while performance was unchanged in 66.6% or declined in 3.3% of the studies when compared to trial control diets. In the studies that improved ADG, pigs averaged 24 days old, started at ~10 kg body weight and pigs were on test on average for 38 days. The typical trial mean/median consisted of n=13/treatment and ~7 pigs/pen. The most effective AGP alternatives were probiotics, organic acids, and zinc/copper, where an improvement in ADG was reported in 39.9%, 31.8%, and 38.7% of studies, respectively. Objective 3:Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing. Last year a new area of research was started regarding the impact of feed efficiency classification of cattle on ultimate meat tenderness. Our work suggests that post mortem protein degradation is only minimally affected in cattle that are extremely feed efficient, suggesting producers may select for highly feed efficient animals with minimal concern for the consumer eating experience. A peer reviewed publication was generated in 2017. Further research from our project has shown that feeding of distillers dried grains with solubles indicated the limits of inclusion in diet to avoid milk fat depression and that feeding distillers dried grains with solubles did not affect quality of baby Swiss cheese production.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Testroet, E.C., S. Clark, and D.C. Beitz. 2017 Lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows fed 3 concentrations of full-fat corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Prof. Anim. Scientist 33:567-574.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Testroet, E.D. C.L. Yoder, A. Testroet, C. Reynolds, M.R. ONeil, S.M. Lei, D.C. Beitz, and T.J. Baas. 2017. Iodine values of adipose tissue varied among breeds of pigs and were correlated with pork quality. Adipocyte 6: 1-9.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Testroet, E.D., P. Sherman, C. Yoder, A. Testroet, C. Reynolds, M. ONeil, S.M. Lei, D. C. Beitz, and T.J. Baas. 2017. A novel and robust method for testing bimodality and characterizing porcine adipocytes of adipose tissue of 5 purebred lines of pig. Adipocyte 6:102-111.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ciaxeta, L.S., S.L. Giesy, C.S. Krumm, J.W. Perfield, A. Butterfield, K.M. Schoenberg, D.C. Beitz, and Y.R. Boisclair. 2017.. Effect of circulating glucagon and free fatty acids on hepatic FGF21 production in dairy cows. Am. J. Physiol  Reg. Integ. and Comp. Physiol. 313: R526-R534.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Testroet, E.D., M.R. ONeil, S. Clark, and D.C. Beitz. 2017. Feeding lactating Holstein dairy cows reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles: Milk composition and feed efficiency. Iowa State University Animal Industry Report, AS. Leaflet R3152.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Testroet, E. D., M. R. ONeil, S. Clark, and D.C. Beitz. 2017. Feeding lactating Holstein dairy cows reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles: Quality of baby Swiss cheese. Iowa State University Animal Industry report. AS. Leaflet R3157.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: 1. Kellner, T.A., N.K. Gabler and J.F. Patience. 2017. The composition of dietary fat alters the transcriptional profile of pathways associated with lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue in the pig. J. Anim. Sci. 95:3609-3619.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mauch, E.B., J.M. Young, N.V.L. Serao, W.L. Hsu, J.F. Patience, B.J. Kerr, T.E. Weber, N.K. Gabler and J.C.M. Dekkers. 2017. Effect of lower-energy, higher-fiber diets on pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake when fed higher-energy, lower-fiber diets. J. Anim. Sci (Accepted 2017-09-19).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Rauw, W.M., E.J. Mayorga, S.M. Lei, J.C.M. Dekkers, J.F. Patience, N.K. Gabler, S.M. Lonergan and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. Effects of diet and genetics on growth performance of pigs in response to repeated exposure to heat stress. Frontiers in Genetics 8:1-18; doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00155.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Acosta, J., N.V.L. Serao, R.D. Boyd and J.F. Patience. 2017. Digestion and nitrogen balance using swine diets containing increasing proportions of co-product ingredients and formulated using the net energy system. J. Anim. Sci 95:1243-1252.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Elsbernd, A.J., C.F.M. De Lange, K.J. Stalder, L.A. Karriker and J.F. Patience. 2017. SID lysine requirement of immunologically and physically castrated male pigs during three growth phases. J. Anim. Sci. 95:1253-1263; doi: 10.257/jas.2016.0544.
  • Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Huntley, N. and J. Patience. 2017. Immune system stimulation increases nursery pig maintenance energy requirements. National Hog Farmer (submitted).
  • Type: Other Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cornelison, A. and J. Patience. 2017. Your financial health in the face of a multi-factorial health challenge. National Hog Farmer (submitted).
