Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Target Audience:Fellow scientists, faculty, academic peers/researchers, and extension specialists who deal with water management for nursery and floricultural crops. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Interaction with other researchers from across the USA working in similar areas were fostered at our annual meeting. Graduate students and researchers had the opportunity to present current research at the annual meeting, as well as at the grower conference that was hosted in-tandem with the conference. We coordinated publication efforts and provide opportunities for students and post-doctoral researchers to publish work in trade and research journals. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results are disseminated among members of the research working group, and widely-distributed to a broader audience at the Soil and Water Conservation Society, The International Society for Horticultural Science , Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists, Carolinas Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, and the national and southern regions meetings of the American Society for Horticultural Science annual meeting. Three papers were published in the journal Water about water management in greenhouses and nurseries, social and economic aspects of water use, and an adoption and decision making model for nursery and greenhouse growers. These publications serve researchers evaluating all aspects of water, including water science, technology, management and governance. Three articles were also published related to the efficacy of floating wetlands for nutrient remediation in Environmental Science & Technology (audience - diverse audience of scientists, policy makers and the broad environmental community), HortTechnology (see below for audience), and the Journal of Environmental Horticulture (audience - research and green industry businesses). We also contributed to four papers included in a special issue of HortTechnology covering aspects of water from using transdisciplinary science to help specialty crop producers conserve water and resources, identify opportunities to promote water treatment practices, and runoff pH and nutrient remediation, to the species of Phytophthora associated with plants in constructed wetland systems. The publications audience is professional horticulturists, practitioners, and educators. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Floating wetlands are a relatively new technology used to remove nutrients from stormwater, but the capacity of floating wetlands to remove nutrients from nursery and greenhouse production runoff is not well documented. Plant production in greenhouse and nurseries typically generates irrigation return flow that contains nutrients above ecosystem-safe levels. Since 2015, researchers at Clemson University have tracked and assessed the growth and nutrient removal potential of over 10 species of plants in floating wetlands under variable nutrient levels, exposure times, and pH and alkalinity levels representative of the industry with the assistance of 9 undergraduate student workers. We now know that modeling nutrient removal from water based on plant species used to establish floating wetland is possible and is additive, so if we can characterize plant nutrient uptake individually, we can predict how effectively mixed-species plantings in floating wetlands will remove nutrients from water. This information is critical for design and sizing of floating wetland installations to meet water quality goals. Researchers finished collating 3.5 years of flow rate and water quality (sediment, nutrients, and plant diseases) data from a Piedmont nursery. An extensive dataset related to water application volume and irrigation return flow volumes is now available. Results are being analyzed and publication prepared. Both pre- and post-treatment technology installation data will be used to characterize the impact of floating treatment wetlands on sediment, nutrient, and plant disease movement in the nurseries water infrastructure. The grower is confident in the quality of recycled water available for irrigation and is redesigning irrigation infrastructure to enable use of recycled water for irrigation of outdoor container crops. Researchers from Clemson University concluded experiments determining if phosphorus-saturated iron-oxide residuals from mine drainage could be used both (1) in filters to remove phosphorus from irrigation return flow and then (2) the P-saturated iron-oxide of the filter reused as a P fertilizer source in container production. Experiments were concluded in July. Differences in crop appearance were evident among the 5 test species. Analytical results related to leachate, plant P uptake, and P remaining in the substrate are ongoing. Researchers from Clemson University analyzed and published results from experiments with floating treatment wetlands determining the impact of plant species (single species vs. multi-species) on nutrient remediation. Uptake of nutrients from water by plants was additive in nature, as one could calculate removal rates of single plants and add them together to predict system nutrient uptake from water. While nutrient uptake within plant tissues was species dependent. Researchers from Clemson university setup and monitored floating wetlands paired with bioreactors and iron oxide filters (in different order) to determine how nutrient removal was influenced by winter temperature and treatment train order. Water and tissue samples have been submitted to a USDA-ARS laboratory for analysis. Extension specialists have worked with collaborators at University of Florida and developed an effective outreach platform that synthesizes information from researchers across the USA and collates it into useable information that growers can access on demand. As this project ends, we commit to continuing this collaboration and expanding it to include short video communications on topics of interest to continue to drive traffic to the cleanwater3.org website.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
