Source: CLEMSON UNIVERSITY submitted to
CLEAN WATER3 - REDUCE, REMEDIATE, RECYCLE: INFORMED DECISION MAKING TO FACILITATE USE OF ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCES AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE SPECIALTY
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
OTHER GRANTS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
1004559
Grant No.
2014-51181-22372
Project No.
SC-2014-07875
Proposal No.
2014-07875
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
SCRI
Project Start Date
Sep 1, 2014
Project End Date
Aug 31, 2019
Grant Year
2017
Project Director
White, S.
Recipient Organization
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
CLEMSON,SC 29634
Performing Department
SAFES
Non Technical Summary
Access to high quality water for irrigation is increasingly limited. Growers need to develop alternative sources of water (e.g. recycled water). Stakeholder reluctance to use recycled water is motivated by the presence of pathogens and agrichemical contaminants, and the lack of readily available information about treatment technologies in terms of economic viability and efficacy. Our objectives are to: (1) publish an online decision support system (system-wide model) to aid growers with identification and implementation of innovative technologies to recycle water for reuse or release from containerized crop production systems, (2) reduce contaminant loading into recycled water sources by (a) managing irrigation volume and chemical inputs and (b) installing treatment technologies; (3) identify and develop biological and physical treatment technologies, which (a) effectively remediate pathogen, pesticide, and nutrient contaminants and (b) integrate into existing operations with negligible reductions to production area and minimal energetic or chemical inputs; and (4) effectively communicate project outputs to stakeholders to encourage adoption of defined practices to reduce, remediate, and recycle production runoff. Direct project outcomes include development of a decision support system model(s), a web-based clearinghouse, treatment technologies installed at grower facilities, and informed and educated stakeholders and students. Long-term project outcomes involve helping (1) producers of nursery and floriculture crops to obtain and retain sustainable, alternative sources of water, enhancing their long-term economic viability while decreasing dependence on potable water, (2) communities by reducing competition for potable water resources, and (3) the environment by reducing runoff of agrichemicals from production wastewater.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
20%
Applied
80%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1335220200040%
6010210301010%
2055360202020%
1334099116020%
9030210308010%
Knowledge Area
601 - Economics of Agricultural Production and Farm Management; 133 - Pollution Prevention and Mitigation; 205 - Plant Management Systems; 903 - Communication, Education, and Information Delivery;

Subject Of Investigation
4099 - Microorganisms, general/other; 0210 - Water resources; 5220 - Pesticides; 5360 - Drainage and irrigation facilities and systems;

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering; 1160 - Pathology; 2000 - Chemistry; 3010 - Economics; 3080 - Sociology;
Goals / Objectives
The overarching long-term goal of our research is to help producers of nursery and floriculture crops in containers obtain and retain sustainable, alternative sources of water, to decrease dependence on potable water and to enhance their long-term economic viability. Thus, our overall project goal is to encourage recycling and reuse of remediated irrigation runoff by developing an online decision support model available for grower use, to research and select runoff treatment (remediation) technologies (TTs) suited for implementation at the individual site level. This will be accomplished via these grower-directed project objectives:(1) develop and publish an online decision support system (system-wide model) to aid growers with identification and implementation of innovative technologies to recycle water for reuse or release from containerized crop production systems;(2) reduce contaminant loading into recycled water sources by (a) installing TTs and (b) managing production inputs to reduce pathogen and agrichemical presence;(3) identify and develop biological and physical TTs, which (a) effectively remediate pathogen, pesticide, and nutrient contaminants and (b) integrate into existing operations with negligible reductions to production area and minimal energetic or chemical inputs; and(4) effectively communicate project outputs to stakeholders to encourage adoption of defined practices to reduce, remediate, and recycle production runoff.
Project Methods
MethodsStakeholder involvement and feedback to direct our research and outreach components are critical. Active involvement of Collaborating Growers and the Advisory Board in research evaluation and assessment, including initial economic and real-world feasibility assessments for Treatment Technologies (TTs) before on-site evaluations begin.Identify specific factors that influence growers' decision making, using a mixed method research design that included quantitative and qualitative methods.An Internet survey will be developed and conducted in Y1 and Y3, shortly after the peak demand for nursery products, with a scientific probability sample of 5000 (Y1) and 3000 (Y3) households in each state of individuals who made a plant purchase in the year prior to the survey.Estimate the initial capital investment, production costs, and product prices for the baseline and alternative nursery and greenhouse water management with an economic engineering approach. Model simulation with representative characteristics of nursery and greenhouse operations and proper water management protocols for the crops being studied. Partial budgeting modeling procedures then used to measure the costs and potential benefits of short-run changes in cultural practices in the production systems analyzed.Operation-scale model framework developed and adapted from existing prototypes (constructed wetlands and container nursery and greenhouse production inputs, outputs, and key water quality parameters). Extend the benefits of and generalize this tool, to support both growers and researchers. The life cycle inventory and impact assessment (LCA) will be conducted in accordance with the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) LCA- Requirements and Guidelines. The inventory will be validated by the team and stakeholders first then by the science community through refereed publications. A robust, function-based model with WF and CF will be developed based on this information to allow for system query.To ensure refined control of irrigation volume and timing, sensor networks will be installed in three research sites (VT - Hampton Roads; pesticide and nutrient load reduction), MSU (pesticide and nutrient load reduction) and OSU (pathogen load reduction), increasing the investigators' capacity to give controlled and quantifiable results for outreach to nursery and greenhouse managers and extension educators. This technology was developed as a direct outcome from a successfully completed SCRI project from 2009 - 2014 (Lea-Cox et al).To reduce contaminant loads in irrigation runoff water, we will first conduct a hazard analysis for pathogen contamination at three nursery and two greenhouse operations, mapping incidence of Phytophthora and Pythium and evaluating production practices to determine critical control points for managing contamination.To evaluate the effects of precision irrigation on pathogen survival and sporulation, we will identify treatments that maximize fungicide ´ precision irrigation-mediated reduction in survival, while minimizing precision irrigation-enhanced susceptibility to infection, which could lead to secondary inoculum production.Efficacy of treatment technologies to remove agrichemical and pathogen contaminants will be evaluated at multiple institutions and on-site with collaborating growers. The treatment technologies slated for treatment efficacy evaluation include:· rapid physical filters - suspended particles and reducing sanitizing agent demand· granular activated-carbon filters - agrichemical residues from irrigation water· filter socks - total suspended solids, phosphorus and nitrogen· mixed bed reactors (MBR) - agrichemical contaminants· treatment train bioreactor system - N and P removal via manipulating oxidation-reduction potentials· floating treatment wetlands - nutrient and pathogen contaminants· vegetated buffers - pathogen contaminantsPilot scale evaluation for all TTs will occur in Y1-Y2 with pilot-scale implementation at grower collaborator facilities in Y3-Y5.Efforts & EvaluationExtension programs and materials will be developed based on the cognitive map. The resulting programs and materials will be tested using experimental methods with a random sample of growers, focusing on enhancing impact and utilization outcomes.Consumer research available to producers and retailers is sparse, largely because they lack the skills and resources to conduct this type of research. Implementing information from national averages will greatly improve their capacity to understand and serve the local market in which they operate. Plant producers and garden centers can use market segment information to capture added value of plants produced using the improved water management procedures.The project team identified opportunities to develop and deliver evaluation tools that document meaningful short-term outcomes and long-term impacts of our research and extension efforts. The economic team will oversee development and implementation of standardized evaluation tools used to document changes in knowledge, attitudes, skills, and aspirations regarding nursery and floriculture water management strategies. A variety of traditional and web-based surveys and survey tools, assessments, and interviews will be used prior to and following presentations, workshops and programs to provide feedback, measure outcomes and ultimately assess long-term impacts. Audience response systems will be used to gauge industry perceptions and practices during industry presentations made during the project to determine growers' unbiased reactions to current findings and to collect confidential data with regard to changes that they would make. Participants will be surveyed after the water management TT workshops presented at industry events to assess practice change (specifically adoption of TTs and resulting benefits) and to help determine if the end result of our project was a more efficient and effective use of water resources.Modeling production systems will contribute to long-term profitability and sustainability of specialty crops and help growers and researchers better understand the impacts of current practices and the potential impact of practice changes on efficient water use/reuse, profitability, and environmental quality. Predicted impacts (WF, CF, and economic consequences) of model parameters will help identify components for more intense investigation and assess modifications as they are identified by the research team and collaborating growers. The LCA results incorporated in the decision support system will help communicate the benefits of recommended system modifications to production managers for improved decision-making.Impacts will be measured through adoption and quantification of changed practices, calculation of socio-economic benefits, and LCA; along with development of the decision support system with information gained packaged into learning modules, management tools, and economic returns for changed practice.Data from basic and applied experiments will be used to populate the model to assist with grower selection of TTs to best manage agrichemical and pathogen contaminants. Assurance of plant safety is a major component of grower acceptance of runoff remediation technologies.Given that much of this project requires commercial and large demonstration sites to appropriately scale the TTs, this research should be considered as direct impact evaluation as well-documented case studies showing the economic and technical impacts of water treatment technologies will support grower adoption by reducing uncertainty. This should result in prolonged profitability for container operators, as well as reduced competition for potable, high quality water resources, and protection of the environment from agrichemicals in production wastewater.

Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/19

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached this period included greenhouse and nursery producers, irrigation managers, water treatment mangers, Extension agents and specialists, and graduate and undergraduate students. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Researchers associated with the project trained 11 PhD students (8 female, 3 male), 7 MS students (5 female, 2 male), and 50 undergraduate students (30 female, 20 male). One of the most significant outcomes of the project, the students trained take technical knowledge and skills gained from working with Clean WateR3 researchers and apply it to solve problems in the workplace. Training female students in STEM was a priority. With regard to professional development, postdoctoral scholars, graduate students, faculty research assistants, and undergraduate students have had the opportunity to submit manuscripts, author outreach articles, develop outreach videos, author abstracts and present their work at regional, national and international professional conferences, and present their work by invitation at grower meetings (Cultivate). They also participated in hands-on demonstration of plant physiology instrumentation for 60 high school students with the Greening of Detroit's Green Corps and hands-on water filtration demonstrations yearly, for 3 years, with female middle school students at the Bring Your Daughter to Clemson event. Graduate students trained on the project wrote and received funding for multiple grants including a USDA NIFA PreDoctoral Fellowship (Award # 2018-67011-28074. $89,083), two CA Department of Food and Agriculture grants (1) Specialty Crop Block Grant (Agreement # 17-0275-036-SC, $328,809) and (2) Fertilizer Research and Education Program (Agreement # 17-0516-000-SA, $ 207,484), two Center for Applied Nursery Research Grants, two USGS grant ($84,777), two HRI grants ($28,200), two Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Horticulture Fund grants ($44,375), two Michigan State University Project GREEN grants ($121,600). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Lack of technical and unbiased information has been a limiting factor for adoption of recycling and conservation technologies. A comprehensive outreach program was developed and delivered. This has included at least over 100 local, national and international presentations and workshops; acleanwater3.org informational website with over 11,000 users (50% international); over 200 articles, interactive apps and videos; an online four-week training course in English and Spanish with 60 industry participants in its first year and 70% completion rate; and 70 emailed newsletter of research outputs with an average of 850 active readers. Industry participants in the outreach program reported increased knowledge, over 95% intend to use the outreach information in their operations, including the adoption of water conservation and treatment technologies. One example of a successful workshop was the California Nursery Conference and Grower Tour in June 2018 that highlighted water-related research results from Clean WateR3 scientists & students to an audience of 97 growers. This conference format is very popular with California growers as it provided an opportunity to learn about water issues impacting nurseries across the nation and how these issues are being addressed in USDA sponsored collaborations. A second workshop, held August 2018 and hosted by the University of Maryland "SCRI - WateR3 Conference - Recycling and Treatment of Agricultural Runoff Water", had a smaller audience (43), yet attendees included regulators, crop advisors, and extension agents and specialists - expanding the categories of individuals with access to research-based information related to Clean WateR3 outcomes. Fifteen webinars were given with 1000+ live attendees and 300+ webviews after the fact. Online training of growers on nutrient management in four-week courses (hort.ifas.ufl.edu/training). 178 industry participants enrolled, 138 passed (78% completion). A second online training of growers about Irrigation Water Quality and Treatment, a four-week course had 60 industry participants enrolled, 79% graduated. The training was provided in both English and Spanish. All participants indicated a gain in knowledge from 2.5 (out of 5) pre-course to 4.1 (out of 5) after the course, when asked a series of 10 questions regarding water management and treatment. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Nursery and greenhouse sales from >17k (thousand) operations in US were $13.3B (billion) in 2017. Nearly 861M (million) ft2 of greenhouse space 336k acres of open-air nursery production space were used to produce these crops along with frequent irrigation and agrichemical (fertilizer and pesticides) applications to maintain crop quality. To help growers more efficiently use and recycle water we completed the following objectives. Objective 1: Develop and publish online decision support tools Grower adoption. Growers do not reliably adopt new practices; we need to know why and determine how to encourage adoption of water conservation and treatment practices. We conducted 24 interviews and a national grower survey and determined adoption was more likely if growers could try new technologies or observe their use at other operations. Public Perception. We do not know what consumers think about buying plants produced with reused water. Is recycled water risky? Does the source (first use before recycling) matter? We conducted surveys of US residents to find out. Consumers positively perceived recycled (vs. remediated) water and considered plants produced with recycled water less risky. Water recycled from nurseries is perceived as safer than residential first use. Water & Carbon Footprints. Nursery and greenhouse growers do not know the costs and environmental impacts oftheir irrigation practices. We interviewed growers, developed production models based on cultural practices, and assessed the models using life cycle analysis. We determined the activities strongly contributing to global warming potential (GWP), water consumption/footprint, and variable costs. Growers now know which factors control GWP and their water footprint and can target changes in practice to meet environmental stewardship goals. Poinsettias (2018 wholesale value $149M) require large inputs of energy, water, and agrichemicals. We determined the water and energy footprints of poinsettias and investigated how reduced water use would impact plant quality. In a water-efficient greenhouse, each poinsettia plant used 32 gal of water over 16 weeks. Total US poinsettia production in 2018 was 34.2M plants, produced with ~4.28B gal of water. At the same operation with precise (sensor-based) irrigation, we saved an additional 23.2% of irrigation water per plant, without impacting plant quality. Reducing water use for this entire US crop by 23.2% would save 992M gal, equivalent to the annual freshwater requirement (75 gal/day) of 36k people. Decision Support Tools. Few growers know how much water they use or need. We developed free online tools to help growers quantify irrigation volume applied, anticipated irrigation return flow (IRF) volumes, reservoir capacity, water supply longevity, water recycling opportunities, disease risk assessment, and emergency preparedness planning. As growers use these tools, we expect savings of millions of gallons of water, and tens of thousands of dollars in increased revenue through increased efficiency, reduced disease loss, and higher profitability. Growers currently have no way to test if water treatment is sanitizing plant disease inocula. If water treatment is ineffective, nurseries risk contamination leading to disease losses, reduced plant quality, and potential quarantines. We developed a simple method for growers to test their water for disease inocula; enabling growers to test their water quickly so they know when water treatment practices are working. Objective 2: Reduce contaminant loading Experimental Nurseries. We identified irrigation practices that reduce water use and pesticide losses without sacrificing crop quality. By using sensor-based irrigation scheduling and low-volume application systems we saved 60-80% of irrigation water applied and reduced off-target water (43-68%) and agrichemical (2-99%) movement. Plants produced in containers are fertilized using P rates based on past, subjective data. We grew seven high-value species using reduced P fertilizer formulations. At minimum, we can reduce P applied by 25%. Little information is available on how pesticide application methods and substrate components influence pesticide losses, we conducted studies to fill this information gap. Pesticide losses varied with substrate components and were greater for all pesticides applied as drenches or granules, relative to sprays. Disease & Irrigation. Growers can only control sources of plant diseases at their nursery if they know what and where they are. At 3 nurseries, we determined sources of plant diseases (surface waters, production area soil and gravel underlying containers, reused containers, plant returns, compost piles, and potting media made with green waste). To reduce plant disease risks, nurseries changed a container steaming procedure, upgraded compost quality control, disinfested cull piles (green waste), and treated recycled water more consistently. These changes in practice helped reduce fungicide use, saving growers money and reducing potential for disease spread around the nursery and offsite. Objective 3: Treatment technologies Effective, reliable, and low-cost water treatment technologies are needed to remove agrichemicals and plant disease inocula (zoospores) from recycled water (RW) at nurseries and greenhouses. We tested model-scale floating wetlands to determine how plant choice, nutrient load, flow rate, and water quality influenced removal of nutrients and zoospores from RW. Floating wetlands reduced 70-90% of the nutrients from IRF, reduced zoospore load by 50% at a 4-hr flow rate, and also served as viable options for non-traditional plant production areas. Growers can remove nutrients and zoospores from IRF while producing a saleable product, generating a return on investment in less than 3 years. We tested 2 bioreactor systems. (1) A bark bioreactor system designed to remove disease inoculum. And (2) A 2-stage woodchip:expanded shale bioreactor system to remove both nutrients and pesticides. The fir or pine bark filled bioreactors reduced active zoospores by 74% and 41%, respectively, at a 4-hr flow rate. In the 2-stage system at a slow (72 hr) flow rate, N and P were reduced or eliminated; at a fast (21 min) flow rate, pesticide concentrations were reduced without removing nutrients. Bioreactors show potential for remediation of plant diseases and agrichemicals from RW and could be placed strategically within production systems to either treat RW or IRF water leaving the operation. We developed 2 P filters (1) a proof-of-concept small-scale system that quickly (within minutes) removed N and P from IRF water and (2) an iron oxide-based filter that quickly removed up to 80% of the P from IRF. Further development of both filters will provide small-scale, land-locked nurseries with effective water treatment options. If growers install P filters, hundreds of pounds of P may be removed from surface waters, reducing environmental degradation. We determined slow sand filters can remove 100% of zoospores of Phytophthora spp. from water. A 100 gallon per minute slow sand filter could treat water needed to irrigate a 25-acre wholesale nursery. Objective 4: Outreach Lack of technical and unbiased information has limited adoption of water recycling and conservation technologies. We developed and delivered a comprehensive outreach program. This has included over 100 local, national and international presentations and workshops; the cleanwater3.org informational website (11,000+ users, 50% international); >200 articles, interactive apps and videos; two online training courses in English and Spanish (90 industry participants, 70% completion rate); and 70 emailed newsletter of research outputs with an average of 850 active readers. Industry participants reported increased knowledge, over 95% intend to use the information in their operations, including adoption of water conservation and treatment technologies.