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Olsen, K., N. Gabler, W. Schweer, K. Schwartz, C. Rademacher and J. Patience. 2017. Progress in evaluating alternatives for antibiotics in nursery pig diets. National Hog Farmer. Website: nationalhogfarmer.com. Posted August 24.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Li, Q., E. Burrough, N. Gabler and J. Patience. 2017. Dietary fiber affects pigs response to an experimentally induced E. Coli diarrhea. National Hog Farmer. Website: nationalhogfarmer.com. Posted July 27.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cornelison, A and J. Patience. 2017. How sick pigs affect your financial health. National Hog Farmer. Website: nationalhogfarmer.com. Posted May 25.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Huntley, N., J. Patience and M. Nyachoti. 2017. Health challenges impairs pigs production efficiency and profitability. National Hog Farmer. Website: nationalhogfarmer.com. Posted April 27.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Patience, J.F., S. Gould, C. Holloway, R.D. Boyd, C. Zier-Rush and A, Elsbernd. 2017. Super-dosing phytase improves grow-finish performance. National Hog Farmer. Website: nationalhogfarmer.com. Posted March 22.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Patience, J.F. 2017. Super-dosing phytase improves nursery growth performance. National Hog Farmer. Website: nationalhogfarmer.com. Posted February 23.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kellner, T.A., S. Gould, D. Koehler, L. Couortney, L. Gesing and J.F. Patience. 2017. Determination of SID tryptophan to lysine ratio in nursery pigs. Animal Industry Report, Iowa State University. AS-Leaflet-R3189. 2 pp.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jacobs, B.M., J.F. Patience, M.D. Lindemann, K.J. Stalder and B.J. Kerr. 2017. Disappearance and appearance of an indigestible marker in feces from growing pigs as affected by pre- and post-diet composition. J. Anim. Sci. Biotech. 8:32-41; doi: 10.1186/s40104-017-0161-9.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kellner, T.A. and J.F. Patience. 2017. The digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy content of dietary fat sources in thirteen and fifty-kilogram pigs. J. Anim. Sci 95:3984-3995.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Baumgard, L.H., R.J. Collier and D.E. Bauman. 2017. Invited Review: Regulation of nutrient partitioning to support lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 100: (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., E.A. Horst, M.V. Sanz-Fernandez, M. Abuajamieh, S. Ganesan, P.J. Gorden, H.B. Green. K.M. Schoenberg, W.E. Trout, A.F. Keating, and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. Characterizing effects of feed restriction and glucagon-like peptide 2 administration on biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal morphology. J. Dairy Sci. 100: 9402-9417.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hale, B.J., C.L. Hager, J.T. Seibert, J.T. Selsby, L.H. Baumgard, A.F. Keating and J.W. Ross. 2017. Heat stress induces autophagy in pig ovaries during follicular development. 2017. Biol. Repro. doi: 10.1093/biolre/iox097
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cruzen, S.M., L.H. Baumgard, N.K. Gabler, S.C. Pearce and S.M. Lonergan. 2017. Temporal proteomic response to acute heat stress in the porcine muscle sarcoplasm. J. Anim. Sci. 95:3961-3971
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chapel, N.M., C.J. Byrd, D.W. Lugar, G.M. Morello, L.H. Baumgard, J.W. Ross, T.J. Safranski, M.C. Lucy and J.S. Johnson. 2017. Determining the effects of early gestation in utero heat stress on postnatal fasting heat production and circulating biomarkers associated with metabolism in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 95:3914-3921
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ganesan, S., O. Volodina, S.C. Pearce, N.K. Gabler, L.H. Baumgard, R.P. Rhoads, and J.T. Selsby. 2017. Acute heat stress activated inflammatory signaling in porcine oxidative skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rep. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13397
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hristov, A.N., A.T. Degaetano, C.A. Rotz, E. Hoberg, R.H. Skinner, T. Felix, H. Li, P.H. Patterson, G. Roth, M. Hall, T.L. Ott, L.H. Baumgard, W. Staniar, R.M. Hulet, C. Dell, A.F. Brito, and D.Y. Hollinger. 2017. Climate change effects on livestock in the Northeast U.S. and strategies for adaptation. Climatic Change. 143: doi:10.1007/s10584-017-2023-z