White, SA, JC Majsztrik, BJL Pitton, LR Oki. 2020. Clean It Up Nursery Management. March, 36(3):7pp. http://magazine.nurserymag.com/article/march-2020/feature-irrigation-clean-it-up.aspx (Subscribers:15,117 per month)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, BJL Pitton, LR Oki, SA White. 2020. Irrigation System Checkup Nursery Management. February, 36(2): 9pp. (Subscribers:15,117 per month) http://magazine.nurserymag.com/article/february-2020/irrigation-system-checkup-online-conservation-tools-resources.aspx
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, BJL Pitton, LR Oki, SA White. 2020. How long will it last? Nursery Management. January, 36(1): 6pp. http://magazine.nurserymag.com/article/january-2020/irrigation-tools-how-long-will-it-last.aspx (Subscribers:15,117 per month)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Owen, JS and SA White. 2019. Tools for Clean WateR3 at your Nursery and Greenhouse . VNLA News. The Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association Magazine. Winter. pp 12-15. https://issuu.com/leadingedgepubs/docs/vnla-news-2019-winter/12 (Subscribers: 3,200 readers)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
White, SA. 2019. Helping Specialty Crop Growers Reduce, Remediate and Recycle Water. VSC News (Vegetable and Specialty Crop News Magazine, readership 6,200). November 27, 2019. http://vscnews.com/helping-specialty-crop-growers-reduce-remediate-and-recycle-water/ (Subscribers: 6,200)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
White SA, Park D, Barrett A, Jones J. How the 2020 definition of WOTUS affects agricultural and specialty crop producers. 2020. Land-Grant Press by Clemson Extension. LGP 1075. http://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/how-the-2020-definition-of-wotus-affects-agricultural-and-specialty-crop-producers.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Park, DM, SA White, DR Hitchcock, G Younts. Collecting Samples for Agricultural Irrigation Water Quality Testing. 2020. Land-Grant Press by Clemson Extension. LGP 1084. http://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/collecting-samples-for-agricultural-irrigation-water-quality-testing .
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, JP Albano, CM Lee, AM Rovder, SA White. Alkalinity of Irrigation Return Water Influences Nutrient Removal Efficacy of Floating Treatment Wetland Systems. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. Accepted with minor revisions 2020.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, JC Majsztrik, WC Bridges, SA Willis, JP Albano, SA White. 2020. Comparative nutrient remediation by monoculture and mixed species plantings within floating treatment wetlands. Environmental Science & Technology. 54(14): 8710-8718. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00198.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, JP Albano, CM Lee, SM Wolfe, SA White. 2019. Runoff pH influences nutrient removal efficacy of floating treatment wetland systems. HortTechnology. 29(6):756-768. doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04299-19.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Warner, LA, AJ Lamm, SA White, PR Fisher, PN Beattie. 2020. A new perspective on adoption: Delivering water conservation extension programming to nursery and greenhouse growers. Journal of Agricultural Education. 60(1):172189. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.01172
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, B Behe, CR Hall, DL Ingram, AJ Lamm, LA Warner, SA White. 2019. Social and Economic Aspects of Water Use in Specialty Crop Production in the USA: A Review. Water. 11: 2337. Doi.org/10.3390/w11112337
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik. LR Oki, PR Fisher, CR Hall, JD Lea-Cox, RT Fernandez. 2019. Greenhouse and Nursery Water Management Characterization and Research Priorities in the USA. Water. 11:2338. Doi.org/10.3390/w11112338
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, A Tidwell, K Lamm, PR Fisher, SA White. 2019. Testing an adoption decision-making model of nursery and greenhouse growers water reuse in the united states. Water. 11:2470. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122470 (Editors Choice Article).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Huang, P, AJ Lamm, LA Warner, SA White, P Fisher. 2019. Exploring nursery growers relationships with water to inform water conservation education. Journal of Human Science and Extension. 7(3):186-205.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
White, SA. 2019. Clean WateR3: Reduce Remediate Recycle Using transdisciplinary science to help specialty crop producers conserve water and resources. HortTechnology. 29(6):684-686. doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04295-19.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, P Beattie, A Tidwell, PR Fisher, SA White. 2019. Identifying opportunities to promote water treatment practices among nursery and greenhouse growers. HortTechnology. 29(6): 687-692. doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04245-18.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Shreckhise, JH, JS Owen Jr, MJ Eick, AX Niemiera, JE Altland, SA White. 2019. Dolomite and micronutrient fertilizer effect on phosphorus fate in pine bark II: Fallow column study. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 83(5):1410-1420. Doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2018.12