Publications

  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2018. Advanced Nursery, Greenhouse and Controlled Environment Nutrient Applicator Training. University of MD Extension, Wye REC, Queenstown MD (16 April, 2018); 5 Participants
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Owen, J.S., A.V. LeBude, A. Fulcher, J. Stanley, and L.R. Oki. 2019. Leaching fraction: A tool to schedule irrigation for container-grown nursery crops. Virginia/North Carolina Coop. Ext. Publ. SPES-128/AG-855. https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/spes/spes-128/SPES-128.pdf
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2019. Grower Certification (FTC) Training to write Water and Nutrient Management Plans for Nursery Greenhouse and Controlled Environment Operations. 2 July (Training, Wye Research and Education Center, MD) and 8 August, 2019 (Certification; MDA Headquarters, Annapolis, MD (12 Growers certified).
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Warner, L. A., Lamm, A. J., White, S. A., Fisher, P., & Beattie, P.g, (2019). Meeting U.S. nursery and greenhouse growers needs with water conservation extension programs. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Electronic Data Information Source (AEC664). Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc327
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Various Clean WateR3 contributors, 2015-2019: Electronic newsletter for Clean WateR3. Number of Newsletters: 70. Average number of recipients per newsletter: 1380. Average open rate per newsletter: 28.5%. Average unique opens per newsletter: 376. Average total opens per newsletter: 848
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2019. Grower Certification (FTC) Training to write Water and Nutrient Management Plans for Nursery Greenhouse and Controlled Environment Operations. 22 Jan (Training, College Park, MD) and 28 Feb, 2019(Certification; MDA Headquarters, Annapolis, MD (4 Growers certified).
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Merhaut, D.J., K.A. Williams, and S.S. Mangiafico (eds.). 2018. Water, root media, and nutrient management for greenhouse crops. Publication 3551. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Davis, CA.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell, Natasha L. 2019. Evaluation of the potential for ecological treatment technologies to remediate species of phytophthora from irrigation runoff. Ph.D., Biological Engineering, Clemson University
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, Lauren M. 2019. Remediation of Nursery and Greenhouse Runoff Using Floating Treatment Wetlands. 2019. Ph.D., Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chase, Megan E.M. DeLaBarre. 2018. Iron Hydroxide from Coal Mine Drainage to Remove and Reuse Phosphorus from Greenhouse and Plant Nursery Runoff. M.Sci., Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Paulk Birnbaum, A.C. 2018. Removal Efficacy of Nursery Tail-Water Nitrogen and Phosphorus using Ferric aided Zeolite Sieves with or without Bioreactors. M.Sci., Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech�
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H. 2018. Phosphorus Requirement and Chemical Fate in Containerized Nursery Crop Production. Ph.D., Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yafuso, Erin. 2019.�The relationship between water and oxygen in plant propagation. Ph.D. Horticultural Science, University of Florida
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2021 Citation: Trientini, Fernanda. 2021 (anticipated). Simplified nutrient supply in hydroponics. M.S., Horticultural Science, University of Florida
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E. 2019 anticipated. Reducing Water and Agrochemical Movement from Container Nursery Production Using Bioreactors and Irrigation Management. Ph.D. Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2020 Citation: Knuth, Melinda. 2020. Behavioral and attitudinal differences among drought and non-drought consumers. PhD, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Poudyal, S. 2019 (anticipated). Reusing nursery runoff: Understanding plant sensitivity to nutrients and residual pesticides. Ph.D. Horticulture, Michigan State University.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Belayneh, B. E. 2019. Improving irrigation strategies and row cover use for strawberry production in the mid-Atlantic region. PhD. Dept. of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland. (Anticipated December, 2019)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen, Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, G. Reguera, J. Lee, B.M. Cregg, D.R. Kort, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Nutrient and pesticide remediation using a two-stage bioreactor-adsorptive system under two hydraulic retention times. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115311
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, B Behe, CR Hall, DL Ingram, AJ Lamm, LA Warner, SA White. 2019. Social and Economic Aspects ofWater Use in Specialty Crop Production in the USA: A Review. Water. 11: 2337. doi:10.3390/w11112337.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik. LR Oki, PR Fisher, CR Hall, JD Lea-Cox, RT Fernandez. 2019. Greenhouse and Nursery Water Management Characterization and Research Priorities in the USA. Water. 11, 2338. doili:10.3390/w11112338.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Majsztrik, John C., Andrew. G. Ristvey, David. S. Ross, and� John D. Lea-Cox. 2018. Comparative Water and Nutrient Application Rates Among Ornamental Operations in Maryland. HortScience 53(9):1364-1371. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12685-18
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Altland, J.E., J.S. Owen, Jr., B.E. Jackson & J.S. Fields. 2018. Physical and hydraulic properties of commercial pine-bark substrate products used in production of containerized crops. HortScience 53:1883-1890.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Blythe, E.K., J.P. Albano and D.J. Merhaut. 2018. Root media pH. In: Water, root media, and nutrient management for greenhouse crops. Merhaut, D.J., K.A. Williams, and S.S. Mangiafico (eds.). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Davis, CA. Pg. 67-78.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., & H. Scoggins. 2017. The influence of substrate hydraulic conductivity on plant water status of ornamental container crop grown in sub-optimal substrate water potentials. HortScience 52:1419-1428
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., J.E. Altland, M.W. van Iersel, & B.E. Jackson. 2018. Soilless substrate hydrology can be engineered to influence plant water status for an ornamental containerized crop grown within optimal water potentials. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.143:268-281.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM and SA White. 2018. Aeration and Plant Coverage Influence Floating Treatment Wetland Remediation Efficacy. Ecological Engineering.122:68-68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.011
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Grant, G.A., P.R. Fisher, J.E. Barrett, and P.C. Wilson. 2018. Removal of Paclobutrazol from Irrigation Water using Granular Activated Carbon. Irrigation Science 36:159166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0027.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Grant, G.A., P.R. Fisher, J.E. Barrett, P.C. Wilson, and R.E. Raudales. 2018. Paclobutrazol removal from irrigation water using a commercial-scale granular activated carbon system. Scientia Horticulturae 241:160166.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2018. Analysis of production system components of container-grown Chrysanthemum for their impact on carbon footprint and variable costs using life cycle assessment. HortScience 53: 1139-1142.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2018. Global warming potential, variable costs, and water use of a model greenhouse production system for 11.4-cm annual plant using life cycle assessment. HortScience 53:1139-1142.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Riley, E.D.*, H.T. Kraus, T.E. Bilderback, J.S. Owen, Jr., & W.F. Hunt. 2018. Impact of engineered filter bed substrate composition and plants on stormwater remediation within a rain garden system. J. Environ. Hort. 36:3044.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shreckhise, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., & A.X. Niemiera. 2018. Growth response of three containerized woody plant taxa to varying low phosphorus fertilizer concentrations. HortScience 53:628-637.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Warner, L. A., Lamm, A. J., Beattie, P. N., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. R. (2018). Identifying opportunities to promote water conservation practices among nursery and greenhouse growers. HortScience, 53(7), 958962. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI12906-18
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E. and R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Reducing water and pesticide movement in nursery production. HortTechnology 29: in-press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, B.M. Cregg, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Irrigation method and phosphorus fertilizer rate effects on growth and nutrient movement in container-grown plants. Irrigation Sci: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, B.M. Cregg, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Irrigation scheduling based on substrate moisture sensors conserves water and reduces nutrient movement without affecting growth of container produced crops. Irrigation Sci: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, B.M. Cregg, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Surface runoff and subsuface infiltration of 9 pesticides in a container plant production system. Environ Pollut: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, B.M. Cregg, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Transport of 9 pesticides via surface runoff and subsurface infiltration in container-plant production. Environ Pollut: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, G. Reguera, J. Lee, B.M. Cregg, D.R. Kort, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Nutrient and Pesticide Remediation Using a Two-stage Bioreactor-Adsorbtive System Under Two Hydraulic Retention Times. Water Res.: In-review
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., J.S. Owen Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.C. Birnbaum, P.C. Wilson, F.O. Hinz, J.L. Parke, N. Redekar, B.M. Cregg, D.R. Kort, R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Agrochemical remediation using a two-stage bioreactor-adsorptive aggregate system under three hydraulic retention times. Water Res.: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell, N.L., White, S.A., Jeffers, S.N., Hitchcock, D.R. 2019. Potential susceptibility of six aquatic plant species to infection by five species of Phytophthora. Plant Disease.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell, N.L., White, S.A., Jeffers, S.N., Hitchcock, D.R. 2019. A controlled model system to evaluate the potential of floating treatment wetlands to manage Phytophthora species in irrigation runoff. Agricultural Water Management.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell, N.L., White, S.A., Jeffers, S.N., Hitchcock, D.R. 2019. Potential of subsurface bioreactors to remediate Phytophthora species in agricultural drainage water. Ecological Engineering.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Del Castillo M�nera, J., B.E. Belayneh, J.D. Lea-Cox, and C.L. Swett. 2019. Effects of set-point substrate moisture control on oomycete disease risk in containerized annual crops, based on the tomato-Phytophthora capsici pathosystem. Phytopathology First look online: 04.11.19 https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-03-18-0096-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Del Castillo M�nera, J., B. Belayneh, A.G Ristvey, E. Koivunen, J.D Lea-Cox, and C. Swett, 2019. Enabling adaptation to water scarcity: Identifying and managing root disease risks associated with reducing irrigation inputs in greenhouse crop productionA case study in poinsettia. Ag. Water Management
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, SC Van Brundt, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2019. Short- and long-term dynamics of nutrient removal in floating treatment wetlands. Water Research. 159(1):153-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.012
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Grant, G.A., P.R. Fisher, J.E. Barrett, and P.C. Wilson. 2019. Removal of Agrichemicals from Water Using Granular Activated Carbon Filtration. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 230: 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4056-y.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Hinz, F.O., P. C. Wilson, and P.R. Fisher. Submitted June 2019. Application methods and formulations affect losses of acephate, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid in drainage water from containerized ornamental plants. Journal of Environmental Quality.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Huang, J. and P.R. Fisher. 2019. Survey of Suspended Solids in Irrigation Water and Filtration for Plant Nurseries. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 145(6): https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001391.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Huang, P., Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. (in press). Exploring nursery growers relationships with water to inform water conservation education. Journal of Human Science and Extension.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2019. Understanding carbon footprint in production and use of landscape plants. HortTechnology 29:6-10.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall, and J. Knight. 2019. Production system components of container-grown Euphorbia pulcherrima: Impacts on carbon footprint and variable costs using life cycle assessment. HortScience 54:262-266.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Knight, J, D.L. Ingram and C.R. Hall. 2019. Understanding irrigation water applied, consumptive water use, and water footprint using case studies for container nursery production and greenhouse crops. HortTechnology 29: In press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., Beattie, P., Tidwell, A., Fisher, P. R., & White, S. A. 2019. Identifying opportunities to promote water treatment practices among nursery and greenhouse growers. HortTechnology.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., Tidwell, A. S. D., Lamm, K. W., & White, S. A. (in review). Treating water for reuse: Testing an adoption decision-making model with nursery and greenhouse growers. Acta Horticulturae.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., B.E. Belayneh, B.E. and A.G Ristvey. 2019. Optimizing irrigation set-points for the growth and qualityof two Chrysanthemum cultivars in two soilless substrates HortScience (In Preparation)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Chase, MEM, WHJ Strosnider, MA Schlautman, SA White. Removal and reuse of phosphorus from nursery runoff with reclaimed iron oxides. Journal of Environmental Quality. In preparation.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, J.C. Majsztrik, W.C. Bridges, S. A. Willis, J. P. Albano, S.A. White 2019. Nutrient remediation of simulated nursery runoff using monoculture versus mixed species plantings in floating treatment wetlands. Environmental Science & Technology: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, JP Albano, CM Lee, AM Rovder, SA White. Irrigation runoff alkalinity influences nutrient removal efficacy of floating treatment wetland systems. Journal of Environmental Horticulture. In-preparation.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, KR Hale-Phillips, SA White. Viability assessment for use of floating treatment wetlands as alternative production and remediation systems for nursery and greenhouse operations. Journal of Agricultural Economics. In preparation.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, JP Albano, CM Lee, SM Wolfe, SA White. 2019. Runoff pH influences nutrient removal efficacy of floating treatment wetland systems. HortTechnology. (Accepted)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Mack, R., J.S. Owen, Jr., A.X. Niemiera, & D.J. Sample. 2019. Validation of nursery and greenhouse best management practices through scientific evidence. HortTechnology
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Nayeb Yazdi, M, Sample, DJ, Scott, D, Owen, JS, Ketabchy, M, and Alamdari, N, 2019. Water quality characterization of storm and irrigation runoff from a container nursery. Sci Total Environ. 166-178. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.326.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Owen, Jr., JS, JC Majsztrik, SA White. est. 2019. Water Research Priorities Determined by United States Nursery Growers. Water. In preparation.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Parke, J. L., and E. Peterson. 2019. Sudden oak death, sudden larch death, and ramorum blight.�The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2019-0701-02
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Parke, J. L., N.R. Redekar, J.L. Eberhart, and F. Funahashi. 2019. Hazard analysis for�Phytophthora�species in container nurseries: three case studies. HortTechnology 29 (in press).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Peterson, E. K., Larson, E. R., and Parke, J. L. 2019. �Film-forming polymers and surfactants reduce infection and sporulation�of Phytophthora ramorum on rhododendron. Plant Dis. 103:1148-1155.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Peterson, E. K., Rupp, F., Eberhart, J. L., and Parke, J. L. 2019. Root rot of Juniperus and Microbiota by Phytophthora lateralis in Oregon horticultural nurseries. Plant Dis. 103: (in press)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pitton, B.J.L., G.E Johnson, D.L. Haver and L.R. Oki. Submitted. Water use and estimated evapotranspiration at a California container plant nursery. Acta Horticiculturae (ISHS International Symposium on Irrigation in Horticultural Crops, Matera, Italy. June 17-20, 2019).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Pitton, B.J.L., J.A. Sisneroz, X. Zhu-Barker, R.Y Evans, W. R. Horwath and L.R. Oki. Submitted. Gas flux from a fir bark substrate at an ornamental production nursery. Acta. Horticulturae (ISHS International Symposium on Growing Media, Composting and Substrate Analysis. Milan, Italy. June 24-28, 2019).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J.E., and Parke, J. L. 2019. Diversity of Phytophthora, Pythium, and Phytopythium species in recycled irrigation water in a container nursery. Phytobiomes Journal 3:31-45. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PBIOMES-10-18-0043-R
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Redekar, N.R., T. Bourret, B. Pitton, G. Johnson, J. L. Eberhart, L. Oki, and J.L. Parke. Oomycete communities in irrigation water associated with a horticultural nursery. Water Research: In-preparation
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ridge, GR, NL Bell, AJ Gitto, SN Jeffers, SA White. 2019. Phytophthora species associated with plants in constructed wetlands and vegetated channels at a commercial plant nursery. HortTechnology. (Accepted)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ristvey, A.G., B.E. Belayneh and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2019. A comparison of irrigation-water containment systems and management strategies between two ornamental production systems to ensure water security. Water Res. (In Preparation)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., & A.X. Niemiera. 2019. Growth response of Hydrangea macrophylla and Ilex crenata cultivars to low-phosphorus controlled-release fertilizers. Scientia Horticulturae 246:578-588.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., M.J. Eick, A.X.Niemiera, J.E. Altland, & S.A White. 2019 Dolomite and micronutrient fertilizer effect on phosphorus fate in pine bark. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Spangler, JT, Sample, DJ, Fox, LJ, Albano, JP, and White, SA, 2019. Assessing nitrogen and phosphorus removal potential of five plant species in floating treatment wetlands receiving simulated nursery runoff. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. pp 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3964-0
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Spangler, JT, Sample, DJ, Fox, LJ, Owen, JS, and White, SA, 2019. Floating treatment wetland aided nutrient removal from agricultural runoff using two wetland species. Ecol Eng. 127, 468-479. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.12.017
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Spangler, JT, Sample, DJ, Fox, LJ, Owen, JS, White, SA, 2019. Data on floating treatment wetland aided nutrient removal from agricultural runoff using two wetland species. Data Brief. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.037
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yafuso, E.J., P.R. Fisher, and A.C. Boh�rquez. Submitted July 2019. Quantification of poinsettia root growth by image scans or x-ray computed tomography scans in three propagation substrates at varied moisture levels. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yazdi, M. N.*, Sample, D.J., Scott, D., J.S. Owen, Jr., Ketabchy, M., & Alamdari, N. 2019. Water Quality Characterization of Storm and Irrigation Runoff from a Container Nursery. Sci. Total Environ. 667:166-178.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Mangiafico, S.S. and D.J. Merhaut. 2018. The use of reclaimed water in greenhouse crops. In: Water, root media, and nutrient management for greenhouse crops. Merhaut, D.J., K.A. Williams, and S.S. Mangiafico (eds.). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Davis, CA. Pg. 67-78
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Merhaut, D.J. and S.S. Mangiafico. 2018. Water quality and correction. In: Water, root media, and nutrient management for greenhouse crops. Merhaut, D.J., K.A. Williams, and S.S. Mangiafico (eds.). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Davis, CA. Pg. 11-46.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Williams, K.A., D.J. Merhaut and S.S. Mangiafico. 2018. Integrating irrigation, root media, fertilization and environmental factors in greenhouse production. In: Water, root media, and nutrient management for greenhouse crops. Merhaut, D.J., K.A. Williams, and S.S. Mangiafico (eds.). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Davis, CA. Pg. 1-10.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Accepted Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2019. Advances in Irrigation Practices and Technology in Ornamental Cultivation. Chapter 12. In: Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Ornamental Plants. Michael S. Reid. (Ed.) Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. (Accepted)�
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lieth, J.H. and L.R. Oki. 2019. Irrigation in Soilless Production. In: Soilless Culture: Theory and Practice. 2nd Ed. M. Raviv, J.H. Lieth, & A. Bar-Tal, eds. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam. pp. 381-423.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Warner, L. A., Lamm, A. J., White, S. A., Fisher, P. R., & Beattie, P. N. (in press). A new perspective on adoption: Delivering water conservation extension programming to nursery and greenhouse growers. Journal of Agricultural Education.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, S.A., Garcia Chance, L.M., Bell, N.L., Chase, M.E. 2019. Potential and problems of floating treatment wetlands for mitigating agricultural contaminants. Wetland Science & Practice. 36(2), 119-124.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA. 2019. Clean WateR3: Reduce Remediate Recycle  Using transdisciplinary science to help specialty crop producers conserve water and resources. HortTechnology. (In press)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yafuso, E.J., P.R. Fisher, A.C. Boh�rquez, and J. Altland. Water and air relations in propagation substrates. HortScience.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Under Review Year Published: 2019 Citation: Majsztrik, J.C. & J.S. Owen, Jr. (n.d.) Improving nutrient management in field and container cultivation of ornamentals. In "Achieving sustainable cultivation of ornamental plants" Michael Reid (ed). Burleigh Dodds Publishing (submitted for review 06 May 2019)