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gao, S.T., J. Guo, S.Y. Quan, X.M., Nan, M.V. Sanz Fernandez, L.H. Baumgard, and D. Bu. 2017. The effects of heat stress on protein metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100: 5040-5049.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., M. J. Dickson, M. Abuajamieh, D. B. Snider, M. V. Sanz Fernandez, J. S. Johnson, A.F. Keating, P. J. Gorden, H. B. Green, K. M. Schoenberg, and L. H. Baumgard. 2017. Intentionally reduced intestinal barrier integrity causes inflammation, affects metabolism, and reduces productivity in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100: 41134127.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., E.A. Horst, M. Abuajamieh, E.J. Mayorga, M.V. Sanz Fernandez and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. Glucose requirements of an activated immune system in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:2360-2374.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Baumgard, L.H., S.K Kvidera, and E. Horst. 2017. Challenging the paradigm of metabolic diseases in the fresh period. International Dairy Nutrition Symposium. Wageningen University. The Netherlands.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mayorga, E.J., E.A. Horst, S.K. Kvidera, J. Ydstie, M. Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, C.S. Chouse, H.R. Ramirez, R.P. Rhoads, A.F. Keating, R. Appuhamy and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. Leaky guts contribution to inefficient nutrient utilization. Proc. Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference. Pp. 15-20.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Rhoads, R.P., and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. The physiology of heat stress: a shift in metabolic priorities at the systemic and cellular levels. Vetagro International Forum. Translating Scientific Discoveries into on-Farm Solutions. Pp 63-87.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., E.A. Horst, M. Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, R.P. Rhoads, A.F. Keating and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. Nutritional requirement of the immune system of livestock species. Vetagro International Forum. Translating Scientific Discoveries into on-Farm Solutions. Pp 45-61.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Baumgard, L.H., S.K. Kvidera, E. Horst, M. Dickson, J. Ydstie and M. Al-Qaisi. 2017. Reevaluation of the causes of ketosis. Proceedings of Minnesota Dairy Health Conference. Slides
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., E.A. Horst, M. Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, R.P. Rhoads, A.F. Keating, and L.H. Baumgard. 2017. Leaky Guts Contribution to Inefficient Nutrient Utilization? Proc. Advances in Dairy Technology. Western Canadian Dairy Seminar, pp. 137-146
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Baumgard, L.H., M. Al-Qaisi, and R.P. Rhoads. 2017. Low summer milk fat: Is it the same as diet-induced milk fat depression. 32nd Annual Southwest Nutrition Conference. Tempe AZ Pp. 144-151
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Blank, C. P., J. Russell, S. M. Lonergan and S. L. Hansen. 2017. Influence of feed efficiency classification and growing and finishing diet type on meat tenderness attributes of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 2986-2992.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Blank, C. P., D. D. Loy and S. L. Hansen. 2017. Effect of post-ethanol extraction sorghum silage as a forage source in growing and finishing diets on steer performance carcass characteristics, and nutrition digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 95:3206-3213. ?
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: ?Gabler, N.K., A. Ramirez and W.P. Schweer (2017) Efficacy of Sub-Therapeutic Antibiotic Alternatives. Iowa State University James McKean Swine Disease Conference, Ames, IA. Nov. 2-3.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hartman, S. J., O. N. Genther-Schroeder, and S. L. Hansen. 2017. Effect of trace mineral source on mineral status and performance of beef steers fed low- or high-sulfur diets. J. Anim. Sci. 95:4139-4149. ?