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ridge, GR, NL Bell, AJ Gitto, SN Jeffers, SA White. 2019. Phytophthora species associated with plants in constructed wetlands and vegetated channels at a commercial plant nursery. HortTechnology. 29(6):736-744. doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04300-19
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, ASD Tidwell, KW Lamm, SA White. 2020. (In Review) Treating water for reuse: testing an adoption decision-making model with nursery and greenhouse growers . Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
White, SA, JC Majsztrik, WHJ Strosnider, LM Garcia Chance, NL Bell, DR Hitchcock. 2020. Tracking Nitrogen from Pot to Reservoir: A SC Nursery Case Study. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 64, 123-128.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
White, SA, JC Majsztrik, WHJ Strosnider, LM Garcia Chance, NL Bell, DR Hitchcock. 2020. From Pot to Reservoir: Tracking Nitrogen Movement at a SC Nursery. Southern Region American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Louisville, KY (Jan-Feb). HortScience. 55(9):S396-397.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, BJL Pitton, LR Oki, SA White. 2020. How long will it last? Commercial Horticulture Magazine of the NZ Nursery Industry. August/September, 36(1): 30-32. http://www.nursery.net.nz/
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2020
Citation:
White, SA, JC Majsztrik, BJL Pitton, CL Swett, JL Parke. Dialing Down Diseases Nursery Management, April, 36(4):6pp. http://magazine.nurserymag.com/article/april-2020/features-irrigation-dialing-down-irrigation-diseases.aspx (Subscribers:15,117 per month)
|
Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19
Outputs
Target Audience:Research and Extension professionals who deal with water management for nursery and floricultural crops. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Clemson researchers associated trained 2 female PhD students, 1 female MS student, and 4 undergraduate students (1 female, 3 male). With regard to professional development, postdoctoral scholars, graduate students, and undergraduate students have had the opportunity to submit manuscripts, author outreach articles, develop outreach videos, author abstracts and present their work at regional, national and international professional conferences, and present their work by invitation at grower meetings (Southern Nursery Association Research Conference). They also directed a hands-on water filtration demonstrations with female middle school students at the Bring Your Daughter to Clemson event. Graduate students trained on the project wrote and received funding for multiple grants including a USDA NIFA PreDoctoral Fellowship (Award # 2018-67011-28074. $89,083), one Center for Applied Nursery Research Grants, one USGS grants ($84,777), and two HRI grants ($28,200). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Lack of technical and unbiased information has been a limiting factor for adoption of recycling and conservation technologies. A comprehensive outreach program was developed and delivered via the NC1186 network of researchers. This year Clemson researchers authored 3 trade articles and 1 extension factsheet, gave presentations in three, day-long workshops to growers, and gave multiple presentations at regional, national, and international conferences. Clemson researchers also submitted research-based information now hosted on the cleanwater3.org informational website that has over 11,000 users (50% international). Clemson researchers also provided content for an online four-week training course in English and Spanish that had 60 industry participants in its first year and 70% completion rate; and 70 emailed newsletter of research outputs with an average of 850 active readers. Industry participants in the outreach program reported increased knowledge, over 95% intend to use the outreach information in their operations, including the adoption of water conservation and treatment technologies. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will publish the water quality monitoring work completed at SC grower operations. Analyze and continue to publish data associated with completed experiments with bioreactors, phosphorus filters, floating treatment wetlands as related to nutrient and plant pathogen mitigation. Publish initial lab-to-pilot scale transitional data quantifying plant susceptibility to Phytophthora infection. Publish trade articles, YouTube videos, and extension factsheets describing how to use the decisions support tools developed (Irrigation return flow calculator, reservoir capacity calculator, reservoir sizing calculator, slow sand filter design, and plant disease risk assessment). We will also work with NC1186 collaborators to continue to develop and support effective outreach programs, providing growers with science-based information to help them make informed decisions.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Effective, reliable, and low-cost water treatment methods are needed to remove plant disease inocula (zoospores) from irrigation runoff and drainage at nurseries and greenhouses. Floating treatment wetlands and bioreactors remove other contaminants, but little is known about their capacity filter plant disease inocula from water. Researchers at Clemson University tested lab-scale bioreactors containing fir or pine bark and model-scale floating wetlands containing pickerelweed or redtop bentgrass to determine if floating wetlands reduced the flow through of active zoospores. Lab-scale fir (74% reduction in zoospore activity) and pine bark (41% reduction in zoospore activity) bioreactors and floating wetlands planted with pickerelweed (at controlled model-scale) at a 4-hour flow rate reduced the flow through of active