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yazdi, M. N., Sample, D. J., Scott, D., & Owen, J. S. (2019). Water Quality Characterization of Irrigation and Storm Runoff for a Nursery. In New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling, International Conference on Urban Drainage Modeling, UDM 2018 (pp. 788-793). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99867-1_136
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beattie, P., Lamm, A. J., & Warner, L. A. (2018, April). Diffusion in action: A look into water treatment technology adoption. Proceedings of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education International Meeting, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3032.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Copes, W.E, A. G. Ristvey, P.A. Richardson, B.E. Belayneh, H. Zhang, J.D. Lea-Cox and C. Hong. 2018. Monthly Levels and Criteria Considerations of Nutrient, pH, Alkalinity and Ionic Variables in Run-Off Containment Basins in Ornamental Plant Nurseries. HortScience. 53(9):S76.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fields, J.S. & J.S. Owen, Jr. 2018. Investigating the hydraulic conductivity of a pine bark substrate and crop responses to two irrigation regimes. HortScience 53:S210-211.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lamm, A. J., & Warner, L. A. (2018, July). Clean WateR3  The big picture, why clean water matters: Barriers to adoption: How to overcome them. Abstract presented at the American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington, D. C.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., & Beattie, P. N. (2018, July). Clean WateR3  Big picture outreach: Tailoring outreach to your audience. Abstract presented at the American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington, D. C.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., B.E. Belayneh, O. Starry and D. DeStefano. 2018. Quantifying the Stormwater Ecosystem Services of an Urban Plaza with a Mature Taxodium distichum and Zoysia japonica Planting. HortScience 53(9):S132.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Owen, Jr., J.S., R. Jarrett, J.E. Atland. 2018. Influence of lime type and rate on pine bark substrate ph. HortScience 53:S211-212.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Poudyal, S., B.M. Cregg and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Overcoming barriers to use of nursery run-off water: Understanding plant sensitivity to residual pesticides. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ristvey, B.E. Belayneh, I. Howard and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2018. Effect of Plant-available Water Reduction on Two Yellow Garden Mum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Cultivars. HortScience. 53:9 S177.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H., J.S. Owen, Jr., A.X. Niemiera, & J.E. Altland. 2018. Rate of phosphorus needed to grow seven ornamental taxa and subsequent fate within the container system HortScience 53:S176.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Swett, C., J. Del Castillo-M�nera, J.D. Lea-Cox and B.E. Belayneh. 2018. Irrigation Practices and Pathogen Infection Potential: Balancing Reduced Water Use with Oomycete Disease Risk in Containerized Nursery Production HortScience. 53(9):S177-178.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3 for Specialty Crop Production: Past, Present, and Future. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., D.R. Kort, F. Hinz, P.C. Wilson, J.S. Owen, J. Brindley, A. Paulk, B.M. Cregg and R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Agrichemical remediation from runoff water using bioreactors. ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., D.R. Kort, F. Hinz, P.C. Wilson, J.S. Owen, J. Brindley, A. Paulk, B.M. Cregg and R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Irrigating based on container capacity conserves water with minimal effect on crop quality. ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E., F. Hinz, P.C. Wilson, J.S. Owen, J. Brindley, A. Paulk, B.M. Cregg and R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Reducing agrochemical movement in container crops by irrigating based on container capacity. ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., & Beattie, P. N. (Accepted). Barriers to Adoption: How to work to overcome them. Abstract accepted for presentation at the American Horticultural Society Association Annual Meeting, Washington DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., & Beattie, P. N. (Accepted). Tailoring outreach to your audience. Abstract accepted for presentation at the American Horticultural Society Association Annual Meeting, Washington DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., B.E. Belayneh and A.G. Ristvey. 2019. Optimizing irrigation set-points for the growth and quality of two Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars in two soilless substrates. ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy. pp. 67.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA and JC Majsztrik. 2018. New  and Newly Discovered  Tools for Growers. Greenhouse Product News. August: 22-24.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Redekar, N. and Parke, J. L. 2019. Testing the waters. Digger Magazine 63(6):33-37. http://www.diggermagazine.com/testing-the-waters/
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ristvey, B.E. Belayneh and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2019. A comparison of irrigation-water containment systems and management strategies, to ensure water security in two ornamental operations. ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy. pp. 189.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, P. R. Raudales, and B. MacKay. 2018. WaterQual  A new online tool to interpret your irrigation water quality. Nursery Management June 2018:16-21.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H., J.S. Owen, Jr., & A. Niemiera. 2018. Understanding phosphorus for containerized nursery crops. Nursery Management. 34(7):26-30
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Warner, L., A. Lamm, S. White, P. Fisher, and P. Beattie. 2019. Meeting U.S. nursery and greenhouse growers needs with water conservation extension programs. UF IFAS EDIS AEC664.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Yafuso, E. and P. Fisher. 2019. Balancing air and water in propagation cells. Greenhouse Grower Jan 2019: 58, 61. https://www.greenhousegrower.com/production/tips-to-balance-air-and-water-in-plant-propagation-cells/
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P.R., G. Grant, and R. Raudales. In Press. Clean up your water with carbon filtration. Greenhouse Product News.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, L and SA White. 2019. Clean Your Irrigation Runoff: Choose the Right Plants. Connect by AmericanHort. 2019. April: 4-5
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance, L and SA White. 2019. The Role of Aeration in Floating Treatment Wetlands. Science Trends. 2019. February
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Belayneh, B.E. and J.D. Lea-Cox. Substrate Moisture Effects on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa). ISHS IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy. 20 June, 2019. (Poster Presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Belayneh, B.E. and J.D. Lea-Cox. Substrate moisture effects on growth, yield and quality of Strawberry (Fragaria �ananassa). American Society for Horticultural Science: Washington, D.C. August 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bell, NL, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2018. Floating treatment wetland influences hydraulic performance of a pond receiving irrigation runoff. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell, NL, DR Hitchcock, SN Jeffers, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2019. Potential of floating treatment wetlands to manage Phytophthora species in agricultural runoff and drainage. #25. American Ecological Engineering Society. 19th Annual Meeting. Asheville, NC (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bell, NL, DR Hitchcock, SN Jeffers, SA White. 2018. Phytophthora species associated with plants in constructed wetlands and vegetated channels at a commercial ornamental plant nursery. #1800403. The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2018 Annual International Meeting. Detroit, MI (July)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Bell, NL, DR Hitchcock, SN Jeffers, SA White. 2019. Potential of denitrifying bioreactors to manage Phytophthora species in agricultural runoff and drainage. #1800403. The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2019 Annual International Meeting. Boston, MA (July)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chase, M, LM Garcia Chance, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Concurrent reduction in phosphorus and suspended sediment concentrations after installation of a floating treatment wetland. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P.R., E.J. Yafuso, and J. Huang. Submitted Feb 2019. Water and air balance in plant propagation cells. ISHS III International Symposium on Growing Media, Composting and Substrate Analysis, Acta Horticulturae.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, P.R., M. Paz Kinslow, E.J. Yafuso, B.R. MacKay, and S.A. White. 2018. "Coordinating water quality outreach to best reach your audience". American Society of Horticultural Science annual conference, Washington DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Freyre, R., B.J. Pearson, and P.R. Fisher. 2018. International training on greenhouse production using an online platform. Acta Horticulturae 1205:293-297.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Gabriel, M.Z. J.S. Owen, Jr., & J.E. Altland. (n.d.) Relationship between particle size summation and the moisture characteristic curves for soilless substrates. Acta. Hort. (submitted 14 June 2019)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Garcia Chance LM, NL Bell, ME Chase, WW Spivey, SA White. 2019. South Carolina Irrigation Water Source and methods for the Specialty Crops Production Industry. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 63, 155-161.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, ME Chase, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Statewide survey of Irrigation Source Water Quality and Water Use Techniques in the Specialty Crops Production Industry. South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia SC (October).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Keeping nutrients in their place: Irrigation management to enhance nutrient retention in container production. Proc 2017 Annual Meeting of the International Plant Propagators' Society. Acta Hortic. 1212:89-96
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P. 2019. "Water and air balance in plant propagation cells". ISHS III International Symposium on Growing Media, Composting and Substrate Analysis.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P.R. and G. Mohammad-Pour. Submitted Apr 2019. Interactions of fertilizer and chemical sanitizing agents in water. ISHS ISHS IX International Symposium On Irrigation Of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy, Acta Horticulturae.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, P.R. and R.W. Dickson. 2018. Improving irrigation practices in container stock plant production of herbaceous plant cuttings. Acta Horticulturae 1205:871-877.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Nutrient and Pathogen Remediation using Floating Treatment Wetlands. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. (July)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, SA White. 2018. A Cost-Profit Analysis of Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Remediation Tool for Nursery and Greenhouse�Effluent. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hale-Phillips, K, SA White, LM Garcia Chance. 2018. Over-wintering floating treatment wetlands for nutrient remediation. South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia SC (October).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hamel, M, E Monroe, SA White, R Davis. 2018. The good, the bad, the algae-surface water remediation and prevention of toxic algal blooms coupled with biomass cultivation for biofuels. South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia SC (October).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Howard, I., A.G. Ristvey and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2019. Modifying Green Roof Substrates for Nutrient Retention in Urban Farming Systems. Proc. Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. 64:163-168.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Howard, I., J. D. Lea-Cox, N. G. Little and A. G. Ristvey. 2018. Defining Best Management Practices for Substrate, Water and Nutrient Management of Urban Farming Systems. Global Challenges: Building Healthy Food Systems Summit. University of Maryland, College Park. October 4, 2018. Poster.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2018. Using Sensors for Better Irrigation Management Decisions. 2018 California Nursery Conference: Water Management in Nursery and Greenhouse Production. 19 June, 2018. Monterrey, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., B.E. Belayneh, B.E., O. Starry and D. DeStefano. 2019. Monitoring Urban Landscapes to Measure Ecosystem Services. Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. 64:169-174.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., B.E. Belayneh, J. Majsztrik, A.G. Ristvey, E. Lichtenberg, M.W. van Iersel, M. Chappell, W.L. Bauerle, G. Kantor, D. Kohanbash, T. Martin and L. Crawford. 2017. Demonstrated benefits of using sensor networks for automated irrigation control in nursery and greenhouse production systems. Acta Hort. 1150:507-514.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox., J.D. 2018. 47. Using Sensor Networks for Precision Irrigation, to Increase Water Security and Reduce Runoff. Global Water Reuse, Food and Health BARD Workshop. 8-9 October, 2018. University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox., J.D. and B.E. Belayneh. 2018 Whats the Difference between Soil Moisture and Plant-Available Water? Assoc. Ed. and Res. Greenhouse Curators. Annual Meeting, 24 July, 2018. Greenbelt, MD
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: LeBude, A. V., Owen, J., & Holmes, C. (2019, January 7). Effect of high pH low alkaline irrigation source water on physiology of select plants in container production. In Proc. 63rd Annu. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. Baltimore, MD.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, NL Bell, L Kome, WW Spivey, SA White. 2019. Slow sand filters for horticulture: Whats old has become new. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Las Vegas, NV (July) https://ashs.confex.com/ashs/2019/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/30605
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, S Kumar, B Pitton, LR Oki, DR Hitchcock, D Sample, SA White. 2019. Tools for growers to efficiently manage water for specialty crop production. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Las Vegas, NV (July) https://ashs.confex.com/ashs/2019/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/30592
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, WHJ Strosnider, ME Chase, LM Garcia Chance, SA White. 2019. Phosphorus removal from nursery runoff using pilot scale filters. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 63, 147-149.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, WHJ Strosnider, ME Chase, SA White. 2018. Pilot scale phosphorus adsorption by iron oxide and calcined clay from specialty crop runoff. South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia SC (October).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Nayeb Yazdi, M., D. Sample, & J.S. Owen, Jr. 2019 Sediment and Nutrient Movement in a Container Nursery: What Happens During an Irrigation or Storm Event? Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. (in press)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Nayeb Yazdi, M., Sample, D. J., & Owen, J. S. (2018). Water Quality Characterization for Nursery Irrigation and Storm Runoff. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2018. Minneapolis, MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: O'Donnell, J., B.M. Cregg, and D.S. Ellison. 2018. Evaluating nitrogen source and application timing for optimal nitrogen uptake. International Christmas Tree Research and Extension conference , Sept. 4-7, 2018. �Akuyrie, Iceland.�
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr. 2018. Finessing the fertility of your containerized crop. J.R. Simplot Galaxy Release, Lathrop, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr. 2019. Mastering the nexus of irrigation, soilless substrates, and fertility. Harrells sponsored workshop at Bailey Nurseries Inc., St. Paul, MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parke, J. L., Redekar, N., Eberhart, J., Swett, C. L., Del Castillo M�nera, J. 2018. Phytopathogens, nursery plant production and water. Invited talk. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pitton, B.J.L., C.R. Hall, D.L. Haver, SA White, LR. Oki. 2018. Comparing the Cost of High-Quality and Recycled Irrigation Runoff Water in Container Plant Production: A Southern California Nursery Case Study. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. (July)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J. L., Parke, J. L. 2018. Operational biases involved in metabarcoding investigations. Poster. APS Pacific Division meetings, June, 2018, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J. L., Parke, J. L. 2018. Spatiotemporal dynamics of Phytophthora and Pythium communities in recycled irrigation water in a container nursery. Intl. Congress of Plant Pathology, Boston, MA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J., Parke, J. L. 2019. Metabarcoding for Phytophthora - benefits and limitations. Oral presentation at the Healthy Plants in a World of Phytophthora  the 7th Sudden Oak Death Science and Management Symposium (SOD7), 2019, San Francisco, CA.(125 participants)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Redekar, N. R., Eberhart, J., Parke, J. L. 2019. Phytophthora diversity in Lake Mathews, the irrigation water source for a southern California nursery. Poster presentation at the Healthy Plants in a World of Phytophthora  the 7th Sudden Oak Death Science and Management Symposium, 2019, San Francisco, CA.(125 participants)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ristvey, A.G, J.D. Lea-Cox, B.E. Belayneh and J. Iferd. 2018. Automated sensor-control strategies for drip irrigation of containerized Chrysanthemum. Acta Hort. 1197:211-218.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Rodrigues, P.H.V., M.F. Trientini and P.R. Fisher. Submitted Feb 2019. Biofilm management in irrigation lines and hydroponic lettuce solutions using sanitizing chemicals. ISHS IX International Symposium On Irrigation Of Horticultural Crops, Matera Italy, Acta Horticulturae.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2019 Citation: Warner, LA, AJ Lamm, SA White, PR Fisher, PN Beattie. 2019. Why do growers adopt water conservation practices? Viewing extension opportunities through a new lens. 2019 Southern Region American Association for Agricultural Education Conference Proceedings
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parke, J. L., Swett, C., Majsztrik, J. 2018. Tools for growers to assess disease risk. Oral presentation. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA and AJ Lamm. 2019. Developing Exceptional Interdisciplinary Teams & Reporting Impact. LEAD21 Alumni Meeting, Washington, DC. (February)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik, B Behe, B Cregg, RT Fernandez, PR Fisher, L Fox, CR Hall, D Haver, DR Hitchcock, DL Ingram, S Kumar, A Lamm, J Lea-Cox, LR Oki, JL Parke, A Ristvey, D Sample, S Swett, LS Warner, PC Wilson. 2016. Clean WateR3  Reduce, Remediate Recycle: Helping Growers Safely Recycle Water. United States Department of Agriculture  Specialty Crop Committee, Washington, DC (October).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA, NL Bell, JC Majsztrik, SN Jeffers DR. Hitchcock. 2019. Remediation of phytopathogen contaminants from irrigation runoff using floating treatment wetlands. International Society of Horticultural Science. IX International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Matera, Italy (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Building Project Teams through Hatch Multi-state Project Participation. in USDA-NIFA Grant Workshop. Palmetto Agricultural Workers Conference, Opelika, AL. (December)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3: Helping Growers Save Water and Money. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, SNA Research Conference Proceedings, 62, 99-101.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Yafuso, E.J., P.R. Fisher and A.C. Boh�rquez. 2018. "Quantification of root growth of transplants by two-dimensional or three dimensional root scans in propagation substrates". American Society of Horticultural Science annual conference, Washington DC.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, P. 2018. Interpret your water quality test report. NC1186 station report and grower workshop presentation, San Jose CA. 90 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, P. 2018. Managing residual pesticides and paclobutrazol in greenhouse water. CleanWateR3 workshop, Maryland. 50 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fisher, P. 2018. One day workshop on Efficient growing practices for greenhouse & nursery production: potting mix, fertilizer, and irrigation for container-grown plants. Gardens by the Bay, Singapore. 15 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parke, J. L. 2018. Phytopathogens, plant production, and water. Invited talk. Maryland Nursery Growers Conference, College Park, MD. Aug. 6, 2018. 50 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Abdi, D.E and R.T. Fernandez. 2019. Sanitizing agents and methods for removing pathogens from irrigation water. West Michigan Nursery Growers, Webinar (25 attendees)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P. 2015 to 2019. Annual water research updates to Floriculture Research Alliance Annual Meeting. 400 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P. 2019. Water and air management for plant rooting, Efficiency, costing and profitability for your nursery, Water quality and treatment for healthy roots. South Africa Seedling Growers Assn. Annual Symposium. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 120 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. 2018. The Dirt on Dirt: Soil basics for tree care professionals. Arboriculture Society of Michigan ArborCON 2018. February 14, 2018, Lansing, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P. 2019. "Designing a water treatment system". Connecticut Ag Expt Stn Workshop. 50 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P. 2019. "Filtration Research Update" Cultivate tradeshow, Ohio. 75 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Fisher, P. 2019. "Substrate physical properties". Cultivate tradeshow, Ohio 60 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: Ingram, D.L. 2019. Filtration of Irrigation Water. 2019. KNLA Spring Training Conference (January) (248 participants)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA. 2019. Green Clean: Use Plants to Clean Your Water. Virginia Nursery & Landscape Association. Webinar. (March). 39 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA and JS Owen. 2019. Pond Management: Aeration and algae control, Water pH & Hardness, On-farm water management, and Floating wetlands: Cost vs. ROI. In 2 day-workshop on water quality, fertilizers, and substrates at Bailey Nurseries Inc., Newport, MN Feb 27-28. (25 attendees from 3 nurseries)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2019 Citation: White, SA. 2019. Managing Nutrients & Sediment in Irrigation Runoff. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Workshop. (July) 50 participants
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Water Alkalinity and pH: What They Mean in Regards to Water Quality. MSU Nursery and Christmas Tree Production Newsletter, April 12, 2018. http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/water_alkalinity_and_ph_what_they_mean_in_regards_to_water_quality
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2018. Grower Certification (FTC) Training to write Water and Nutrient Management Plans for Nursery Greenhouse and Controlled Environment Operations. 28 Feb. (Training, Central Maryland REC) and 11 April, 2018 (Certification; MDA Headquarters, Annapolis, MD (4 Growers certified).


Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include nursery and greenhouse growers and allied service fields, extension agents, processors, marketers and marketing organizations, the Rosaceae tree fruit and strawberry nursery industry, and consumers. Changes/Problems:Dr. Alexa Lamm left the University of Florida and started her job at the University of Georgia. This change has not disrupted the function of the sociology team, as Dr. Lamm continues to contribute her planned work at UGA, facilitated via subcontract through the University of Florida. Dr. Cassandra Swett left the University of Maryland in 2017 to take a position at UC-Davis. This has not disrupted the functioning of the University of Maryland team. By the strategic planning of continued collaborative activities by Drs. Swett and Lea-Cox, we have leveraged and synergized our combined resources, with the assistance of Justine Beaulieu (faculty research assistant at UMD). Ms. Beaulieu will start her PhD studies at UC-Davis in September, 2018. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Both graduate students and post-doctoral researchers working on the clean wateR3 project presented their work at the annual meeting and at 2 grower conferences sponsored by Clean wateR3 this year. Project personnel participated in a hands-on demonstration of plant physiology instrumentation for 60 high school students with the Greening of Detroit's Green Corps Natasha Bell, a PhD student in Biosystems Engineering at Clemson University, completed her PhD candidacy exams and was awarded a USDA NIFA PreDoctoral Fellowship (Y4-Y5) to expand her Clean wateR3 research to remediation of Phytophthora spp. using woody-substrate based bioreactors, she also worked with an undergraduate student to develop 2 outreach videos related to her work. Postdoctoral scholars, faculty research assistants and undergraduate students have had the opportunity to submit manuscripts, author outreach articles, develop outreach videos, author abstracts and present their work at regional, national and international professional conferences, and present their work by invitation at grower meetings (Cultivate). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentations to green industry groups have been made at green industry conferences, in workshops, and a webinar series (see Y4 Products). The California Nursery Conference and Grower Tour in June 2018 highlighted water-related research results from Clean WateR3 scientists & students to an audience of 97 growers. This conference format is very popular with California growers as it provides an opportunity to learn about water issues impacting nurseries across the nation and how these issues are being addressed in USDA sponsored collaborations. A daylong workshop was hosted at the University of Maryland "SCRI - WateR3 Conference - Recycling and Treatment of Agricultural Runoff Water" in August 2018 and water-related research results from Clean WateR3 scientists & students were presented to an audience of 43 growers, regulators, crop advisors, and extension agents and specialists. Results were also presented through a webinar program on nutrient management in nurseries as part of webinar series hosted by Michigan State University Extension on Sustainable Nursery and Christmas Tree Production: 128 growers from 19 states and 4 Canadian provinces participated in the webinar series. Online training of growers on nutrient management in four-week courses (hort.ifas.ufl.edu/training). 178 industry participants enrolled, 138 passed (78% completion). WaterQual, http://cleanwater3.org/wqi.asp, an online water test interpretation tool was published at cleanwater3.org in a collaboration between UF and UConn. Research outputs are emailed via a biweekly newsletter (18 newsletters 2017-18) to 1679 recipients and has a 26% open rate. Newsletters drive traffic to the cleanwater3.org website. This year we had 5,341 users, of which 5,265 were new users. Users initiated 7,386 sessions lasting 1:33, viewing 1.83 pages per session. The majority of users are from the US (59.3%) and Canada (9.1%). We published 13 trade articles, 5 extension documents, and 23 journal articles; made 45 presentations (professional and grower conferences and webinar) and presentations made at grower workshops in CA, MD, MI, and NC. See the publications and presentations for a complete list of activities during year 4. We hosted three special sessions at the American Society for Horticultural Science annual meeting and presented findings of the project. Two short (2-3 min) educational videos on Phytophthora and agricultural bioreactors were created and will be posted to the Clean WateR3 website (Y4). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will meet goals and objectives outlined in our project management plan. Project Director (White) will review project outcomes for all researchers and implement deadlines to ensure that planned outcomes are met and reported in year 5. Plans are outlined below. Advisory board members encouraged us to create outreach content that shows how project components integrate to solve the reduce, remediate and recycle problem. Objective 1: Project 1.1A: Survey data will be collected, finalized and analyzed. The data will be used to predict adoption, with the results shared through the online platform for the project. Project 1.1B: Eye-tracking data collected in Michigan, Texas, and Florida in 2018 will continue to be analyzed and results presented to grower and academic audiences. Project 1.2: Develop an Extension Circular entitled "Carbon Footprint of Nursery and Greenhouse Production Systems - A tool for Increasing Efficiency." Develop and Extension Circular entitled "Understanding Water Footprint of Nursery and Greenhouse Plants." Publish the LCA model for 6" poinsettia production. Stand ready to share any data needed by the modeling team. Stand ready to provide any insights needed by the team regarding the economic dimensions of their work under the other project objectives. Delivery of outreach presentations and including findings in trade journal articles as appropriate. Project 1.3: Release the online version of the disease risk model. Invite selected growers to beta-test the model. Incorporate modifications and release the final model. Objective 2: Complete the assessment potential for deficit irrigation strategies to reduce water inputs and pathogen contaminants in recycled water. Deficit irrigation trial data will be collected, looking at effects of substrate type on disease losses and pathogen contamination of runoff water, as well as on the relative risk across pathogen groups. Water recycling data will be analyzed. Results will be used to develop tools to improve pathogen management when reducing or recycling water. Examine disease risk factors associated with deficit irrigation strategies, to overcome real and perceived barriers to adoption of deficit techniques, particularly when using recycled water. Complete deficit irrigation studies on blueberry-P. cinnamomi. Publish one peer-review journal article on results of deficit irrigation. Prepare and submit manuscript for year 1 raised bed study. Continue year 2 raised bed study, analyze data, prepare journal manuscript and presentations to scientific and stakeholder audiences. Objective 3: Pathogen monitoring and remediation: During Y5 we plan to conclude the outdoor pilot-scale vegetated channel experiment. Data from aforementioned experiments will be analyzed and published in peer-reviewed journals. We plan to continue to present findings at national conference meetings. We will also evaluate the efficacy of recycled water remediation strategies in reducing / eliminating cryptic oomycete pathogens, and develop, present, and publish new knowledge on the relationship between waterborne plant pathogens, nursery management, and plant health. We will finish processing samples, generating Illumina sequencing data and analysis for project collaborators. Provide data on pathogen load for CA nursery. Publish peer-reviewed journal articles on results of monitoring of water for Phytophthora and Pythium at two nurseries. Publish three case studies on hazard analysis of critical control points in 3 nurseries. Nutrients: Contaminant Central Analytical Lab (Owen, VT): Virginia Tech will continue to process aqueous samples for all participating CleanwateR3 research partners for total and/or ions of mineral nutrients using chromatography or spectrophotometry via flow injection analysis until end of Y5. All field and laboratory experiments: Year 5 efforts will focus on completion of final field experiments, publication and outreach which will include data analysis, data interpretation, manuscript submission, presentations, and extension tools/publications to ensure understanding and promote adoption. Pesticides: Contaminant Central Analytical Lab (Wilson, UF): University of Florida will continue with the extractions/analytical work for participating CleanwateR3 research partners. All field and laboratory experiments: Year 5 efforts will focus on conducting non-target deposition studies this fall, and we will also submit manuscripts for the bioreactors, pesticide runoff, and pesticide sorption studies during this period. Complete assessment of growth and physiological responses of eight taxa of landscape nursery plants to overhead irrigation with nursery runoff and remediated nursery runoff. Conduct further assessments of nursery plant responses to specific pesticides and effect of growth stage on plant sensitivity. The next round of studies will emphasize developing dose-rate responses for sensitive taxa such as Hydrangea. Prepare and submit manuscript for first bioreactor study and year 1 raised bed study. Complete data analysis on the second bioreactor study and begin journal manuscript preparation and presentations to scientific and stakeholder audiences. Continue year 2 raised bed study. We will conduct intensive dose-response experiments to elucidate the efficiency of paclobutrazol reduction using slow-sand filters, and present and publish information about the risk of paclabutrazol in irrigation runoff water, and strategies to mitigate that risk. Objective 4: Selected CleanwateR3 researchers will provide content for the Water Quality and Treatment course hosted online by the University of Florida. We will also complete promised short videos, publish trade articles, factsheets, and present research outcomes at grower venues. Special focus will be given to integrating project components into case studies so that growers could see the problem, implemented solution, and result of the action.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Greenhouse and nursery growers need reliable sources of water to ensure future water security. Competition for potable water sources is increasing. Helping growers to recycle water is critical, yet disease, pesticide or salt presence in recycled water limits a grower willingness to use. We successfully removed plant diseases, pesticides, and nutrients from recycled water using floating treatment wetlands and wood-chip bioreactors. Growers have treatment options to effectively remove plant diseases, pesticides and salts, enhancing the feasibility of water recycling while limiting contaminant release into surface waters. Trials in research and commercial greenhouse conditions with economic analysis indicate that granular activated carbon is a highly practical option for removing agrichemicals from recirculated irrigation water. This will enhance the ability of growers to capture and recycle irrigation water, treat irrigation water before it runs off to the environment, and reduce the risk associated with using surface irrigation water that may be contaminated by herbicides or other agrichemicals. Phosphorus (P) fertilization requirements of woody ornamental crops is species-dependent, and pore-through phosphorous concentrations are not an ideal indicator for plant-availability. Maximal growth of economically important ornamental taxa studied was achieved with less than or equal to 2 ppm P in pour-through extracts. This is a significant reduction from the current pour-through best management practice (BMP) recommendations of 5 to 15 ppm P. When using liquid fertilizer, maximum growth of Japanese holly and evergreen azalea was achieved when P fertilizer concentrations were reduced by 90% and 40%, respectively, compared to current recommendations. Considering azalea is the #2 broadleaf evergreen crop produced in the US, using fertilizers with minimally sufficient P amounts for these species could greatly reduce P runoff from nursery sites. Bigleaf hydrangea reached maximal growth when given controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) containing 50% less P than conventional CRFs. Hydrangea is the #2 deciduous flowering ornamental shrub produced in the US, using CRFs with minimally sufficient P amounts for hydrangea could greatly reduce P runoff from nursery sites. Amending fertilized pine bark with conventional dolomitic limestone and micronutrient fertilizer products reduced water-extractable total P concentrations by > 50% without decreasing P uptake by the plant. Therefore, amending pine bark with dolomitic limestone and micronutrient fertilizer could be considered a BMP for reducing P leaching from containerized crops that thrive in limed substrates. Objective 1: Develop and publish online decision support tools Project 1.1A Grower survey data were analyzed and used to develop cognitive maps detailing grower decision paths. Trialability, observability, and integration within existing infrastructure are important considerations for increasing adoption of water treatment options. Project 1.1B: Priming statements indicating recycled water from plant production was used to irrigate crops resulted in greater consumer acceptance (n=1259) of plants grown using recycled water. The horticulture crops industry can act to improve perception of their industry by conveying their use of recycled water. Project 1.2: Production models for 72-count foliage liners, 11.4-cm annual plants, 20-cm chrysanthemums, and 15-cm poinsettia were evaluated using LCA-developed economic costs and global warming potential (GWP) for production system components. Container, substrate, transplant(ing), irrigation and fertilization are the largest contributors to GWP and variable costs. Managers should evaluate these inputs as part of an overall assessment of production efficiencies. Project 1.3: Decision support tool development The question and response matrix for the online nursery disease risk assessment are complete. Grower feedback will be sought, and content revised after beta-testers provide comment. Several additional tools are being developed including a pond refill calculator, irrigation volume tool, leaching fraction tool, coefficient of uniformity tool, and chlorination tool. All tools will be live at cleanwater3.org by November 2018. Objective 2: Reduce contaminant loading Three irrigation methods were compared at experimental nursery production areas installed at VT and MSU: overhead irrigation at 19 mm per day (control), spray stake irrigation at 2 L per day (SS2L), and spray stake to replenish to container capacity with 0 leaching fraction (SSCC). Irrigation runoff was reduced from 200,000 gallons per acre (control) to 70,000 (65% reduction) and 62,000 gallons per acre (69% reduction) for SS2L and SSCC. Water infiltrating below the production surface was reduced from 210,000 gallons per acre (control) to 154,000 (23% reduction) and 106,000 (47% reduction) gallons per acre for SS2L and SSCC. Disease & irrigation We identified threshold and crop-age-based disease risks associated with deficit irrigation of containerized annuals in both commercial and experimental (controlled) greenhouse trials. Community analysis identified several opportunistic pathogens that are enhanced under deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation reduces disease in a blueberry-Phytophthora cinnamomi pathosystem. Objective 3: Treatment technologies Pathogens: A hazard analysis was conducted at 2 nurseries (OR, CA) determining disease critical control points. Extensive sampling and analysis were conducted for symptomatic plants, irrigation water, soil and gravel substrates, culls, and media ingredients. Data were shared with the nurseries to help eliminate contamination sources. A metabarcoding workflow method for detection of bacterial and fungal communities in environmental samples was developed, improving the accuracy and precision of pathogen detection methods used for hazard analysis and disease risk investigations. Three years of greenhouse susceptibility trials of 7 aquatic plant species with 5 species of Phytophthora were completed and results informed selection of plant species for use in pilot-scale vegetated channel experiments. Bioreactors: (Disease) Lab-scale work determined the efficacy of woody-substrate based bioreactors to remediate P. nicotianae. Results suggest that woody-substrate based bioreactors may reduce flow-through of zoospores of P. nicotianae. (Nutrient) N and P control evaluated at 2 locations: (1) in FL via maintaining two tanks each under anaerobic (denitrifying) or oxidizing conditions. Iron sulfate was injected into the oxidizing tank to remove phosphorus. And (2) in MI via a 5-month, 2-stage process with a woodchip denitrifying bioreactor and an expanded shale aggregate adsorption bed. Nitrate was reduced daily from 70-90 mg/L NO3 to 0.2 mg/L NO3 in the 1st stage and from 2.5-3.0 mg/L PO4 to below detection limits (0.2 mg/L) in the effluent with a 3-day hydraulic retention time. Phosphorus filters: Research began investigating zeolite capacity to form Fe-P complexes from oxidized or reduced nursery runoff. We also completed laboratory and pilot-scale experiments with iron-oxide residuals from mine drainage to remove P from irrigation runoff. Iron oxide mixed evenly with sand quickly bound 11.5 mg of P per g of substrate. Objective 4: Outreach. Our research outputs newsletter was emailed biweekly (18 newsletters 2017-18) to 1679 recipients with a 26% open rate. Newsletters drive traffic to the cleanwater3 website, this year we have 5,341 users, 5,265 are new users. Users have initiated 7386 sessions lasting 1:33, viewing 1.83 pages per session. The majority of users are from the US (59.3%) and Canada (9.1%). We have released the WaterQual interpreter tool, published 13 trade articles, 5 extension documents, and 23 journal articles; made 45 presentations (professional and grower conferences and webinar) and presentations made at grower workshops in CA, MD, MI, and NC.