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: E. L. Lundy, C. E. Andresen, S. A. Freeman, D. D. Loy, and P. J. Gunn. 2017. Utilization of a modified Delphi method for needs assessment and curriculum revision of a senior-level beef systems management course. NACTA Journal 61(3):193-196.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Niedermeyer, E.K., O.N. Genther-Schroeder, D.D. Loy and S.L. Hansen. 2017. The effects of injectable trace minerals on growth performance and mineral status of Angus beef steers raised in a natural feedlot program. The Professional Animal Scientist 33:2 (186-193).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Seabury CM, DL Oldeshulte, M Saatchi, JE Beever, JE Decker, YA Halley, EK Bhattarai, M Molaei, HC Freetly, SL Hansen, H Yampara-Iquise, KA Johnson, MS Kerley, JW Kim, DD Loy, E Marques, HL Neibergs, RD Schnabel, DW Shike, ML Spangler, RL Weaber, DJ Garrick and JF Taylor. 2017. Genome-Wide Association Study For Feed Efficiency and Growth Traits in U.S. Beef Cattle. BMC Genomics 18: 386.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Blank, Christopher; Loy, Daniel; and Hansen, Stephanie (2017) "Evaluation of Sorghum Silage as an Alternative Forage in Growing and Finishing Diets on Steer Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Nutrient Digestibility," Animal Industry Report: AS 663, ASL R3138
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lundy, Erika; Wall, Patrick; Loy, Dan; and Hansen, Stephanie (2017) "Evaluating the Effects of Diet Energy Density on Hereford Steer Performance with Differing Genetic Potential for Dry Matter Intake," Animal Industry Report: AS 663, ASL R3143.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dahlke, Garland; Gunn, Patrick; and Loy, Dan (2017) "Adapting the 2016 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and MedicineNutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle to BRaNDS SoftwareConsidering Metabolizable Protein," Animal Industry Report: AS 663, ASL R3133.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: National Consortium for the Genetic Improvement of Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle. 2017. Final Report on National Program for Genetic Improvement of Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle. IBC-118E, https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/14906.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2017. Were Listening. January 2017 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2017. Adding Value to the Calf Crop. February 2017 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2017. Beef Production Research at ISU. March 2017 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2017. Changing Feedlot Demographics. April 2017 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2017. Assuring a Wholesome Beef Supply. May 2017 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ehr IJ, Persia ME, Bobeck EA. Comparative omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of egg yolks from first-cycle laying hens fed flaxseed oil or ground flaxseed. Poult Sci. 2017 Jun 1;96(6):1791-1799. doi: 10.3382/ps/pew462.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Persia ME, Higgins M, Wang T, Trample D, Bobeck EA. Effects of long-term supplementation of laying hens with high concentrations of cholecalciferol on performance and egg quality. Poult Sci. 2013 Nov;92(11):2930-7. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03243.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: W.P. Schweer, J.F. Patience, K. Schwartz, D. Linhares, C. Rademacher, H. Allen, C. Loving, A. Ramirez, N.K. Gabler (2017) A review and evaluation of antibiotic alternatives in the literature. ASAS-ADSA Sectional Meeting, Omaha, NE. March 13-15, Abstract #305
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: N.K. Gabler, S.M. Curry, W.P. Schweer, S.M. Lonergan, K. Schwartz, E.R. Burrough, and C. Loving (2017) What are the nutritional and metabolic costs of immune system activation in pigs?. ASAS-ADSA Sectional Meeting, Omaha, NE. March 13-15, Abstract #143
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Jespersen, J., I. Ehr, C. Morris, B. Kerr, A. Johnson, N Gabler and E. Bobeck. Dietary n-3 fatty acids did not attenuate performance during sustained inflammation on commercial broilers. Presented at the Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, July 11-14, 2016.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Schweer, W.P., J.C. Sparks, J.F. Patience, L. Karriker, K. Schwartz, T.E. Burkey, M. Fitzsimmons, M. Weaver, and N.K. Gabler. 2017. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus reduces feed efficiency, digestibility and lean tissue accretion in grow-finish pigs. Transl. Anim. Sci. Article in Press doi:10.2527/tas2017.0054
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: W. Schweer, A. Ramirez, N. Gabler (2017) Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for nursery pigs. The XVIII AMENA Congress, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico Oct. 17-21
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gabler, N.K. and W.P. Schweer (2017) Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for nursery pigs. Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Mankato, MN. Sept. 20-21
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: C.L. Loving, Z.F. Olson, W.P. Schweer, and N.K. Gabler (2017) Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) impacts immune cell metabolism without evidence of cell-mediated immune response. Journal of Immunology 198 Supplement 1:226.7
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: W.P. Schweer, J.F. Patience, E.R. Burrough, N. Gabler (2017) Impact of PRRSV on digestibility and endogenous losses in pigs fed high or low soybean meal diets. ASAS-ADSA Midwest Sectional Meeting, Omaha, NE. March 13-15, Abstract #193