zoospores by 50% as measured by the capacity of zoospores to infect leaf baits. Floating treatment wetlands and bioreactors show potential for remediation of plant diseases from irrigation runoff. Floating treatment wetlands are a relatively new technology used to remove nutrients from stormwater, but the capacity of floating treatment wetlands to remove nutrients from nursery and greenhouse production runoff is not well documented. Plant production in greenhouse and nurseries typically generates irrigation runoff that contains nutrients above ecosystem-safe levels. Since 2015, researchers at Clemson University have tracked and assessed the growth and nutrient removal potential of over 10 species of plants in floating wetlands under variable nutrient levels, exposure times, and pH and alkalinity levels representative of the industry with the assistance of 9 undergraduate student workers. Floating wetlands not only reduce nursery and greenhouse nutrient levels by up to 70%, but also serve as viable options for non-traditional plant production areas. With this opportunity, growers can remove nutrients from production runoff while producing a saleable product, generating a return on investment in less than 3 years. Researchers from Clemson University collected water samples from 30 nursery and greenhouse operations in the Piedmont, Sandhills, and Coastal Plain regions of South Carolina in the Spring, Summer and Fall. Water samples were analyzed. Results were submitted to each grower as a report detailing potential water quality issues and methods for ameliorating and managing problems. Growers have modified water application practices and initiated water treatment practices as a result of the information provided. Researchers from Clemson University conducted experiments to determine if iron-oxide residuals from mine drainage can be used in filters to remove phosphorus from irrigation runoff. Pilot-scale experiments were concluded. Iron oxide filters consistently removed 50% of dissolved P from irrigation runoff. Researchers have initiated experiments incorporating varying percentages of P-saturated iron oxide into bark substrate mixes to determine potential for reuse of P bound by the iron oxide filters. Researchers from Clemson University analyzed and published results from experiments with floating treatment wetlands to determine their potential for remediation of nutrients and plant pathogen contaminants from nursery production runoff. Floating treatment wetlands established with Pontederia cordata have the potential to both remove nutrients from runoff and to filter Phytophthora inocula from water, diminishing infections potential in recycled water. Regarding outreach to change behavior and implement best management practices. Results were presented at a well-attended (50+) grower meeting in Connecticut, at a Virginia Nursery & Landscape Association Webinar (39 attendees), and at a 2-day workshop organized by Bailey Nurseries, Inc. (25 attendees). The Clean WateR3 team and researchers from NC1186 continue to collaborate to develop an integrated outreach website that provides growers a single website that consolidates answers related to water quantity, quality, and management questions.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Huang, P, AJ Lamm, LA Warner, SA White, P Fisher. 2019. Exploring nursery growers relationships with water to inform water conservation education. Journal of Human Science and Extension. 7(3):186-205.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
White, SA. 2019. Clean WateR3: Reduce Remediate Recycle Using transdisciplinary science to help specialty crop producers conserve water and resources. HortTechnology. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04295-19
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, P Beattie, A Tidwell, PR Fisher, SA White. 2019. Identifying opportunities to promote water treatment practices among nursery and greenhouse growers. HortTechnology. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04245-18
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Ridge, GR, NL Bell, AJ Gitto, SN Jeffers, SA White. 2019. Phytophthora species associated with plants in constructed wetlands and vegetated channels at a commercial plant nursery. HortTechnology. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04300-19
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, SC Van Brundt, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2019. Short- and long-term dynamics of nutrient removal in floating treatment wetlands. Water Research. 159(1):153-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.012
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Spangler, JT, DJ Sample, LJ Fox, JS Owen, Jr., SA White. 2019. Floating treatment wetland aided nutrient removal from agricultural runoff using two wetland species. Ecological Engineering. 127:468-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.12.017
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Spangler, JT, DJ Sample, LJ Fox, JS Owen, Jr., SA White. 2019. Data on floating treatment wetland aided nutrient removal from agricultural runoff using two wetland species. Data in Brief. 22:756-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.037
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, JP Albano, CM Lee, SM Wolfe, SA White. 2019. Runoff pH influences nutrient removal efficacy of floating treatment wetland systems. HortTechnology. 13pp. doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04299-19
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Spangler, JT, DJ Sample, LJ Fox, JP Albano, SA White. 2019. Assessing nitrogen and phosphorus removal potential of five plant species in floating treatment wetlands receiving simulated nursery runoff. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 18pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3964-0