Publications

  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Belayneh, B.E. and J. D. Lea-Cox. 2018. Determining Plant Available Water to Practically Implement Deficit Irrigation Strategies in Strawberry Production. Acta Hort. 1197:163-170.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Copes, W.E., H. Zhang , P.A. Richardson, B.E Belayneh, A.G. Ristvey, J.D. Lea-Cox and C.X. Hong. 2017. Nutrient, pH, alkalinity, and ionic property levels in run-off containment basins in Maryland, Mississippi and Virginia ornamental plant nurseries. HortSci. 52(4):641648.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Copes, W.E., H. Zhang , P.A. Richardson, B.E Belayneh, A.G. Ristvey, J.D. Lea-Cox and C.X. Hong. 2018. Monthly Patterns of Nutrient, pH, Alkalinity and Ionic Variables in Run-off Containment Basins in Ornamental Plant Nurseries. HortScience 53(3):360-372.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Gu�ry, S., J.D. Lea-Cox, M.A. Martinez-Bastida, B.E. Belayneh and Francesc Ferrer-Alegre. 2018. Using Sensor-based Control to Optimize Soil Moisture Availability and Minimize Leaching in Commercial Strawberry Production in Spain. Acta Hort. 1197:171-178.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Garc�a-Caparr�s, P., Llanderal, A., El-Tarawy, A.,�Majsztrik, J., & Lao, M. T. 2017. Response of Container-grown Confetti Tree Irrigated with Runoff Water. HortTechnology, 27(5), 625-630.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM and SA White. 2018. Aeration and Plant Coverage Influence Floating Treatment Wetland Remediation Efficacy. Ecological Engineering. In Press.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Guo, Yanjun, Terri Starman, and Charles Hall. 2018. Reducing substrate moisture content (SMC) during greenhouse production and postproduction of Angelonia and Heliotrope improves crop quality and economic value. HortScience 53(1):4954.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Huang, P., Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. (in press). Exploring nursery growers relationships with water to inform water conservation education. Journal of Human Science and Extension.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2017. Comparison of three production scenarios for Buxus microphylla var. japonica Green Beauty marketed in a #3 container on the west coast using life cycle assessment HortScience 52:357-365.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2017. Modeling Global Warming Potential, Variable Costs, and Water Use of Young Plant Production System Components using Life Cycle Assessment. HortScience 52:1356-1361.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2018. Analysis of production system components of container-grown Chrysanthemum for their impact on carbon footprint and variable costs using life cycle assessment. HortScience 53: (accepted 5/2018)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2018. Global warming potential, variable costs, and water use of a model greenhouse production system for 11.4-cm annual plant using life cycle assessment. HortScience 53:441-444.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., Taylor, M. R., Martin, E. T., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. (2017). Diffusing water conservation and treatment technologies to nursery and greenhouse growers. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 24(1), 105-119. DOI: 10.5191/jiaee.2017.24110
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., J. Williams and M.A. Mellano. 2018. Optimizing a Sensor-based Irrigation Protocol for a Large-Scale Cut-Flower Operation in Southern California. Acta Hort. 1197:219-225.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Majsztrik, John C., Andrew. G. Ristvey, David. S. Ross, and� John D. Lea-Cox. In Press. Comparative Water and Nutrient Application Rates Among Ornamental Operations in Maryland. HortScience
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pitton, Bruno J. L., Charles R. Hall, Darren L. Haver, Sarah A. White, Lorence R. Oki. 2018. A cost analysis of using recycled irrigation runoff water in container nursery production: A Southern California nursery case study. Irrigation Science. doi.org/10.1007/s00271-018-0578-8
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Knuth, Melinda, Bridget K. Behe, Charles R. Hall, Patricia T. Huddleston, and R. Thomas Fernandez. 2018. Consumer perceptions of landscape plant water sources and uses in the landscape during real and perceived drought. HortTechnology 28(1):85-93.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Knuth, Melinda, Bridget K. Behe, Charles R. Hall, Patricia T. Huddleston, and R. Thomas Fernandez. 2018. Consumer perceptions, attitudes, and purchase behavior with landscape plants during real and perceived drought periods. HortScience 53(1):49-54.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., Martin, E. T., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. (2017). Enhancing extension programs by discussing water conservation technology adoption with growers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(1), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01251
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ristvey, A.G, J.D. Lea-Cox, B.E. Belayneh and J. Iferd. 2018. Automated sensor-control strategies for drip irrigation of containerized Chrysanthemum. Acta Hort. 1197:211-218.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Warner, L. A., Lamm, A. J., Beattie, P. N., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. R. (in press). Identifying opportunities to promote water conservation practices among nursery and greenhouse growers. HortScience.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Design and season influence nitrogen dynamics in two surface flow constructed wetlands treating nursery irrigation runoff. Water. 10(1) article #8, 16pp. DOI:10.3390/w10010008
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wolfe, D.W., A.T. DeGaetano, G. M. Peck, M. Carey, L.H. Ziska, J.D. Lea-Cox, A.R. Kemanian, M.P. Hoffmann and D.Y. Hollinger. 2018. Unique challenges and opportunities for northeastern US crop production in a changing climate. Climatic Change 146:231245.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J. D. and D. S. Ross. 2018. Managing Water and Nutrients to Reduce Environmental Impact. Chapter 16. In: Water and Nutrient Management for Greenhouse Crops. D. Merhaut. (Ed.). University California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Resources, Davis, CA. Publ. No. 3551. pp.273-288.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Abdi, D.E., B.M. Cregg, J.S. Owen and R.T. Fernandez. 2017. Efficiency of bioreactor nutrient remediation in the presence of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Abdi, D.E., B.M. Cregg, J.S. Owen and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Pesticide and water movement in nursery container production: Managing irrigation to reduce agrichemical losses. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Abdi, D.E., B.M. Cregg, J.S. Owen, R.O. Hinz, P.C. Wilson and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Remediating pesticides from water through biological degradation and adsorptive mechanisms. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Behe, B.K., M. Knuth, C.R. Hall, R.T. Fernandez and P. Huddleston. 2017. Four key factors in water conservation attitudes of Americans. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Belayneh, B.E. and John D. Lea-Cox. 2017. Growth, Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) as Affected by Soil Moisture Regimes. HortScience 52(9):S151.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Del Castillo-M�nera, J., C. Swett, J.D. Lea-Cox, B.E. Belayneh and A.G. Ristvey. 2017. Risk of Incidence of Pythium Disease in Poinsettia Under Slight-Deficit Irrigation. HortScience 52(9):S127-128.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Reducing water and pesticide movement in nursery production. Special Session. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Hall, C.R., D. L. Ingram and J. Knight. 2018. The economics of water use. HortScience (Proceeding of ASHS 2018 Annual Conference).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2018. Water security and life cycle assessment  impact of water recycling. HortScience (Proceeding of ASHS 2018 Annual Conference).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Knuth, M., B.K. Behe, C.R. Hall, P. Huddleston and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Actively interested and passively disinterested in water conservation cluster segments on horticulture product spending in 2016. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Knuth, M., B.K. Behe, C.R. Hall, P. Huddleston and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Landscape importance components related to consumer active interest and passive disinterest in water conservation. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., & Beattie, P. N. (Accepted). Tailoring outreach to your audience. Abstract accepted for presentation at the American Horticultural Society Association Annual Meeting, Washington DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., & Beattie, P. N. (Accepted). Barriers to Adoption: How to work to overcome them. Abstract accepted for presentation at the American Horticultural Society Association Annual Meeting, Washington DC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. and B.E. Belayneh. 2017. Evaluating Ag-Zoom Software for Near Real-Time Access of Remote Sensor Data. HortScience 52(9):S421-422.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., B.E. Belayneh and A.G. Ristvey. 2017. Using Matric Potential to Schedule Irrigation of Horticultural Crops in Soils and Soilless Substrates. HortScience 52(9):S272-273.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Poudyal, S., B.M. Cregg and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Overcoming barriers to use of nursery run-off water: Understanding plant sensitivity to residual pesticides. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Trelstad, D., J.S. Owen, and R.T. Fernandez. 2017. Comparison of calcined aggregates for use in pine bark based substrates in woody ornamental container production. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI. HortScience 1st Place Undergraduate Poster Competition
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3 for Specialty Crop Production: Past, Present, and Future. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beattie, Peyton. 2018. How Extension can use Social Media as a Tool for Outreach. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parke, J, C. Swett, JC Majsztrik. 2018. Phytopathogens, Plant Production and Water. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Washington D.C. HortScience
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Behe, B.K., M. Knuth, C. Hall, P. Huddleston and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Conserving water, irrigation importance Part 2. Nursery Manager Pro. http://www.nurserymag.com/article/irrigation-importance/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Behe, B.K., M. Knuth, C. Hall, P. Huddleston and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Conserving water, sales Part 1. Nursery Management Pro. http://www.nurserymag.com/article/conserving-water-sales/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bell, N., Majsztrik, J., and White, S. 2018. Microbial technology (Features - Water Treatment): Biological water treatment systems provide innovative alternatives to remediating nutrients, agrichemicals, and pathogens in water. Nursery Management Magazine. January, 35(1): 18-22
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Good timing: Learn how to properly schedule irrigation to improve water management. Nursery Management Pro. http://www.nurserymag.com/article/good-timing-june-2018/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Keeping nutrients in their place: Irrigation management to enhance nutrient retention in container production. Proc. Intl. Plant Prop. Soc. Eastern Region.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Where do nutrients go when you irrigate? How to better manage irrigation to enhance nutrient retention in container production. Nursery Management Pro. May 2018 http://www.nurserymag.com/article/where-do-nutrients-go-when-you-irrigate/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance L, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2017. Plants with Purpose. Nursery Management. December, 34(12): 14-18.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Knight, J., JS Owen, Jr., SA White. 2017. The Past, Present, and Future of Water for Nursery Crops. American Nurseryman. August: 16-19.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Majsztrik, J, SA White. 2017. Successful sanitation. Nursery Management. October, 34(10): 23-27.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Majsztrik, J, SA White. 2017. Water Quality Quest: Consider carbon and membrane filtration systems to improve water quality. Nursery Management. September, 34(9): 22-24, 26.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Pitton, BJL, LR Oki, SA White. 2018. Slow Sand Filters. American Nurseryman. January:24-27.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Redekar, N. and Parke, J. L. 2018. Test your irrigation water for Phytophthora. Adapted from American Nurseryman (March issue) 6 pp.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ristvey, A.G, L.R. Oki, D.L. Haver, and B.J.L Pitton. 2017. Improving Irrigation Efficiency Reduces Water Use. In: American Nurseryman 203(11):18-21
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Beattie, P. N., Lamm, A. J., & Warner, L. A. (2018, February). Nursery and greenhouse growers extension initiative and communication preferences. Paper presented at the Southern Region American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting, Jacksonville, FL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bell, NL, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2018. Floating treatment wetland influences hydraulic performance of a pond receiving irrigation runoff. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Chase, M, LM Garcia Chance, NL Bell, SA White. 2018. Concurrent reduction in phosphorus and suspended sediment concentrations after installation of a floating treatment wetland. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chase, M, SA White, WH Strosnider. 2017. Blue Valley Iron Oxide Substrate and Sand Mixture Capacity to Remove Phosphorus from Solution. #MP197. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 38th Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, MN (November)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, SA White. 2018. A Cost-Profit Analysis of Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Remediation Tool for Nursery and Greenhouse�Effluent. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Garcia Chance, LM, SA White. 2017. Floating Treatment Wetlands as a Remediation and Production Tool for Growers. American Society for Horticultural Science. Waikoloa, HI (September). HortScience. 52(9):S220 (abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2018. Modeling Carbon Footprint and Variable Costs for Greenhouse Production of 11.4-cm Begonia. HortScience (Proceeding of Southern Region ASHS 2018 Annual Conference).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., & Beattie, P. N. (2018, February). Mapping of how nursery and greenhouse growers think about water conservation and treatment technologies to inform extension efforts. Paper presented at the Southern Region American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting, Jacksonville, FL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lamm, AJ, LA Warner, MR Taylor, PR Fisher, SA White. 2017. Exploring Ways to Encourage Nursery and Greenhouse Growers Adoption of Water Conservation Technologies. Poster #053. American Society for Horticultural Science. Waikoloa, HI (September). HortScience. 52(9):S451 (abstr.)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2017. New Tools for Old Problems  Solutions to save Water, Nutrients and your Crop. USDA-NC1186 Grower Conference. 14 June, 2017. Raleigh, NC.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2017. New Tools for Old Problems: Irrigation Management Using Sensor Networks. 2017 California Nursery Conference: Water Management in Nursery and Greenhouse Production. 27 July, 2017. Irvine, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2018. Sensing Strategies and Software Tools to Help Farmers Adapt to Climate Change. USDA North-East Climate Change Hub Partners Meeting. Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ. 11th March, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2018. Using Cloud-Based Networks for Better Management Decisions. 2018 California Nursery Conference: Water Management in Nursery and Greenhouse Production. 19 June, 2018. Monterrey, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2018. Using Sensors for Better Irrigation Management Decisions. 2018 California Nursery Conference: Water Management in Nursery and Greenhouse Production. 19 June, 2018. Monterrey, CA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Leiva J, Wilson PC, Nkedi-Kizza P, OConnor GA, Albano JP.� 2017.� Pesticide retention by soilless media components and aluminum-water treatment residuals (AL-WTRs).� American Society for Horticultural Sciences; Waikoloa, Hawaii.� HortSci. 52(9):S450.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, D Sample, S Kumar, SA White. 2017. Expanding the toolbox: Developing tools to help container nursery and greenhouse operations better understand production practices. American Society for Horticultural Science. Waikoloa, HI (September). HortScience. 52(9):S128 (abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: O'Donnell, J., B.M. Cregg, and D.S. Ellison. 2018. Evaluating nitrogen source and application timing for optimal nitrogen uptake. International Christmas Tree Research and Extension conference , Sept. 4-7, 2018. �Akuyrie, Iceland.�
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Parke, J. L., Swett, C., Majsztrik, J. 2018. Tools for growers to assess disease risk. Oral presentation. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Redekar, N., Eberhart, J., and Parke, J. 2018. Poster. Intl. Congress of Plant Pathology, July 29-Aug. 3, 2018, Boston.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2018 Citation: Swett, C. L., Del Castillo M�nera, J., Lea-Cox, J., Belayneh, B. Irrigation practices and pathogen infection potential: balancing reduced water use with root disease risk based on the tomato-Phytopthora capsici model system. Oral presentation. ASHS Annual Meeting, July 30-Aug. 2, 2018. Wash. D.C.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA, LM Garcia Chance. 2018. Potential & Problems of Floating Treatment Wetlands for Mitigating Agricultural Contaminants. Invited Symposia: Floating Wetlands: From Natural to Novel Ecologies. Society of Wetland Scientists 2018 Annual Meeting. Denver, CO (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: White, SA. 2017. Clean WateR3: Helping Growers Conserve Water and Money. Success in SCRI Special Session. American Society for Horticultural Science, Waikaoloa, HI (September). HortScience 52(9):S115-S116 (abstr.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Nitrogen speciation in two constructed wetlands treating nursery irrigation runoff. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Jacksonville, FL
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. & Landgren, G. 2018. Nutrition management in nursery and Christmas tree production. Sustainable Nursery and Christmas Tree Production webinar series, coordinated by MSU Extension, February 7, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. & Owen, J. 2018. Abiotic problems and deer management in nursery and Christmas tree production. Sustainable Nursery and Christmas Tree Production webinar series, coordinated by MSU Extension, February 28, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Abdi, D.E. and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Keeping up with the stones: Benefits of using calcined aggregates throughout the nursery. Invited presentation MNLA GLTE, Lansing, MI January 22, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Behe, B.K. and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Research that matters: RFID and consumer products. Invited presentation Cultivate18, Columbus, OH July 16, 2018.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Warner, LA, AJ Lamm, MR Taylor, SA White, PR Fisher. 2017. Understanding how Nursery and Greenhouse Growers Make Decisions about Adopting Water Treatment Technologies. Poster #054. American Society for Horticultural Science. Waikoloa, HI (September). HortScience. 52(9):S451 (abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA and JC Majstrik. 2018 Building Multi-state Research Collaborations. Clemson University, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences Spring Seminar. (January)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. & Ellison, D. 2018. Getting down with Phosphorus. MSU Extension West Michigan Nursery Growers winter meeting. February 16, 2018. West Olive, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cregg, B. 2017. Improving transplant success of container-grown trees. Arboriculture Society of Michigan summer meeting. September 14, 2017. Midland, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. 2018. Improving transplant success of container-grown trees. Michigan Nursery and Landscape Association Great Lake Trade EXPO. January 24, 2018, Lansing, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. 2018. Nitrogen Stabilizers: What are they and what can they do for Nursery Production? California Nursery Conference & Grower Tour, Jube 19-20, 2018. Watsonville, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Cregg, B. 2018. The Dirt on Dirt: Soil basics for tree care professionals. Arboriculture Society of Michigan ArborCON 2018. February 14, 2018, Lansing, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Abdi D.E and R.T. Fernandez. 2018. Reducing water and pesticide movement in nurseries. Invited presentation Maryland Grower Conference, August 6, 2018
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2017. Keeping nutrients in their place: Irrigation management to enhance nutrient retention in container production. Invited presentation International Plant Propagators Society Annual Meeting 2017. Grand Rapids, MI, October 13, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. and D.E. Abdi. 2018. Water and pesticide movement in container production as affected by irrigation practices. Invited presentation California Nursery Conference, Watsonville, CA June 21, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. and D.E. Abdi. 2018. Whats in the water leaving your nursery and where it is going. Invited presentation MNLA GLTE, Lansing, MI January 22, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. SCRI Clean WateR3: Helping Growers Save Water and Money. Cultivate. Columbus, OH. (July)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Clean water with plants and wood chips. California Nursery Conference. Watsonville, CA. (June).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3: Helping Growers Save Water and Money. SNA Research Conference Proceedings, In Press.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Number 1191, 193-198
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Bell, NL, LM Garcia-Chance, and SA White. 2018. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Number 1191, 199-205
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2018. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Number 1191, 187-192
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D. Increasing Production Efficiency and Marketing Ecosystem Services. Nursery and Landscape Spring Training, Louisville, January 24-25, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: Knight, Josh and D. Ingram. Recent Research on Water Use and Conservation in Nursery and Greenhouse Production. Nursery and Landscape Spring Training, Louisville, January 24-25, 2018.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lamm, A. J., & Beattie, P. (2017, July). How growers make decisions. Invited presentation for the California Nursery Conference, Irvine, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Raising Water Quality with Floating Wetlands. Cultivate. Columbus, OH. (July)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2018 Citation: White, SA. 2018. Water Tools for Growers: SCRI Research. Cultivate. Columbus, OH. (July)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2018. Water Alkalinity and pH: What They Mean in Regards to Water Quality. MSU Nursery and Christmas Tree Production Newsletter, April 12, 2018. http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/water_alkalinity_and_ph_what_they_mean_in_regards_to_water_quality
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Knight, J. and D. L. Ingram. 2017. Ecosystem Services of Landscape Plants: A Guide for Green Industry Professionals. Extension Circular HO-115. 12 p.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Knight, J. and D. L. Ingram. 2018. Ecosystem Services of Landscape Plants: A Guide for Consumers and Communities. Extension Circular HO-121. 10 p.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2017. Grower Certification (FTC) Training to write Water and Nutrient Management Plans for Nursery Greenhouse and Controlled Environment Operations. 28 June (Training, College Park, MD) and 19 July, 2017 (Certification; MDA Headquarters, Annapolis, MD (6 Growers certified).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2017. Advanced Nursery, Greenhouse and Controlled Environment Nutrient Applicator Training. University of MD Extension, Montgomery County Office, Derwood, MD (30 Nov., 2017); Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown MD (5 Dec., 2017). (7 Growers Certified)
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2018 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and J. Knight. 2017. Carbon Footprint and Cost of Greenhouse-Grown 4.5 Begonia Using Life Cycle Assessment. 2017 UK Nursery and Landscape Research Report (In press).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: US Experimental Station Committee on Organization and Policy (ESCOP): Excellence in Multistate Research award. 2017. Awarded to USDA NC-1186: Water Management and Quality for Ornamental Crop Production and Health.


Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include nursery and greenhouse growers and allied service fields, extension agents, processors, marketers and marketing organizations, the Rosaceae tree fruit and strawberry nursery industry, and consumers. Changes/Problems:The modeling approach has moved to a more "network" approach where models are developed individually and then integrated together instead of creating a more integrated model to begin with. This should speed model development, and produce models that are the most relevant to growers. The pathogen team will investigate the importance of "relic" DNA and if necessary improve the current diagnostic protocol to distinguish live microbes from dead using propidium monoazide (PMA). PMA targets free-floating DNA from dead microorganisms, making dead microorganisms invisible in Illumina MiSeq sequencing-based detection methods. Dr. Cassandra Swett has left the University of Maryland and taken a position at UC-Davis. This change has not disrupted the functioning of the University of Maryland team, and by strategic planning of continued collaborative activities by Drs. Lea-Cox and Swett, we have leveraged and synergized our combined resources, and added another faculty research assistant (Justine Beaulieau) at UMD. Dr. Johanna Del Castillo will join Dr. Swett at UC-Davis in June 2017. We therefore anticipate that we will be able to sustain our original research objectives, having planned the remaining 2 years of work in fine detail. Dr. Saurav Kumar has left Virginia Tech and taken a position at University of Texas at El Paso. This change has not disrupted the function of the Virginia Tech or modeling team, as Dr. Kumar continues to contributed his planned work at UT El Paso, facilitated via subcontract through Virginia Tech. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Presentations to green industry groups have been made at green industry conferences, in workshops, and a webinar series. For professional development of industry professionals and extension agents, we have developed an online course on Phytophthora management and introductory and advanced online courses in nutrient management. Post-doctoral research assistant training opportunities across all segments of the Clean WateR3 project have been provided for 4 postdoctoral researchers and 1 assistant research professor. Postdoctoral associates received training and professional development opportunities that included poster and platform presentations, conference attendance; and workshop participation (e.g., bioinformatics). Graduate student training opportunities across all segments of the Clean WateR3 project have been provided for 17 individuals. Graduate students have developed complimentary research and received grants to conduct the research, graduate students have also learned project and personnel management skills. Undergraduate student training opportunity across all segments of the Clean WateR3 project have been provided for 28 individuals. Undergraduates and graduate students have learned experimental design and data collection, post-doc has been involved in analytical chemical method development and sample analysis. Graduate and undergraduate students have presented results in conferences and workshops, for example annual conferences of American Society for Horticultural Science. They have also gained experience in outreach activities with stakeholders, for example presentations at the National Poinsettia Trials and Floriculture Research Alliance annual meeting. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A full range of outreach activities in this program as described in the Accomplishment section for objectives 1 through 4. These include webinars, online courses, face-to-face workshops and presentations, a project website (cleanwater3.org), industry articles, and an email newsletter. Seminars at cooperating universities and other institutions have been presented to garner the input of colleagues regarding study methods and to disseminate the results of the project thus far. Results have been disseminated to commmunities of interest via: Journal articles [10 published, 4 in-press], Abstracts [17], Presentations [49], Webinars [9], Trade Publications [12], Grower Workshops [18], Conference Proceedings [19], Website [1], Extension Factsheets & Bulletins [6]. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective 1: Develop and publish an online decision support system Project 1.1A: Survey data will be collected, finalized and analyzed. The data will be used to predict adoption, with the results shared through the online platform for the project. Project 1.1B: Collect eye-tracking data in Michigan, Texas, and Florida in 2018. Project 1.2: Publish the economic and carbon footprint analysis for young plant greenhouse production. Develop the economic, life cycle analyses, and water footprint analyses for the finished greenhouse crop scenario. Continue refining the water footprint protocols for nursery and greenhouse production scenarios. Expand the disease loss experiments in multiple locations to assess the economic impact of waterborne pathogens. We will develop an economic analysis for slow sand filters. Project 1.3: Complete online grower tool to evaluate disease risk in nurseries. Complete development and calibration of a storm water model for a Virginia collaborator. Finalize and distribute the pathogen, disinfection, and water budget models to advisory board members for comment and refinement. Create a runoff channel map for Altman Plants to initiate the Water Footprint calculations. Objective 2: Assess impacts of deficit irrigation on root diseases of containerized perennials in controlled greenhouse trials. Additional deficit irrigation studies are planned for 2017, focusing on Chrysanthemum at the UM greenhouse. These studies will provide greater experimental rigor that we have been able to achieve at CMG. In collaboration with the University of California Davis, we will: (1) assess the potential for deficit irrigation strategies to reduce water inputs and pathogen contaminants in recycled water; (2) examine disease risk factors associated with deficit irrigation strategies, to overcome real and perceived barriers to adoption of deficit techniques, particularly when using recycled water; (3) evaluate the efficacy of recycled water remediation strategies in reducing / eliminating cryptic oomycete pathogens; and (4) develop, present, and publish new knowledge on the relationship between waterborne plant pathogens, nursery management, and plant health. We will determine the relationship between irrigation regime and Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot in container-grown highbush blueberry. Objective 3: Continue water-borne pathogen contamination assessment and water treatment train analysis in two commercial nurseries. Conduct a Hazard Analysis for pathogen contamination in one growing operation per year to identify Critical Control Points. Continue processing of analysis of water and leaf samples for pathogen presence and species identification for the overall project. Continue experimental nursery research projects to improve irrigation, nutrient and substrate management to reduce, remediate and recycle nursery runoff/percolation water; investigate effects of contaminated runoff water on crop production; investigate effects of treatment technologies (bioreactors, FTW, filter socks) on remediating nutrient and pesticides in runoff Objective 4: Key outreach goals for Y4 will be to host another webinar series related to plant health management, develop a new online course on water quality and treatment, test and publicize a water quality interpreter online tool, and complete a major upgrade of the project website interface and contents to provide solutions to grower irrigation problems. We will publish the recycled water use case study in a refereed journal and compose trade publications based on the information. A new online course on water treatment will also be developed and offered to industry.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Objective 1: Develop and publish an online decision support system. Project 1.1A: Findings from the focus groups were used to develop a survey instrument that will predict adoption of water treatments and technologies developed by the project. The survey was distributed to over 1,500 growers nationwide to gather data that can be generalized. Over 200 responses have been received. Results will inform the online decision support system. A survey of VA growers was conducted focusing on best management practices (BMPs). Most frequently used BMPs were irrigation methodology and scheduling, implementing integrated pest management tactics, and use of controlled-release fertilizers. Rationale for BMP selection was environmental protection and resource savings. Project 1.1B: Results from an online national survey with 1,543 responses were analyzed regarding perceptions of water use related to landscape plants. Responses indicate that consumers care more about water use in the landscape than water source used to produce plants. Project 1.2: Developed a model for the west coast to analyze 3 scenarios for growing 3-gallon containerized plants. Economic costs and LCA dimensions (global warming potential, GWP) were outlined for each scenario. The sensitivity analysis identified the containers, transplant/transplanting, irrigation and fertilization accounted for the greatest portion of GWP and variable costs in each scenario. Managers should evaluate the potential for saving possible in each of these inputs and processes as they assess production protocol efficiencies. Project 1.3: Development (e.g., water budget, chlorination, stormwater, and disease risk assessment) and validation (e.g., water movement in substrate and solarization models) of tools (models) continues. These tools combine to form a distributed model framework that will more likely be used by growers to select and evaluate water management options. Objective 2: Reduce contaminant loading into recycled water sources. Sensor networks: We installed and are supporting daily operation of sensor networks at five research sites (VA, MI, OR, CA, MD). Additional sensor networks were installed at two commercial operations in Maryland. Weather stations were upgraded to allow team data sharing using a single cloud portal; 9 weather stations are linked through this portal. Pathogens: Assessed effects of deficit irrigation on Pythium root rot of poinsettia in commercial greenhouse trials and controlled (inoculated) trials, and on Phytophthora root rot in tomato in controlled greenhouse trials. Minor deficit irrigation does not increase disease risk. Developed a physical strategy (soil solarization) for reducing soilborne populations of species of Pythium and Phytophthora. We released an online model to enable west coast nursery growers to forecast solarization timing and duration to reduce pathogen load in soil. Sampling of recycling ponds for plant disease presence is ongoing at grower facilities in CA, MD, OR, and SC. Irrigation reduction studies are being implemented at a commercial nursery in MD; along with a historical survey of water. We have also initiated mapping efforts to facilitate quantification of runoff dynamics at several nursery facilities (CA, SC, VA) to better predict runoff movement during irrigation and storm events. These data will also be used to inform development of water footprint calculations. Pesticides and Nutrients: Raised beds in the experimental container nurseries in MI and VA permit evaluation of irrigation and fertilizer treatments on volume, concentration and load of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and 10 target pesticides in runoff and percolation water. Raised beds are in the data collection phase. A pesticide runoff study comparing the effects of formulation, application, and irrigation intensity differences on four commonly used pesticides (acephate, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos) was completed. Study findings will inform recommended best management practices to reduce pesticide leaching and improve water use from containerized nurseries. Evaluation of reduced P fertilizers is ongoing in raised beds and other studies. Low P fertilizers worked for some taxa but not others. We need to develop species specific nutrient requirements for more nursery crops. Objective 3: Treatment technology evaluation to remediate pathogen, pesticide, and nutrient contaminants. Pathogens: Illumina MiSeq technology was used to detect pathogen load in irrigation water. Developed baseline information on pathogen load prior to implementation of treatment technologies. Conducted a Hazard Analysis on 3 commercial nurseries. Identified 3 cryptic pathogens present in irrigation water; current trials are assessing efficacy of sand and chemical treatment strategies in reducing contaminant levels. Completed first round (no species infected) and initiated the second round of testing the susceptibility of 7 aquatic plant species to 5 species of Phytophthora. Reported slow sand filtration as an effective method for eliminating tomato mosaic virus from irrigation water. Nutrients & Pesticides: Ten target pesticides are being applied to fertilized container plants on runoff generating production beds in each experimental nursery. Runoff then passes through treatment technologies to remediate agrichemicals. Water from the runoff beds is being used to irrigate container plants directly or after passing through bioreactors to determine any phytotoxic response. Benchtop bioreactors are being evaluated for capacity to remediate nutrients and chlorpyrifos. Bioreactor adsorptive components (haydite, calcined clay) were investigated as a potting substrate component to provide a use after P saturation in bioreactors; each can be used as up to 15% of the substrate volume. Filter socks were investigated as a remediation technology for nursery runoff. Two riparian and 3 emergent plants were investigated for effectiveness in N and P removal when used in floating treatment wetlands (FTW). All plants were effective in N removal in FTW and 2 were effective in removal of P. In addition to remediation capacity, plants effective in N and P removal are marketable after used for remediation. Objective 4: Outreach accomplishment. Six water conservation webinars were presented in Jan-Feb 2017 with 257 grower participants and 93 video views. A full-day water workshop occurred at the California Nursery Conference with presentations by team members from CA, FL, KY, MD, MI, SC, VA. CleanWater3.org was updated at least biweekly, with a total of 3387 views in 2016. The Cleanwater3.org listserve has 856 active users. A regular newsletter promoting new research outputs was sent out, with 10 newsletters delivered in 2016 with 3065 downloads. Onsite research and direct stakeholder involvement at multiple nurseries in states including CA, CT, FL, MI, NJ, MD, NC, OH, OR, SC, and VA addressing a wide range of issues including water footprints, agrichemical residues, carbon filtration, N and P remediation, waterborne plant pathogens, and irrigation control. The nature of water quality and quantity issues is that solutions need to be tailored to individual locations. Growers have listened to team members and adopted treatment technologies. Granular activate charcoal (GAC) systems were installed in CT and NC, with planned installations in AL and OH, to mitigate crop losses (> $10K, each) from plant growth regulator or herbicide contaminants. An iron removal system was installed in NJ, resulting in an estimated $148K annual savings in labor related to clogging of equipment. A 2-stage filtration system was installed in a MI flood floor greenhouses to improve filtration level, and reduce electric and filter fabric costs. A slow sand filter was installed at a MD greenhouse to ensure disease removal from recycled runoff. A case study documenting the economic incentive of recycled water use for a container nursery was completed.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Del Castillo Munera, J. and Swett, C.L. 2017. First report of Pythium aphanidermatum infecting poinsettia in Maryland. Plant Disease. In press
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ingram, D.L. and C.R. Hall. 2016. Comparison of carbon footprint and variable costs of selected nursery production systems for a 5-cm-caliper red maple. HortScience 50(4):383-387.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2016. Carbon Footprint and Variable Costs of Production Components for a Container-grown Evergreen Shrub Using Life Cycle Assessment: An East Coast U.S. Model. HortScience 51: 989-994.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ingram, D.L., C.R. Hall and Joshua Knight. 2017. Comparison of three production scenarios for Buxus microphylla japonica Green Beauty marketed in a #3 container on the west coast using life cycle assessment. HortScience 52:357-365
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Raudales, Rosa, Paul Fisher, and Charles Hall. 2016. The cost of irrigation sources and water treatment in greenhouse production. Irrigation Science. DOI 10.1007/s00271-016-0517-5.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, Paul, J.C. Vallejo, A.W. Hodges, and C.R. Hall. 2016. Tracking Losses in Floriculture Crop Production. Acta Horticulturae 1132:161-166.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Perez, Maria, Marco Palma, Bridget Behe, and Charles Hall. 2016. Structural breaks and future growth of the green industry. J. Environ. Hort. 34(2):5255.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D., J. Williams and M.A. Mellano. 2016. Optimizing a Sensor-based Irrigation Protocol for a Large-Scale Cut-Flower Operation in Southern California. ISHS Symposium 2016 Sensing Plant Water Status - Methods and Applications in Horticultural Science. Potsdam, Germany. October 5-7, 2016. Acta Hort. (Accepted).