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: S. C. Lindblom, N. K. Gabler and B. J. Kerr. (2017)Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on growth performance, digestibility, and gut integrity in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (Accepted)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: S. C. Lindblom, N. K. Gabler, R. N. Dilger, Z. F. Olson, C. L. Loving, and B. J. Kerr. (2017)Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on oxidative status in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. (Accepted)


Progress 01/21/16 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:During this reporting period, work from this projecthas been disseminated to our target communities which include poultry, beef, dairy, swine and sheep producers, veterinarians, allied industries and research professionals. We have delivered our applied and basicscience-based knowledge to these communities through producer workshops, formal classroom instruction,experiential learning andvia peer-reviewed journal articles and conference presentations at regional, national and international scientific meetings. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Funding from this project has provided supplies and samples for training of approximately 20 undergraduate students, 14 Ph.D. and 13 M.S. graduate students and one postdoctoral research Scholar. These training opportunities have allowed these personnel to learn techniques and methods associated with assessing and improving animal production, health and wellbeing through nutrition and metabolism approaches. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Our results have been disseminated to our target communities of includes beef, dairy, swine, poultry and sheepproducers, veterinarians, allied industry and research professionals via workshops, extension newsletters and talks, conference presentations,peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed journal articles. Additionally, results have been disseminated to the target communities through published thesis and dissertationworks. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan to continue to study feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs in beef and dairy cattle, pigs, poultry and sheep. We also plan to study how to best optimize animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies under climate and pathogen stresses. Finally, we will continue to study the effects of nutrients on animal product (eggs, milk and meat) quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? IMPACT: Health and environmental challenges increase days on feed and attenuate milk, eggs, and meat production. As animal feed costs are a major factor in production of food and fiber, mitigating these environmental challenges and feed cost and optimizing feed digestibility will improve profitability of production and lessen any negative impact on the environment. This project has helped enhance efficient (biologically and economically) nutrient and energy utilization of livestock and avian species production and wellbeing by evaluating new and known feed ingredients for nutritional and digestibility properties. This is helping animal agriculture by reducing feed and production costs, keeping the cost of food as low as possible and minimizing the quantity of feed resources required to support the production of animal food products. Further, we are aiding in the development of nutritional management strategies that optimize animal production, health, and wellbeing that also contributes to sustainable and eco-friendly production practices. This work is also impacting our understanding and improvement of animal product nutrient composition and the role animal-based products have in human health. This will lead increased consumer confidence and demand for animal products. Over this reporting period, we have work on all three of our objectives: Objective 1: Feedstuff evaluation for the improvement of animal wellbeing and production to reduce feed costs. In this reporting period, we have evaluated new feedstuffs, enzymes and probiotics, and their ability to alter the apparent total tract or ileal (monogastric) digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein, amino acids, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total dietary fiber, ether extract, and P in swine, beef, sheep and poultry. In swine, we have studied dietary fat and have shown that whether dietary fat is added as pure lipid (exogenous), or included in ingredients within the plants cell matrix (endogenous) have equal digestibility to the pig. Previously, it was believed that endogenous fat was used with less efficiency by the pig. This provides pork producers with greater choices on adding fat to pig diets, in order to improve rate and efficiency of gain. We have also evaluated how dietary exogenous enzymes, phytochemicals, protein sources and fiber alter ileal digestibility of swine. In broilers, we have also evaluated the effects of peroxidized oils on the immune status, intestinal function and bird performance. Dietary oil peroxidation caused recruitment of immune cells to the intestine and certain oils negatively impact weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers. The work is addressing current industry practices and effects on animal well-being and production. Objective 2: Optimizing animal nutrition to improve animal health and wellbeing, production and management efficiencies and the environment. An immune challenge increases the maintenance energy requirement of a growing livestock by 23%. This means that this elevated quantity of energy required for maintenance will not be available for growth, thus reducing both the rate and efficiency of gain. In swine, we have reported that superdosing phytase not only results in improved utilization of phytate bound phosphorus by the pig, but also improves rate and efficiency of gain, especially when these are measured on a carcass weight basis. Further, the amino acids requirements of growing-finishing pigs are met by utilizing a variety of protein rich