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Bell, Natasha L. 2019. Evaluation of the potential for ecological treatment technologies to remediate species of phytophthora from irrigation runoff. Ph.D., Biological Engineering, Clemson University
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Garcia Chance, Lauren M. 2019. Remediation of Nursery and Greenhouse Runoff Using Floating Treatment Wetlands. 2019. Ph.D., Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Chase, Megan E.M. DeLaBarre. 2018. Iron Hydroxide from Coal Mine Drainage to Remove and Reuse Phosphorus from Greenhouse and Plant Nursery Runoff. M.Sci., Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Warner, LAS, AJ Lamm, SA White, PR Fisher, PN Beattie. 2019. Meeting US Nursery and Greenhouse Growers Needs with Water Conservation Extension Programs. University of Florida IFAS Extension. AEC664.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, ASD Tidwell, KW Lamm, SA White. 2019. (In Review) Treating water for reuse: testing an adoption decision-making model with nursery and greenhouse growers. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, WHJ Strosnider, ME Chase, LM Garcia Chance, SA White. 2019. Phosphorus removal from nursery runoff using pilot scale filters. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 63, 147-149.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Garcia Chance LM, NL Bell, ME Chase, WW Spivey, SA White. 2019. South Carolina Irrigation Water Source and methods for the Specialty Crops Production Industry. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 63, 155-161.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
White, SA, LM Garcia Chance, NL Bell, ME Chase. 2019. Potential and problems of floating treatment wetlands for mitigating agricultural contaminants. Wetland Science & Practice. 36(2):119-124.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Warner, LA, AJ Lamm, SA White, PR Fisher, PN Beattie. 2019. Why do growers adopt water conservation practices? Viewing extension opportunities through a new lens. 2019 Southern Region American Association for Agricultural Education Conference Proceedings.
|
Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:Research and Extension professionals who deal with water management for nursery and floricultural crops. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Interaction with other researchers from across the U.S. working in similar areas were fostered at our annual meeting. Graduate students and researchers had the opportunity to present current research at the annual meeting, as well as at the grower conference that was hosted in-tandem with the conference. We coordinate publication efforts and provide opportunities for students and post-doctoral researchers to publish work in trade and research journals. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were disseminated among members of the research working group, and widely-distributed to a broader audience at Cultivate, The Society of Wetland Scientists, Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists, and the national and southern region meetings of the American Society for Horticultural Science annual meeting. Research results from the Clean WateR3 project were also distributed twice a month to a diverse readership (industry, research, academia) highlighting ongoing projects and outcomes. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Finalize the chemical water quality reports for SC growers who participated in the water quality survey. Publish water quality monitoring work completed at SC grower operations. Analyze and publish data associated with Bioreactors, Iron oxide filters, Floating Treatment Wetlands related to nutrient and plant pathogen mitigation. Publish initial lab-to-pilot scale transitional data quantifying plant susceptibility to Phytophthora infection. Finalize leaching, pond volume calculator, and plant disease risk assessment models.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Researchers from Clemson University developed an online survey to determine irrigation volumes applied and water quality concerns for greenhouse and nursery growers in South Carolina. This survey was used to develop projections for water use across greenhouse and nursery producers in the Piedmont, Midlands, and Coastal regions of South Carolina. Water use information will inform water volume projections for statewide water budget efforts, ensuring adequate water allocations for greenhouse and nursery producers in future water planning efforts. Researchers from Clemson University conducted experiments to determine if iron-oxide residuals from mine drainage can be used in filters to remove phosphorus from irrigation runoff. Laboratory and pilot-scale experiments were conducted. Iron oxide mixed evenly with sand can quickly bind 11.5 mg of phosphorus per g of substrate, which is relatively high for phosphorus binding. Iron-oxide:sand filters show promise for removal of phosphorus from irrigation runoff, since they are inexpensive, widely available, and can reuse a waste product from mine drainage reclamation. Regarding outreach to change behavior and implement best management practices. Results were presented at a well-attended (100+) grower meeting in California, at 5 workshops at the Industry's Premier Event - Cultivate'18 meeting in Columbus OH (100+ growers), and (40+) grower meeting in Maryland. The Clean WateR3 team continues to develop an integrated outreach website that provides growers a single website that consolidates answers related to water quantity, quality, and management questions. We have also initiated social media outreach using Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/ReduceRemediateRecycle/).
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM and SA White. 2018. Aeration and Plant Coverage Influence Floating Treatment Wetland Remediation Efficacy. Ecological Engineering. 122:62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.011
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Warner, LA, AJ Lamm, P Beattie, SA White, P Fisher. 2018. Identifying opportunities to promote water conservation practices among nursery and greenhouse growers. HortScience. 53(7):958-962. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12906-18
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Pitton, BJL, CR Hall, DL Haver, SA White, LR Oki. 2018. A cost analysis of using recycled irrigation water in container nursery production: A Southern California nursery case study. Irrigation Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-018-0578-8
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA. 2018. Design and season influence nitrogen dynamics in two surface flow constructed wetlands treating nursery irrigation runoff. Water. 10(1) article #8, 16pp. DOI:10.3390/w10010008
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
DeLaBarre Chase, Megan Elizabeth Mary. 2018. "Iron Hydroxide from Coal Mine Drainage to Remove and Reuse Phosphorus from Greenhouse and Plant Nursery Runoff. All Theses. 2956. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2956
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA and JC Majsztrik. 2018. New and Newly Discovered Tools for Growers. Greenhouse Product News. August: 22-24.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bell, NL, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2018. Microbial technology. Nursery Management. January, 35(1): 18-22.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Pitton, BJL, LR Oki, SA White. 2018. Slow Sand Filters. American Nurseryman. January:24-27.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Garcia Chance L, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2017. Plants with Purpose. Nursery Management. December, 34(12): 14-18.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Majsztrik, J, SA White. 2017. Successful sanitation. Nursery Management. October, 34(10): 23-27.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Floating Treatment Wetlands: Nutrient & Pathogen Remediation. 2018 SCRI-Water3 Conference Recycling and Treatment of Agricultural Runoff Water. College Park, MD (August)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3 Why clean water & recycling matters. 2018 SCRI-Water3 Conference Recycling and Treatment of Agricultural Runoff Water. College Park, MD (August)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA. 2018. Nitrogen speciation in two constructed wetlands treating nursery irrigation runoff. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Jacksonville, FL (February).
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Chase, M, LM Garcia Chance, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Concurrent reduction in phosphorus and suspended sediment concentrations after installation of a floating treatment wetland. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists, an International Organization. 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June). Wetland science & practice. 35(3):S231 (abstr. presentation 1341)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bell, NL, WH Strosnider, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2018. Floating treatment wetland influences hydraulic performance of a pond receiving irrigation runoff. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists, an International Organization. 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June). Wetland science & practice. 35(3):S280 (abstr. presentation 1258)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, SA White. 2018. A Cost-Profit Analysis of Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Remediation Tool for Nursery and Greenhouse Effluent. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists, an International Organization. 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June), Wetland science & practice. 35(3):S282 (abstr. presentation 1114)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Garcia Chance, LM, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Nutrient and Pathogen Remediation using Floating Treatment Wetlands. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. (July)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bell, NL, DR Hitchcock, SN Jeffers, SA White. 2018. Phytophthora species associated with plants in constructed wetlands and vegetated channels at a commercial ornamental plant nursery. #1800403. The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2018 Annual International Meeting. Detroit, MI (July)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Pitton, B.J.L., C.R. Hall, D.L. Haver, SA White, LR. Oki. 2018. Comparing the Cost of High-Quality and Recycled Irrigation Runoff Water in Container Plant Production: A Southern California Nursery Case Study. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. (July)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA, LM Garcia Chance. 2018. Potential & Problems of Floating Treatment Wetlands for Mitigating Agricultural Contaminants. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists, an International Organization. 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3 for Specialty Crop Production: Past, Present, and Future. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. (July)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA and JC Majsztrik. 2018 Building Multi-state Research Collaborations. Clemson University, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences Spring Seminar. (January)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2018. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Number 1191, 187-192
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Bell, NL, LM Garcia-Chance, and SA White. 2018. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Number 1191, 199-205
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Number 1191, 193-198
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3: Helping Growers Save Water and Money. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 62, 99-101.