ingredients, including soybean meal and distillers dried grains with solubles, as well as synthetic amino acids. As nutritionists have become more comfortable with synthetics, this has obviously reduced the demand for SBM. However, there is growing suspicion that soybean meal may provide protective benefits to pigs experiencing disease challenges, especially in mid-late finishing phase of production. Anecdotal and unpublished data suggest that limiting the levels of synthetic amino acids in disease-challenged pigs can result in improved growth and financial performance. Therefore, we have determined whether dietary soybean meal displacement by crystalline amino acids increases the severity of a health challenge in finisher pigs; and determined the effect of a late breaking pathogen health challenge on finisher pig growth and carcass performance. These data suggest there is no difference in pathogen titers, growth or carcass performance between synthetic and soybean meal diets in pathogen challenged pigs. Diet composition, and especially the carbohydrate fraction of the diet, impacts the function, structure and physiology of the gut. Further research in this area will help to define diets that can be fed to pigs which reduce the susceptibility of the gastrointestinal tract to disease, which in turn may result in reduced need for antibiotics, especially in the newly weaned pig. Further, in this reporting period we have attempted to characterize the post-absorptive effects of leaky gut in both heat-stressed and peripartiurient farm animals. Ultimately we are trying to identify how and why heat stressed and transitioning dairy cows are feed-inefficient and less profitable. Additionally in this objective, we have been evaluating feed supplements to control pathogenic microbes and antimicrobial resistance in poultry improves animal health and wellbeing. Further, our work in beef cattle is emphasizing the environmental benefits of using ruminant animals and grazing systems with perennial forage and pasture crops is emphasizing the importance of grazing, animal nutrition and the environment. We have also studied beef cattle to better understand the variation between animals in feed efficiency. Specifically, these studies suggest that feed efficiency is highly repeatable, meaning animals do not need to be tested across multiple phases of production. Additionally, this work suggests that diet type may have a large impact on the relative feed efficiency ranking of cattle and more work is needed to determine the importance of diet type on cattle performance and selection for feed efficient animals. Additional studies have been conducted in the area of trace mineral nutrition with several studies reporting the apparent interaction between mineral status of cattle and response to growth promoting technologies. Objective 3: Effects of nutrients on animal product quality and the use of nutrition and animal models to improve human health and wellbeing. Supplemented laying hens and determined transfer efficiency of different flax products transfer of omega 3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid) into the egg yolk. We have reported the apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) value for a milled flaxseed product, one that had not been previously determined. These studies have supplemented laying hens with flax or fish oil and analyzed effects on immune and bone health in laying hens and broilers, as well as transfer to meat and eggs. We have also determined that age and type of poultry model used to study the effects of dietary fish and flax enrichment affect the outcome of the results, and both flax and fish may improve immune health. This work is studying how omega 3 fatty acids improve animal health and performance, as well as human nutritional products. In beef, we have researched the impact of feed efficiency classification of cattle on ultimate meat tenderness. Our work suggests that post mortem protein degradation is only minimally affected in cattle that are extremely feed efficient, suggesting producers may select for highly feed efficient animals with minimal concern for the consumer eating experience.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mahjoubi, E., H. Amanlou, M. Hossein Yazdi, N. Aghaziarati, G.R. Noori, C.I. Vahl, B.J. Bradford, and L.H. Baumgard. 2016. A supplement containing multiple types of gluconeogenic substrates alteres intake but not productivity of heat-stressed Afshari lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 94:2497-2505.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Baumgard, L.H. 2016. Physiology and Endocrinology Symposium: Insulin revisited. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 1789-1790.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Xie, G., L.C. Cole, L.D. Zhao, M.V. Skrzypek, S.R. Sanders, M.L. Rhoads, L.H. Baumgard and R.P. Rhoads. 2016. Skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin responsiveness is maintained in heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 99:4032-4042.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., E.A. Horst, M. Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, and L.H. Baumgard. 2016. Review of Nutrient Partitioning. Proc. Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference. Pp. 34-38.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Baumgard, L.H. 2016. Update on dietary fat in humans. Proc. California Anim. Nutr. Conf. pp. 66-74.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., M. Abuajamieh, E.A. Horst, R.P. Rhoads and L.H. Baumgard. 2016. Gut integrity: Implications for health and performance. Animal Feed Manufacturers Association. Sun City, South Africa. Matrix 25:2 45-47.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Boddicker, R.L., J.E. Koltes, E.R. Fritz-Waters, L. Koesterke, N. Weeks, T. Yin, V. Mani, D. Nettleton, J.M. Reecy, L.H. Baumgard, J.D. Spencer, N.K. Gabler, and J.W. Ross. 2016. Genome-wide methylation profile following prenatal and postnatal dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation in pigs. Animal Genetics: 47:658-671.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Abuajamieh, M., S.K. Kvidera, E.A. Horst, M.Al-Qaisi, M.J. Dickson, R.P. Rhoads, A.F. Keating and L.H. Baumgard. 2016. Leaky guts contribution to heat stress and maladaptation to lactation. 31st Annual Southwest Nutrition Conference. Tempe AZ Pp. 69-80.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Stokes, R.S., D.D. Loy and S. L. Hansen. 2016. Effects of increased inclusion of algae meal on finishing steer performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 94:687-696