|
Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Research and extension professionals who deal with water management for nursery and floricultural crops. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Interaction with other researchers from across the US working in similar areas were fostered at our annual meeting. Graduate students and researchers had the opportunity to present current research. We coordinate publication efforts and provide opportunities for students and post-doctoral researchers to publish work in trade journals. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results are disseminated among members of the research working group, and widely-distributed to a broader audience at the American Society for Horticultural Science annual meeting. We also received the Experiment Station Section Excellence in Multistate Research Award 2017, for "Water Management and Quality for Ornamental Crop Production and Health". What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue water quality monitoring work at SC grower operations. Analyze and publish data associated with Floating Treatment Wetland work and nutrient uptake. Transition data from lab studies quantifying plant susceptibility to diseases to field studies, to validate laboratory-scale findings. Finalize disinfection and water-flow distribution models.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Researchers completed 3rd year of work on NIFA-USDA project # 2014- 51181-22372 titled "Clean WateR3 - Reduce, Remediate, Recycle: Informed Decision-Making to Facilitate Use of Alternative Water Resources and Promote Sustainable Specialty Crop Production". Student education with regard to conducting research related to nutrient remediation with Floating Treatment wetlands and research with evaluating susceptibility of aquatic plant species to species of Phytophthora negatively impacting the health of nursery crops continued. We also began training a student with regard to managing phosphorous fate in agricultural systems using a waste product from acid mine drainage. Preliminary findings were presented and published at national and regional professional and trade meetings. Regarding outreach to change behavior and implement best management practices, results were presented at a well-attended (100+) grower meeting in California and (20+) grower meeting in Connecticut. We (the Clean WateR3 team) continued to maintain a collaborative relationship with the Water Education Alliance for Horticulture, working together to develop an integrated outreach website that when finished will provide growers with a single website they can navigate to gain answers related to water quantity, quality, and management questions. We have also initiated social media outreach using Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/ReduceRemediateRecycle/).
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Majsztrik, J.C., R.T. Fernandez, P.R. Fisher, D.R. Hitchcock, J. Lea-Cox, J.S. Owen, L.R. Oki, L. Warner, and S.A. White. 2017. Water use and treatment in nursery and greenhouse crop production: A review. Water Air Soil Pollut. 228:151 DOI 10.1007/s11270-017-3272-1
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., Taylor, M. R., Martin, E. T., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. 2017. Enhancing extension programs by discussing water conservation technology adoption with growers. Journal of Agricultural Education 58(1), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01254.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Counting the costs: Developing a tool to help growers understand the costs and benefits of water recycling systems. American Society for Horticultural Science. Atlanta, GA (August). HortScience 51(9):S149 (abstr.)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Owen, Jr., J. S. and S. A. White. 2017. Monitoring for profit. Nursery Management. 33(1):16, 18-22
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Lamm, A.J., L.A. Warner, M.R. Taylor, E.T. Martin, S. White, P.R. Fisher, 2017. Diffusing Water Conservation and Treatment Technologies to Nursery and Greenhouse Growers. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education April 2017: 105-119, doi: 10.5191/jiaee.2017.24110
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
White, SA. 2017. Integrating socioeconomic, ecosystem engineering, and horticulture research to Clean WateR3. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Mobile, AL (February). HortScience 52(9):S35-S36.
|
Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Research and extension professionals who deal with water management for nursery and floricultural crops. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Interaction with other researchers from across the US working in similar areas were fostered at our annual meeting. Opportunities to present current research (graduate students and researchers). We coordinate publication efforts and provide opportunities for students and post-doctoral researchers to publish work in trade journals. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results are disseminated among members of the research working group. And widely-distributed to a broader audience at the American Society for Horticultural Science annual meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue water quality monitoring work at SC grower operations. Analyze and publish data associated with Floating Treatment Wetland work and nutrient uptake. Transition data from lab studies quantifying plant susceptibility to diseases to field studies, to validate laboratory-scale findings. Finalize disinfection and water-flow distribution models.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Researchers completed 2nd year of work on NIFA-USDA project # 2014- 51181-22372 titled "Clean WateR3 - Reduce, Remediate, Recycle: Informed Decision-Making to Facilitate Use of Alternative Water Resources and Promote Sustainable Specialty Crop Production." Student education with regard to conducting research related to nutrient remediation with Floating Treatment wetlands and research with evaluating susceptibility of aquatic plant species to species of Phytophthora negatively impacting the health of nursery crops continued. The Visiting Assistant Professor was promoted to Research Assistant Professor and is developing models to predict the efficacy of treatment technologies. Preliminary findings were presented and published at national and regional professional and trade meetings. Regarding outreach to change behavior and implement best management practices. Results were presented at a well-attended (80+) grower meeting in California. We (the Clean WateR3 team) initiated a collaborative relationship with the Water Education Alliance for Horticulture; working together to develop an integrated outreach website that when finished will provide growers with a single website they can navigate to gain answers related to water quantity, quality, and management questions. Researchers at Virginia Tech, Clemson University, North Carolina State University, and University of New Hampshire released GroZone Tracker, a web-based smart phone application designed to help growers track water quality parameters and use these records to better manage irrigation and fertilization decisions. We have 70 operations or institutions signed up for the app, with 77 users across 65 locations.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Fulcher, A, AV LeBude, JS Owen, SA White, AR Beeson. 2016. The Next Ten Years: Strategic Vision of Water Resources for Nursery Producers. HortTechnology, 26(2):121-132.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
White, SA. 2016. BMPs to Manage Water. Nursery Works, Topeka, KS
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
White, SA. 2016. Water in the Green Industry. 66th Annual Turfgrass Conference. Topeka, KS
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik, B Behe, B Cregg, RT Fernandez, PR Fisher, L Fox, CR Hall, D Haver, DR Hitchcock, DL Ingram, S Kumar, A Lamm, J Lea-Cox, LR Oki, JL Parke, A Ristvey, D Sample, C Swett, LS Warner, PC Wilson. 2016. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Reduce, Remediate, and Recycle Water. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, D Sample, S Kumar, SA White. 2016. Water Treatment Technologies for Specialty Crops. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Moriarty, C, J Short, W Strosnider, SA White, D Hitchcock. 2016. Floating treatment wetlands: effects of varying coverage on eutrophic pond mesocosms. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2016. Plant Selections for Vegetated Channels: Evaluation of Seven Aquatic Plant Species for Susceptibility to Five Species of Phytophthora. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Garcia, LM, JC Majsztrik, NL Bell, SA White. 2016. Water Quality Effects of Floating Treatment Wetland Systems to Remediate Plant Production Runoff. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Counting the costs: Developing a tool to help growers understand the costs and benefits of water recycling systems. American Society for Horticultural Science. Atlanta, GA (August). HortScience 51(9):S149 (abstr.)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
White, SA. 2016. Biological Water Treatment Systems. California Nursery Conference. Watsonville, CA
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
White, SA. 2015. Clean WateR3: Developing an Online Toolbox to Support Grower Use of Recycled Water. United States Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Committee, Washington, DC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik, B Behe, B Cregg, RT Fernandez, PR Fisher, L Fox, CR Hall, D Haver, DR Hitchcock, DL Ingram, S Kumar, A Lamm, J Lea-Cox, LR Oki, JL Parke, A Ristvey, D Sample, S Swett, LS Warner, PC Wilson. 2016. Clean WateR3 Reduce, Remediate Recycle: Helping Growers Safely Recycle Water. United States Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Committee, Washington, DC
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
White, SA. 2016. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
White, SA. N Bell, L Garcia-Chance, JC Majsztrik, DR Hitchcock, D Abdi, RT Fernandez. 2016. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Garcia, L, JC Majsztrik, NL Bell, SA White. 2016. Nutrient Remediation using Two Plant Species in a Floating Treatment Wetland System. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, San Antonio, TX
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, S Sample, SA White. 2016. Counting the costs: Developing a tool to help ornamental growers understand the costs and benefits of water recycling systems at their operation. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, San Antonio, TX (February). HortScience 51(9):S22-S23 (abstr.)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2016. Plant Selections for Vegetated Buffers: Can Phytopathogens be Remediated from Irrigation Runoff Water? American Ecological Engineering Society. Knoxville, TN
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, LM Garcia, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2016. Remediation of Phytopathogen Contaminants from Irrigation Runoff Water using Floating Treatment Wetlands to Facilitate Increased Water Recycling. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, San Antonio, TX
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Martin, E, AJ Lamm, L Warner, P Fisher, SA White. 2016. Diffusing water conservation and treatment technologies to nursery and greenhouse operations through extension programming. Southern Association of Agricultural Sciences Annual Meeting, Horticulture Section, San Antonio, TX. (February) HortScience 51(9):S19 (abstr.)
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Huang, P, AJ Lamm, L Warner, P Fisher, SA White. 2016. Nursery growers relationships with water: What influences their opinions of water? Southern Association of Agricultural Sciences Annual Meeting, Horticulture Section, San Antonio, TX. (February) HortScience 51(9):S19 (abstr.)
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Fulcher, A., AV. LeBude, J.S. Owen, Jr., SA White, R.C. Beeson. 2016. Are we learning from the past: The industry must look to the past and present to envision the future of water resources. Nursery Management. 32(6):18, 20-24.
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