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bhattacharjee, U., Graham, C., Czub, S., Rasmussen, M.A., Casey, T.A., and Petrich, J.W. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the retina for the screening of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64:320-325. 2016
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: 1. Carroll, J.P., Feye, K.M., Anderson, K.L., Rasmussen, M.A., and Carlson, S.A. Prevalence of APEC and antibiotic resistance of E. coli in poultry fed Original XPC". October 21-22, 2016. North Central Branch Am. Soc. Microbiol. Ames, IA.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Teague, W.R., Apfelbaum, S., Lal, R., Kreuter, U.P., Rowntree, J., Davies, C.A., Conser, R., Rasmus�sen, M., Hatfield, J., Wang, T., Wang, F. and Byck, P. The role of ruminants in reducing agricultures carbon footprint in North America. J. Soil Water Conservation. 71:156-164. 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2016. Harvest time. October 2016 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2016. Cattle and Iowas environment. September 2016 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2016. Retaining ownership in custom feedlots. August 2016 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Loy, Dan. 2016. Changing of the guard. July 2016 Iowa Cattleman and Iowa Beef Center Growing Beef Newsletter
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Loy, Dan and Garland Dahlke. 2016. What a feed test means for good vs. bad silage. Progressive Cattleman. September 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Loy, Dan and Erika Lundy. 2016. Growth Promotant Implants for Cattle. Iowa Beef Center. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach fact sheet, IBC 113.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Russell, J. R., N. O. Minton, W. Sexten, M. Kerley, S. L. Hansen. 2016. Influence of feed efficiency classification on diet digestibility and growth performance of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 94:1610-1619.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Russell, J. R., E. L. Lundy, N. O. Minton, W. J. Sexten, M. S. Kerley, S. L. Hansen, and National Program for Genetic Improvement of Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle. 2016. Influence of growing phase feed efficiency classification on finishing phase growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers fed different diet types. J. Anim. Sci. 94:16101619.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Blank, C. P., D. D. Loy, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. Effects of post-ethanol extraction sorghum silage as an alternative forage in growing and finishing diets on steer performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. (Suppl. 2). Abstract 1418.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Russell, J. R., W. J. Sexten, M. S. Kerley, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. Relationship between antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and feed efficiency in beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 94:2942-2953.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Genther-Schroeder, O. N., M. Branine, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. The effects of increasing supplementation of zinc-amino acid complex on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and inflammatory response of beef cattle fed ractopamine hydrochloride. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3389-3398
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Yihang, Li, S. L. Hansen, L. B. Borst, J. W. Spears, and A. J. Moeser. 2016. Dietary Iron Deficiency and Oversupplementation Increase Intestinal Permeability, Ion Transport, and Inflammation in Pigs. J. Nutr. jn231621; doi:10.3945/jn.116.231621.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Pogge, D. J., Drewnoski, M. E., D. Snider, W. Rumbeiha, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. Effect of ferric ammonium citrate in feedlot diets with varying dried distillers grains inclusion on ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations and steer growth. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3894-3901.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Genther-Schroeder, O. N., M. E. Branine, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. The influence of supplemental Zn-amino acid complex and ractopamine hydrochloride feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 94-4338-4345.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hansen, S. L., J. R. Russell, N. O. Minton, W. J. Sexten, M. S. Kerley, E. L. Lundy, E. K. Niedermayer, and National Program for Genetic Improvement of Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle. 2016. Effects of diet digestibility on feed efficiency and impact of diet type and feeding phase on repeatability of feed efficiency phenotype. Proceedings of the Beef Improvement Federation Conference. Manhattan, KS. Pgs. 75-89.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Weaber, R. L., J. E. Beever, H. C. Freetly, D. J. Garrick, S. L. Hansen, K. A. Johnson, M. S. Kerley, D. D. Loy, E. Marques, H. L. Neibergs, E. J. Pollak, R. D. Schnabel, C. M. Seabury, D. W. Shike, M. L. Spangler, and J. F. Taylor. 2016. Results of survey of stakeholders regarding knowledge of and attitudes towards feed efficiency and genetic improvement concepts. Proceedings of the Beef Improvement Federation Conference. Manhattan, KS. Pgs. 90-94
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Blank, C. P., J. R. Russell, S. M. Lonergan, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. Post-mortem proteolysis and meat tenderness in crossbred steers identified as lowly or highly feed efficient. J. Anim. Sci. 94 (Suppl. 3) (Abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Blank, C. P., J. R. Russell, S. M. Lonergan, and S. L. Hansen. 2016. Influence of feed efficiency on meat tenderness attributes of beef steers: implications for the selection of improved feed efficiency. Plains Nutrition Conference. San Antonio, TX. Pg. 101.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Camargo, Jesus Alberto Acosta, "Evaluating the ability of the NE system to predict growth performance and energy utilization of growing pigs". Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14690. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14690
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Colpoys, Jessica Diane, "Swine feed efficiency: implications for swine behavior, physiology and welfare". Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14747. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14747
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Gutierrez, N.A., N.V.L. Serao and J.F. Patience. 2016. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles and soybean oil on dietary lipid, fiber, and amino acid digestibility in corn-based diets fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 94:1508-1519; doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9529
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Li, Q. and J.F. Patience. 2016. Factors involved in the regulation of feed and energy intake of pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. (Accepted 2016-01-03); doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.001
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Acosta, J., J.F. Patience and R.D. Boyd. 2016. Comparison of growth and efficiency of dietary energy utilization by growing pigs offered feeding programs based on the metabolizable energy or the net energy system. J. Anim. Sci 94:1520-1530; doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9321
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kellner, T.A., L.H. Baumgard, K.J. Prusa, N.K. Gabler and J.F. Patience. Does heat stress alter the pigs response to dietary fat? J. Anim. Sci. (Accepted 2016-09-08). doi: 10.2527/jas.2016-0756.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kellner, T.A., G.G. Gourley, S. Wisdom and J.F. Patience. Prediction of porcine carcass iodine value based on diet composition and fatty acid intake. J. Anim. Sci. 94:4688-4703; doi: 10.2527/jas.2016-0643.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Elsbernd, A., J.F. Patience and K. Prusa. 2016. A comparison of the quality of fresh and frozen pork from immunologically castrated males versus gilts, physical castrates and entire males. Meat Sci. 111:110-115; doi: 10.1016.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Dugan, M.E.R., P. Vahmani, T.D. Turner, C. Mapiye, M. Juarez, N. Prieto, A.D. Beaulieu, R.T. Zijlstra, J.F. Patience and J.L. Aalhus. 2016. Pork as a source of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids. Page 189  206. In: L. Brown, B. Rauch and H. Poudyal, editors, Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease. MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Newman, M.A., C.R. Hurburgh and J.F. Patience. 2016. Defining the physical properties of corn grown under drought-stressed conditions and the associated energy and nutrient content for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 7: 2843-2850; doi:10.2527/jas.2015-0158.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Koltes D.A and N.K. Gabler (2016) Characterization of porcine intestinal enteroid cultures under a lipopolysaccharide challenge. J Anim Sci. 94:335339 doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9793.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Pearce, S. C., W.P. Schweer, K. J. Schwartz, K. J. Yoon, S. M. Lonergan and N. K. Gabler (2016) Pig jejunum protein profile changes in response to a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge. J Anim Sci. 94:412415 doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9815.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schweer, W. P., K. Schwartz, E. R. Burrough, K. J. Yoon, J. C. Sparks, and N. K. Gabler. (2016) The effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge on growing pigs I: Growth performance and digestibility. J Anim Sci. 94:2: 514-522.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Schweer, W., S. Pearce, E. Burrough, K. Schwartz, K. Yoon, J. Sparks, and N. Gabler. (2016) The effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge on growing pigs II: Intestinal integrity and function. J Anim Sci. 94:2: 523-532.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kvidera, S.K., E.A. Horst, M. Abuajamieh, E.J. Mayorga, M.V. Sanz Fernandez, and L.H. Baumgard. 2016. Technical note: A procedure to estimate glucose requirements of an activated immune system in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 94:4591-4599.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Abuajamieh, M., S.K. Stoakes, M.V. Sanz Fernandez, A. Nayeri, N.C. Upah, E.A. Nolan, S.M. Lei, J.M. DeFrain, H.B. Green, K.M. Schoenberg, W.E. Trout and L.H. Baumgard. 2016. Inflammatory biomarkers are closely associated with ketosis in periparturient Holstein cows. Res. Vet. Sci. 109:81-85.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Morales, A., M. Perez, P. Castro, N. Ibarra, H. Bernal, L.H. Baumgard, and M. Cervantes. 2016. Effect of heat stress on the apparent and standardized ileal digestibilities of amino acids in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 94:3362-3369.