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mack, R.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., A.X. Niemiera, and J. Latimer. 2017 Virginia nursery and greenhouse grower survey of best management practices. HortTechnology (accepted 23 Feb 2017)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Majsztrik, J.C., R.T. Fernandez, P.R. Fisher, D.R. Hitchcock, J. Lea-Cox, J.S. Owen, L.R. Oki, L. Warner, and S.A. White. 2017. Water use and treatment in nursery and greenhouse crop production: A review. Water Air Soil Pollut. 228:151 DOI 10.1007/s11270-017-3272-1
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., L. Zhang*, and W.C. Fonteno. 2016. Use of the evaporative method for determination of soilless substrate moisture characteristic curves. Sci. Hortic. 211:102-109.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. A., Taylor, M. R., Martin, E. T., White, S. A., & Fisher, P. 2017. Enhancing extension programs by discussing water conservation technology adoption with growers. Journal of Agricultural Education 58(1), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01254.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lamm, A.J., L.A. Warner, M.R. Taylor, E.T. Martin, S. White, P.R. Fisher, 2017. Diffusing Water Conservation and Treatment Technologies to Nursery and Greenhouse Growers. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education April 2017: 105-119, doi: 10.5191/jiaee.2017.24110.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Oki, L.R., S. Bodaghi, E. Lee, D.L. Haver, B.J.L Pitton, L.L. Nackley, D.M. Mathews. 2017. Elimination of Tobacco Mosaic Virus from Irrigation Runoff Using Slow Sand Filtration. Scientia Horticulturae. 217, 107-113.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Oki, L.R., L.L. Nackley, and B. Pitton. 2016. Slow sand filters: a biological treatment method to remove plant pathogens from nursery runoff. Acta Horticulturae. 1140:139-144. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1140.30.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Albano, JP, J Altland, DJ Merhaut, SB Wilson, PC Wilson. 2017. Irrigation Water Acidification to Neutralize Alkalinity for Nursery Crop Production: Substrate pH, Electrical Conductivity, and Nutrient Concentrations; and Plant Nutrition and Growth. HortScience. Accepted
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ingram, D. L., C.R. Hall and J. Knight. 2016. Carbon footprint and variable costs on production components for a container-grown evergreen shrub. HortScience (51):S150 (Abstr.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Del Castillo, J. and Swett, C.L. 2016. Managing oomycete populations at irrigation-associated critical control points in ornamental greenhouses. Phytopathology, 106(5S): S3.1
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Del Castillo, J. and Swett, C.L. Can oomycete pathogens and water use be co-managed using deficit irrigation sensor networks? Phytopathology, in press
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Del Castillo M�nera, J., Belayneh B., Lea-Cox, J., and Swett C.L. 2017. Adapting to water insecurity: Balancing reduced water use with root disease risk. Phytopathology, in press
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. and B.E. Belayneh. 2016. A Protocol to Estimate Plant Available Water Thresholds from Empirical Soil Moisture Sensor Data. HortScience 51(9): S171 (oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mack, R.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Best management practice use and efficacy for Virginia nurseries and greenhouses. HortScience 51(9):S148-S149. (oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S.* and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2016. Manipulation of soilless substrate hydraulic properties to optimize container crop water-substrate. HortScience 51(9):S150. (oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Growth response of ilex and hydrangea using low-phosphorus controlled-release fertilizers. HortScience 51(9):S162. (oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S.* and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2016. Comparing and contrasting moisture characteristic curves of coarse, highly porous soilless substrates measured by the evaporative or pressure extraction methods. Virginia Tech College of Agricultural and Life Science Graduate Research Symposium. Web publication, available at: https://www.cses.vt.edu/news/NewsItems/abstract-symposium-2016c.pdf (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mack, R.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Determining utilization and efficacy of best management practices for the Virginia nursery and greenhouse industries. Virginia Tech College of Agricultural and Life Science Graduate Research Symposium. Web publication, available at: https://www.cses.vt.edu/news/NewsItems/abstract-symposium-2016c.pdf (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Growth response of three containerized plant taxa to low pore water phosphorus concentrations. Virginia Tech College of Agricultural and Life Science Graduate Research Symposium. Web publication, available at: https://www.cses.vt.edu/news/NewsItems/abstract-symposium-2016c.pdf (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Grant, G.A., P.R. Fisher, J.E. Barrett, and C.P. Wilson. 2016. Remediating Paclobutrazol from Irrigation Water Using Activated Carbon. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference. Abstract
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Yafuso, E.J. and P.R. Fisher. 2016. The Effect of Oxygenation of Water on Dissolved Oxygen Measurements in Irrigation Water and Container Substrate. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference. Abstract
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Freyre, R., B. Pearson, and P.R. Fisher. 2016. Greenhouse online training at the University of Florida IFAS Extension. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference. Abstract.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: White, SA. 2017. Integrating socioeconomic, ecosystem engineering, and horticulture research to Clean WateR3. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Mobile, AL (February). HortScience (abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Counting the costs: Developing a tool to help growers understand the costs and benefits of water recycling systems. American Society for Horticultural Science. Atlanta, GA (August). HortScience 51(9):S149 (abstr.)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ristvey, A.G., Del Castillo M�nera, J., Belayneh B., Lea-Cox, J., and Swett C.L. 2017. Risk of Incidence of Pythium Disease in Poinsettia Under Slight-Deficit Irrigation HortScience (In press)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Raudales, Rosa, Paul Fisher, and Charlie Hall. 2017. The costs of filtration. Greenhouse Product News, May 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Raudales, Rosa, Paul Fisher, and Charlie Hall. 2017. The costs of irrigation water in greenhouses: Sanitation. Greenhouse Product News, April 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Raudales, Rosa, Paul Fisher, and Charlie Hall. 2017. The costs of irrigation water in greenhouses: Filtration. Greenhouse Product News, March 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hall, Charles R. 2017. Green industry outlook. Farm Credit East 2017 Insights and Perspectives.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hall, Charles R. 2016. Green industry poised for�continued growth in 2017. Greenhouse Grower. Dec 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hall, Charles R. 2016. Cost accounting: why do we do it this way? GrowerTalks. Dec. 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Owen, Jr., J. S. and S. A. White. 2017. Monitoring for profit. Nursery Management. 33(1):16, 18-22
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fulcher, A., A.V. LeBude, J. S. Owen, Jr., S. A. White, and R. C. Beeson. 2016. Are we learning from the past: The industry must look to the past and present to envision the future of water resources. Nursery Management. 32(6):18, 20-24.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2016. When exactly should I irrigate? Greenhouse Product News. Sparta, MI. July Issue, 2016.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. A New Way to Measure Electrical Conductivity. Greenhouse Product News. Sparta, MI. January Issue, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Dickson, R. and P. Fisher. In Press. High pH is often caused by excess leaching. Greenhouse Management.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Oki, L.R., L. Nackley, and B. Pitton. 2016. Slow sand filters remove tobacco mosaic virus. University of California Nursery and Floriculture Alliance News. 20(2): 12-14. http://ucnfanews.ucanr.edu/files/247323.pdf.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Oki, L.R. 2016. Slow sand filters. Remove Phytophthora and TMV from captured runoff. California Nursery Conference. October 25, 2016, Watsonville, CA. 26 slides.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Oki, L.R., B.J.L. Pitton, D.L. Haver, G.E. Johnson. 2016. Clean WateR3. California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers Research Committee Meeting, Sept. 22, 2016. Vista, CA. 19 slides.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Oki, L.R. 2016. Slow sand filters. Removal of Tobacco mosaic virus. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Environmental Horticulture Program Team Meeting. April 18, 2016, Ventura, CA. slides.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: White, SA. 2017. Integrating socioeconomic, ecosystem engineering, and horticulture research to Clean WateR3. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Mobile, AL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. 2016. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. N Bell, L Garcia-Chance, JC Majsztrik, DR Hitchcock, D Abdi, RT Fernandez. 2016. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik, B Behe, B Cregg, RT Fernandez, PR Fisher, L Fox, CR Hall, D Haver, DR Hitchcock, DL Ingram, S Kumar, A Lamm, J Lea-Cox, LR Oki, JL Parke, A Ristvey, D Sample, C Swett, LS Warner, PC Wilson. 2016. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Reduce, Remediate, and Recycle Water. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hitchcock, D, JC Majsztrik, DJ Sample, S Kumar, SA White. 2016. Development of Online Tools for Ornamental Container Nursery Water Conservation, Remediation, and Reuse. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, D Sample, S Kumar, SA White. 2016. Water Treatment Technologies for Specialty Crops. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Moriarty, C, J Short, W Strosnider, SA White, D Hitchcock. 2016. Floating treatment wetlands: effects of varying coverage on eutrophic pond mesocosms. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2016. Plant Selections for Vegetated Channels: Evaluation of Seven Aquatic Plant Species for Susceptibility to Five Species of Phytophthora. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Garcia, LM, JC Majsztrik, NL Bell, SA White. 2016. Water Quality Effects of Floating Treatment Wetland Systems to Remediate Plant Production Runoff. South Carolina Water Resources Conference. Columbia, SC (poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2016. Plant Selections for Vegetated Buffers: Can Phytopathogens be Remediated from Irrigation Runoff Water? American Ecological Engineering Society. Knoxville, TN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hinz, Francisca O., Fisher, Paul R., & Wilson, P. Chris. (2016, October). Characterization of acephate and imidacloprid loss in containerized nursery runoff water. 7th SETAC World Congress, North America 37th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Leiva, Jorge A., Albano. Joseph, Nkedi-Kizza, Peter., O'Connor, George A., & Wilson, P. Chris. (2017, September). Retention of Pesticides in Soilless Growing Media for Ornamentals Plants and Aluminum-Water Treatment Residuals (Al-WTRs). American Society of Horticultural Science 2017 Annual Conference, Waikoloa, HI.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sample, D., 2017. Current Issues and Emerging Trends for Urban Stormwater in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, September 16, 2016 presentation to Contech, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sample, D. J., 2017. Emerging Innovations in Stormwater Design. Paper presented at the 8th Annual Bay-Wide Conference of the Chesapeake Stormwater Network, Shepherdstown, WV.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cregg, B.M. 2016. Abiotic issues in nursery crops. In-service training for Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development pesticide Division. Oct. 27, Lansing, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Webinar, Sarah White - Clean WateR3: Research you can use on water conservation, recycling and treatment
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Webinar, Sarah White - Clean WateR3: Research you can use on water conservation, recycling and treatment, 90 attendees.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Webinar, Paul Fisher - How do leading growers solve water quality issues? 81 attendees
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Webinar, Alexa Lamm - Reasons we do or do not use water treatments and technologies, 67 attendees
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Webinar, Jim Owen - Enhance irrigation practices through audits and monitoring, 41 attendees
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Webinar, John Lea-Cox - Sensor-controlled irrigation and pathogen management, 36 attendees
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Del Castillo-M�nera J. and Swett C.L. 2016. IPM Approaches for Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot in Small Fruit Nursery Stock. Chesapeake green 2016- A horticulture symposium, Feb 18-19, Linthicum Heights, MD. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Elliott, M.E., and Parke, J. L. Preventing Phytophthora contamination in native plant nurseries. May 9, 2017. Research and Extension Center, Washington State University-Puyallup, Puyallup, WA. 19 participants.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Knight, J. and D. L. Ingram. Ecosystem Services of Landscape Plants: A Guide for Green Industry Professionals. Kentucky Nursery and Landscape Spring Training, Louisville Kentucky. January, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Parke, J. L. and Elliott, M.E. Preventing Phytophthora contamination in native plant nurseries. Apr. 26, 2017. N. Willamette Research and Extension Center, Aurora, OR. 13 participants.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ramos� Sepulveda L. and Del Castillo-M�nera J. Identificaci�n, diagn�stico y manejo de enfermedades en plantas. Mid-Atlantic fruit and vegetable convention-2017, Spanish session, Feb 1st, Hershey, PA. Oral presentation and workshop.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lea-Cox, J. D. 2016. The Latest in Affordable Precision Irrigation Management Tools. The University of Georgia  Academy of Crop Production. 12-15 June 2016. Athens, GA. (invited presentation)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher. 2016. National Poinsettia Trials Industry UF Field Day, Gainesville FL. Floriculture research update. Gainesville FL. 80 participants. Presentation on climate and sensor based irrigation control.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher. 2016. Floriculture Research Alliance Annual Meeting. Conference organizer and presenter of 8 research presentations. Greenville SC. 75 participants. Presentations on carbon filtration, oxygenation of water, economics of water.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. 2016. BMPs to Manage Water. Nursery Works, Topeka, KS.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. 2016. Water in the Green Industry. 66th Annual Turfgrass Conference. Topeka, KS.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. 2016. Biological Water Treatment Systems. California Nursery Conference. Watsonville, CA.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2017. Irrigation through the cloud: Using wireless irrigation systems to schedule and control irrigation for container crops. Invited presentation MNLA GLTE, Lansing, MI January 23, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2017. Irrigating to keep nutrients in their place helps grow more with less. Invited presentation Grower conference: Tools and Technologies for Irrigation Management in Container and Field Nurseries, Raleigh, NC. June 15, 2017.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fernandez, R.T. 2017. Where do nutrients go when you irrigate? Managing irrigation to enhance nutrient retention in container production. Invited presentation. 2017 California Nursery Conference: Water Management in Nursery and Greenhouse Production. Irvine, CA, July 27, 2017
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cregg, B.M. 2017. Nutrition management of container nursery crops. Michigan Nursery and Landscape Association Great Lakes Trade Expo. Jan 23-25, Lansing, MI.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Cregg, B.M. 2017. Improving transplant success of containerized trees. Minnesota Shade Tree Short course. March 14-15, Arden Hills, MN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Eberhart, J.E., Funahashi, F., Foster, Z., and Parke, J. L. 2017. Next generation sequencing of oomycete communities in nursery irrigation water. Pages 66-69 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Funahashi, F. and Parke, J. L. 2017. Development of a predictive model to estimate the effect of soil solarization on survival of soilborne inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora pini. Page 73 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ingram, D. L., C.R. Hall and J. Knight. 2017. Carbon Footprint and Ecosystem Services During the Life Cycle of Woody Landscape Plants. In. Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals for the Temperature Zone. Acta Horticulturae. In Press.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Parke, J. L., Funahashi, F., Weidman, C., and Peterson, E. K. 2017. Relative heat sensitivities of certain Phytophthora spp. and the potential for soil solarization to disinfest nursery beds in west coast states. Pages 49-50 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Peterson, E., Grunwald, N. J., and Parke, J. L. 2017. Incubation of Phytophthora ramorum-infested leaf debris in soil affects survival, sporulation capacity, and subsequent risk of epidemic development within nurseries. Pages 48 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Peterson, E., Grunwald, N. J., and Parke, J. L. 2017. Soil moisture and temperature conditions affect survival and sporulation capacity of rhododendron leaf disks infested by Phytophthora ramorum. Page 81 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Peterson, E., Parke, J. L., and Larson, E. 2017. Management of foliar infection of rhododendron by Phytophthora ramorum with film-forming polymers and surfactants. Pages 79-80 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Rupp, F., Peterson, E. K., Eberhart, J., and Parke, J. L. 2017. Host range determination and fungicide resistance assessment of Phytophthora lateralis isolates from horticultural nurseries in Oregon. Pages 85-86 in: Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. (Frankel, S., Harrell, K.M. tech. coords.).
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Spangler, J.T., 2017. An Assessment of Floating Treatment Wetlands for Reducing Nutrient Loads from Agricultural Runoff in Coastal Virginia, MS Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, P.R., J.C. Vallejo, A.W. Hodges, and C.R. Hall. 2016. Tracking Losses in Floriculture Crop Production. Acta Horticulturae 1132:161-166.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Fisher, P.R. and R.W. Dickson. In Press, Accepted Jan 2017. Improving irrigation practices in container stock plant production of herbaceous plant cuttings. Acta Horticulturae.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Freyre, R., B.J. Pearson, and P.R. Fisher. In Press. Accepted Feb 2017. International training on greenhouse production using an online platform. Acta Horticulturae.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: White, SA. 2017. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, In-press, Accepted May 8.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bell, NL, LM Garcia-Chance, and SA White. 2017. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, In-press, Accepted April 26.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2017. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. Acta Horticulturae. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, In-press. Accepted April 26.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ristvey, A.G, J.D. Lea-Cox, B.E. Belayneh and J. Iferd. 2016. Automated sensor-control strategies for drip irrigation of containerized Chrysanthemum. Acta Hort. (Accepted)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Knight, J. and D. L. Ingram. 2016. Ecosystem Services of Landscape Plants: A Guide for Green Industry Professionals. HO-115
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr., A. LeBude, M. Chappell, and T. Hoskins*. 2016. Advanced irrigation management for container-grown ornamental crop production. Virginia Coop. Ext. Ser. Publ. HORT-218P.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr., S.A. White, B.E. Whipker, and B. Krug. 2016. GroZoneTracker: A free mobile app to help you record, monitor, and share water quality and substrate pH and electrical conductivity data within your nursery and greenhouse operation. Virginia Coop. Ext. Ser. Publ. HORT-2227P.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J. D. Lea-Cox, 2016. Grower Certification Training  Plan-writing sessions and certification exam. University of Maryland Extension and Maryland Department of Agriculture. 23 March and 4 May, 2016. Central Maryland REC, Clarksville, MD; MDA Headquarters, Annapolis, MD.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ristvey, A.G. and J. D. Lea-Cox, 2016. Grower Certification Training  Plan-writing sessions and certification exam. University of Maryland Extension and Maryland Department of Agriculture. 18 October and 25 November, 2016. Central Maryland REC, Clarksville, MD; MDA Headquarters, Annapolis, MD.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Coop, L. B., D. Upper, F. Funahashi, and J. Parke. 2016. Soil Solarization Program  for using transparent anti-condensation plastic film to manage two soil-borne plant pathogens: Phytophthora ramorum and P. pini, developed for nursery beds. Version 0.91. Oregon State University Integrated Plant Protection Center Web Site: [first version online 2016]
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., and J.E. Altland. 2016. Engineering soilless substrates to conserve water in container production. Joint Multistate Res. Mtg. of Water Management and Quality for Ornamental Crop Production and Health (NC1186) & Resource Management in Commercial Greenhouse Production (NE1335) Ann. Mtg., Long Island, NY. (poster presentation)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., A.X. Niemiera, and J.E. Altland. 2016. Understanding the fate of phosphorus in containerized nursery crop production. Joint Multistate Res. Mtg. of Water Management and Quality for Ornamental Crop Production and Health (NC1186) & Resource Management in Commercial Greenhouse Production (NE1335) Ann. Mtg., Long Island, NY. (poster presentation)
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S. 2016. Soilless substrate hydrology and subsequent impacts on plant-water relations of containerized crops. Ph.D., Horticulture, Virginia Tech
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Thesis: Mack, R. 2016. Best management practice use and efficacy for the Virginia nursery and greenhouse industry. M.Sc., Horticulture, Virginia Tech
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Award - 2017 Southern Region American Society for Horticultural Science Extension: Communications Blue Ribbon Award for Extension. Publication titled Grozone Tracker
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Award- Fields, J., VT Horticulture and Crop & Soil Science Graduate Research Symposium, Second Place.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Award - Lea-Cox, J.D. 2016. Porter Henegar Award, for Outstanding Contributions to Ornamental Horticulture Research. Southern Nursery Association. Atlanta, GA. 1 September, 2016.


Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached this period included greenhouse and nursery producers, irrigation mangers, and water treatment mangers. As well as Extension agents and specialists, and graduate and undergraduate students. Changes/Problems:The 7.5% budget cut in Y2 and 6% budget cut in Y3 necessitated evaluation of planned experiments. As funds for personnel could not be reduced, travel budgets, sampling trips, and the number of samples processed for pathogens, nutrients, and pesticides were reduced. Technical challenges related to monitoring runoff were overcome, but resulted in delaying determination of contaminant load in CA, OR, and SC nurseries. One of the collaborations with a nursery ended due to a change in management, but a new collaborator was found. One of the CA nurseries is concerned about potential detection of Phytophthora ramorum, so an alternative method of pathogen analysis must be substituted. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A presentation on how to work on water conservation efforts with growers was given at the University of Florida Water Institute Symposium where students, extension professionals and faculty come together to discuss pertinent issues facing the state related to water. Undergraduate, graduate, and post-doctoral hires interacted with mentors in their respective areas of expertise and are being trained (or gaining experience) with experimental design, sample collection, data collection, sample processing, and statistical analyses. Some graduate students visited the laboratories of other Co-PIs to gain expertise related to automated water sampling equipment. One undergraduate student volunteer (UF), 2 graduate students and 1 undergraduate student (MSU) gained experience in building the runoff plots/systems, and is currently being trained to maintain research plots and for taking data, sampling and taking water quality measurements in the field. One post-baccalaureate intern carried out research, presented at national meeting and published findings in conference proceedings. A doctoral candidate collaborated with international scientist, Jean Caron (Laval University) and presented to Canadian allied suppliers. Graduate students attended NC1186 multistate research meeting in Michigan. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentations were made at trade-shows, educational seminars, and workshops. Findings from the project were relayed at four regional extension Water Schools across the state of Florida. There were 152 participants at these four events. Participants at the Water Schools are growers and producers, government agency personnel (water management district regulators) and elected or appointed decision makers (county commissioners, county managers, and state legislators). The CleanWateR3.org website was updated to provide research outputs, which are being uploaded as they are published (nine publications currently online). 33 frequently asked questions and responses were added. There were 1,474 visitors and 7,972 video views in Y2 from Sept. 1, 2015 to May 7, 2016. The Water Education Alliance YouTube channel (where CleanWater3 videos hosted) has had more than 8,070 view (67% international). The top 4 videos are ORP-Oxidation Reduction Potential (17%), Introduction to Phytophthora (14%), Ecological approaches to water treatment: Constructed Wetlands (12%), and Water quality issues: 1 Water pH and alkalinity (11%). Links in FAQs and research output sections were added to waternut.org, www.irrigation-pathogens.info/, smart-farms.net, and www.ces.uoguelph.ca/water/ to minimize duplication and maximize traffic to existing grant-funded resources. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During year 2, project synergy was maintained and enhanced by project conference calls and meetings among researchers and the advisory board. Three post-doctoral researchers, 14 undergraduate and 18 graduate students were employed. Informational resources were developed and published to cleanwater3.org. Analysis of interviews with 20 growers determined barriers to and enablers of water management. Economic management protocols for cost estimation in economic models were established, and Life Cycle Inventories for 2 crops were completed at 3 collaborating nurseries, identifying components of water footprints and carbon footprints. Irrigation timing and volume control with sensor networks showed that grower infrastructure impacts utility of sensor control systems. A water disinfection and a substrate water distribution model were developed, these models when integrated within a decision support tool, will help growers select treatment options for reducing water and resource use and recycling water. To gain foundational data for models, water flow rates and patterns were characterized at 5 collaborating nurseries and samples were collected to characterize water quality pre-installation of treatment technologies. Evaluations continued for granular activated carbon filters, floating-treatment wetlands, vegetative channels, bioreactors, soil solarization, and filter socks for select contaminants. Objective 1: Develop and publish an online decision support system to help growers decide how to recycle water 1.1A: Understanding and overcoming barriers to change practice Data collected in Year 1 was analyzed, discussed and shared in academic circles during Year 2 through two research presentations given at a regional conference. Two journal articles have been submitted to facilitate dissemination of the findings to diverse audiences that can use the information as they develop and implement educational programs. A third article is in final review process prior to submission to a journal focused on educating extension professionals on how to assist growers in overcoming the barriers they associate with changing their practices nationwide. Cost was identified as a key barrier to BMP adoption in VA. Environmental stewardship, resource savings and efficiencies were identified as key reasons VA growers have adopted current BMPs. 1.1B: Consumer preference for plants produced using alternative water sources Survey developed with two conjoint sections to measure consumer preference for plants grown with recycled water. The conjoint designs use (separately) three perennial species and three flowering trees. 1.2: Economic analysis of water management strategies Nursery crop production protocols, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, and Excel and SimaPro tools were fine-tuned. Preliminary results after analysis of a model container nursery (eastern U.S.) in terms of CF and WF of each protocol component were presented to the team and Advisory Board at the 2015 annual project meeting. Preliminary results suggest that input products and non-irrigation processes contribute relatively little to the WF of this product or the CF of the production system. Petroleum-related inputs (containers, fertilizers, etc.) were important contributors to the CF. Evaporative losses and the water scarcity index, which differ greatly with location and time of year, and irrigation water recycling have been identified as important contributors to water footprint (WF) in container nurseries. Economic loss experiments, quantifying plant losses attributable to disease infection continue in OR and were initiated in SC and MD. 1.3: Development of a generalized model framework to characterize container production systems A water treatment (chemical disinfection) model was developed using STELLA® (software), in response to grower request for individual tools. Web-based integration for online use of simulation models was tested. A data management platform was selected for use by the project team to store and share monitoring and modeling data. The 1D Hydrus® model characterizing water movement in substrates was completed and validated; a 2D numerical model for water transport in soilless substrates was successfully generated; and a 3D numerical model was initiated to better understand later water movement and containerized crop water use. Equipment for monitoring runoff flow was installed at nurseries in CA (2), MD (2), SC (2), and OR (1) nursery. Water samples were collected for determination of plant disease and nutrient loads in runoff and recycled irrigation water. Protocols for collection and processing of soil, water and plant tissue samples for Oomycete pathogens were developed and shared. For Oomycete species determination, DNA is extracted directly from water filters and the community is analyzed by next generation sequencing. Objective 2: Reduce contaminant loading Irrigation sensor networks have been installed for greenhouse trials and two commercial nurseries to investigate the relationship between deficit irrigation and disease. Disease was more severe in deficit irrigation compared to the standard irrigation in the greenhouse trial, but not in the nursery trial, possibly because disease pressure was low. Hazard Analysis has been applied to one nursery and one greenhouse operation to determine Critical Control Points for pathogen contamination for diseases caused by Phytophthora and Pythium spp., respectively. Experimental nursery plots were developed in MI, VA, and FL to evaluate pesticide movement, reservoir water quality and agrichemical contaminant load under reduced phosphorus and water inputs, remediation technologies (subsurface bioreactors, treatment socks), and effects of recycled runoff on plant quality. Engineered soilless substrates to increase water availability and subsequent crop water use efficiency were tested in one taxa. Preliminary experiments demonstrate agrichemicals interact with soilless substrate components and chemical amendments, reducing phosphorus load leached. Phosphorus requirements vary by taxa and climate allowing for potential >25% decrease in phosphorus fertilization when producing some woody ornamental taxa. Objective 3: Treatment technology evaluation to remediate contaminants Self-selection for denitrifying and aerobic microflora in multi-stage bioreactors is ongoing. Completed on-farm research with filter socks and conducted technology demonstrations at two additional nurseries. Designed and constructed simulated runoff ditches for controlled experiments. Dissolved oxygen injection into irrigation water did not increase oxygen availability to plant root systems in greenhouse containerized production. Paclobutrazol was removed from recycled irrigation water using granular activated carbon, contact time correlated positively with paclobutrazol removal. Regionally-based (Piedmont SC and Coastal Plain VA) floating treatment wetland projects were harvested; under these experimental conditions Pontederia cordata accumulated more N (10.8 g/ P) and P (1.8 g/P) in its tissues than did Juncus effusus (0.72 g N/plant and 0.12 g P/plant). Experiments with Iris ensata indicate was not susceptible to infection by 5 species of Phytophthora, future work will evaluate Iris ensata in vegetative channels. Objective 4: Communicate project outputs to stakeholders The CleanWateR3.org website was updated to provide research outputs, which are being uploaded as they are published (nine publications currently online). 33 frequently asked questions and responses were added. The research team provided many scientific (33) and industry presentations (8). A series of case-studies related to water chemical, physical and biological quality was initiated with a national trade magazine. Eleven refereed journal articles, nine conference proceedings, ten abstracts, six trade articles, and two extension newsletters were published from project outputs.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hall, C.R. and D.L. Ingram. 2015. Carbon footprint and production costs associated with varying the intensity of production practices during field-grown shrub production. HortScience 50:402-407.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Funahashi, F. and Parke, J. L. 2016. Effects of soil solarization and Trichoderma asperellum on soilborne inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora pini in container nurseries. Plant Dis. 100:438-443.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Altland , J.E., L. Morris, J. Boldt, P.R. Fisher, and R.E. Raudales. 2015. Sample container and storage for paclobutrazol monitoring in irrigation water. HortTechnology 25:769-773.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fulcher, A., A.V. LeBude, J. S. Owen, Jr., S. A. White and R. C. Beeson. 2016. The next ten years: Strategic vision of water resources for nursery producers. HortTechnology 26:133-140.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Meador, D.P., P.R. Fisher, C.L. Guy, P.F. Harmon, N.A. Peres, Max Teplitski. 2016. Using a dehydrated agar to estimate microbial water quality for horticulture irrigation. Journal of Environmental Quality Mar-Apr 2016. 0. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.03.0130.
  • Type: Other Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Report - Lane, S., Sample, D., Lazur, A., Winston, R., Streb, C., Ferrier, D., Linker, L., and Brittingham, K., 2016. Recommendations of the Expert Panel to Define Removal Rates for Floating Treatment Wetlands in Existing Wet Ponds, Final Report (Draft) of the U.S. Chesapeake Bay Program Expert Panel, prepared by Schueler, T. and Lane, C., Chesapeake Stormwater Network and Wood, C., Chesapeake Research Consortium.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ingram, D.L. and C.R. Hall. 2015. Life cycle assessment used to determine the potential environment impact factors and water footprint of field-grown tree production inputs and processes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 140(1):1021-107
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ingram, D.L. and C.R. Hall. 2015. Carbon footprint and related production costs of pot-in-pot system components for red maple using life cycle assessment. J. Environ. Hort. 33(3):103-109.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ingram, D.L. and C.R. Hall. 2016. Comparison of carbon footprint and variable costs of selected nursery production systems for a 5-cm-caliper red maple. HortScience 51:(4):15.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ingram, D. L. and C.R. Hall. 2015. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the carbon footprint of trees during production, distribution and useful life as the basis for market differentiation. In. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Horticulture Economics, Marketing and Consumer Research. Acta Horticulturae 1090: 35-38.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lamm, A. J., Warner, L. & Martin, E. (in review). Enhancing education applicability through a discussion about water conservation technology adoption with growers. Society and Natural Resources.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Martin, E., Lamm, A. J., Warner, L., & White, S. (in review). Diffusing water conservation and treatment technologies to nursery and greenhouse operations through extension programming. HortTechnology.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ingram, D.L. and C.R. Hall 2015. Carbon footprint and costs of pot-in-pot production system components using life cycle assessment. HortScience 50(9):S117 (Abstr.).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Grant, G.A., P.R. Fisher, J.E. Barrett and C.P. Wilson. 2016. Remediating Paclobutrazol from Irrigation Water using Activated Carbon. HortSci in-press abstract for 2016 JASHS conference
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fields, J.S.*,�J.S. Owen, Jr., J.L. Heitman, and R.D. Stewart. 2015. Evaluating conventional soilless substrates by measuring and modeling water dynamics. HortScience 50(9):S26. (abstr., oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mack, R., H. Scherer, J.S. Owen, Jr. and A.X. Niemiera. 2015. Teaching best management practices to secondary agriculture students. North Amer. Colleges and Teachers of Agr. J. 59(1): 81(abstr., poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.X. Niemiera. 2015. Evaluating growth response of three containerized ornamental taxa to varying low pore-water concentrations of phosphorus. HortScience 50(9):S24-S25. (abstr., oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, S.A., J. S. Owen, Jr., B. Behe, B. Cregg, R.T. Fernandez, P. Fisher, C.R. Hall, D. Haver, D. Hitchcock, D. Ingram, S. Kumar, A. Lamm, J.D. Lea-Cox, L. Oki, J. Parke, A. Ristvey, D. Sample, L. Warner, P.C. Wilson. 2015. Clean WateR3 - Reduce, Remediate, Recycle: A Specialty Crops Research Initiative Project Focused on Management of Recycled Water for Ornamental Crop Production. HortScience 50(9):S31-S32. (abstr., oral co-presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, S.A., J. S. Owen, Jr., J. Majsztrik, R.T. Fernandez, P. Fisher, C.R. Hall, D. Hitchcock, D. Ingram, A. Lamm, J.D. Lea-Cox, J. Parke,. 2015. Clean WateR3 - Reduce, Remediate, Recycle: The genesis of a SCRI-CAP project. HortScience 50(9):S382. (abstr., poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, SA White. 2016. Plant Selections for Vegetated Buffers: Can Phytopathogens be Remediated from Irrigation Runoff Water?. American Ecological Engineering Society. Knoxville, TN (June)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, C Hall, SA White, E Lichtenberg. 2015. National survey of ornamental grower practices. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA. (August). HortScience. 50(9):S118 (abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Majsztrik, JC. DR Hitchcock, D Sample, D Ingram, C Hall, S Kumar, SA White. 2015. (427) Development of a new tool for growers and researchers to better understand ornamental operations. American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA. (August). HortScience. 50(9):S368 (abstr.)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Travis, J.T., Sample, D.J., Fox, L.J., 2016, An Assessment of Floating Treatment Wetlands for Reducing Nutrient Loads and Enhancing Ecological Health in Coastal Virginia Nursery Retention Ponds, Annual Meeting of the American Ecological Engineering Society, June 7-9, 2016, Knoxville, TN.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Travis, J.T., Sample, D.J., Fox, L.J., 2016, An Assessment of Floating Treatment Wetlands for Reducing Nutrient Loads from Agricultural Runoff in Coastal Virginia, World Environmental & Water Resources Congress 2016, May 22-26, West Palm Beach, FL.
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: P. Fisher, S.A. White, J.S. Owen, Jr., R.T. Fernandez, D. Hitchcock, J. Parke, C. Hall, A. Lamm, L. Oki, P.C. Wilson, J. Lea-Cox, D. Ingram, B. Cregg, P. Fisher, D. Sample, L. Sanagorski, S. Tjosvold, D. Haver. �Clean WateR3 - Reduce, Remediate and Recycle / Water Education Alliance for Horticulture: http://www.cleanwater3.org/
  • Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Owen, Jr., J. Latimer and H. Scoggins. Virginia Tech Ornamental Production & Landscape on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/VTOrnamentals. 214 Likes
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Parke, J. and Funahashi, F. 2016. Soil solarization in container nurseries and field production. Digger Magazine 60:33-36.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr. 2015. The transparent container. Nursery Management 31(8):36-40.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, P., and R. Raudales. 2016. Minimize build up in your water pipes. Greenhouse Grower. June 2016:65, 66, 68.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, P. 2016. Pinpoint toxicity in your pond water. Greenhouse Grower. May 2016:46, 48, 50.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, P., G. Grant, V. Zayas, R. Raudales, J. Altland, and J. Boldt. 2016. New technology development in water treatment. Greenhouse Grower Technology. May/June 2016:20, 22.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, P.R. 2016. Unclog drip emitters in your greenhouse. Greenhouse Grower. April 2016:42-44.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ingram, D.L. Life Cycle Assessment: A Tool for Analyzing Production System Components and their Potential Environmental Impact and Cost. Invited seminar at the University of Florida, Horticultural Science. February, 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Martin, E., Lamm, A. J., & Warner, L. (2016, February). Barriers and motivators associated with adopting water conservation technologies in crop production operations. Paper presented at the University of Florida Water Institute Symposium, Gainesville, FL.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Martin, E., Lamm, A. J., Warner, L., Fisher, P., & White, S. (2016, February). Diffusing water conservation and treatment technologies to nursery and greenhouse operations through extension programming. Paper presented at the Southern Association of Agricultural Sciences Annual Meeting, Horticulture Section, San Antonio, TX.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Del Castillo-M�nera J. and Swett C.L. 2016. Managing oomycete populations at critical control points in ornamental greenhouses. NJDelMarVaPa meeting of Extension plant pathologists. February 1st, Newark, DE. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Del Castillo-M�nera J. and Swett C.L. 2016. Managing oomycete populations at critical control points in ornamental greenhouses. American Phytopathological Society (APS) Potomac regional meeting, March 23-25, Richmond, VA. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Eberhart, J., Funahashi, F., Foster, Z., Parke, J. L. 2016. Next generation sequencing of oomycete communities in nursery irrigation water. Sixth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium June 20-23, San Francisco, CA. Poster presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Parke, J. L. 2016. Soil solarization in tree seedling beds for management of weeds and soilborne pathogens. Western Disease Conference, Jan. 13-14, 2016. Portland, OR. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Peterson, E. and Parke, J. L. 2016. Control of foliar infection of rhododendron by Phytophthora ramorum using film-forming polymers and surfactants. Western Disease Conference, Jan. 13-14, 2016. Portland, OR. Oral presentation.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Huang, P., Lamm, A. J., Warner, L., Fisher, P., & White, S. (2016, February). Nursery growers relationships with water: What influences their opinions of water? Paper presented at the Southern Association of Agricultural Sciences Annual Meeting, Horticulture Section, San Antonio, TX.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr. 2016. Water movement, mineral nutrient transport and their subsequent fate in soilless substrates. Clemson University Agricultural and Environmental Science Department Seminar, Clemson, SC.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr. 2015. Piecing the puzzle to understand resource fate in containerized specialty crop production: North Carolina State University Horticultural Science Seminar, Raleigh, NC.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2016. Unlocking the potential of soil moisture data. In: Crop Physiology Workshop - Sensor Based Technology for Ecophysiological Research of Horticultural Crop Production Systems. American Society for Horticultural Science Atlanta GA. 11 August 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. and B.E. Belyaneh. 2016. A Protocol to Estimate Plant Available Water Thresholds from Empirical Soil Moisture Sensor Data. American Society for Horticultural Science Atlanta GA. 10 August 2016.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ristvey, A.G., J.D. Lea-Cox, B.E. Belayneh and J. Iferd. 2016. Automated sensor-control strategies for drip irrigation of containerized Chrysanthemum. International Symposium on Sensing Plant Water Status - Methods and Applications in Horticultural Science. 5-7th October, Potsdam, Germany.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mellano, M. J. Williams and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2016. Optimizing a Sensor-based Irrigation Protocol for a Large-Scale Cut-Flower Operation in Southern California. International Symposium on Sensing Plant Water Status - Methods and Applications in Horticultural Science. 5-7th October, Potsdam, Germany (Poster)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. 2016. Can plant-based remediation systems mitigate phytopathogens from irrigation runoff? University of Georgia, Department of Plant Pathology. Athens, GA (February).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, SA. 2015. Clean Water3: Tips for competitive grant writing success. Clemson University, Environmental Toxicology graduate seminar. Pendleton, SC (September).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, SA, JS Owen, Jr., JC Majsztrik, B Behe, B Cregg, RT Fernandez, PR Fisher, L Fox, CR Hall, D Haver, DR Hitchcock, DL Ingram, S Kumar, A Lamm, J Lea-Cox, LR Oki, JL Parke, A Ristvey, D Sample, S Swett, LS Warner, PC Wilson. 2016. Clean WateR3  Reduce, Remediate Recycle: Helping Growers Safely Recycle Water. United States Department of Agriculture  Specialty Crop Committee, Washington, DC (October).
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, SA. 2015. Clean WateR3: Developing an Online Toolbox to Support Grower Use of Recycled Water. United States Department of Agriculture  Specialty Crop Committee, Washington, DC (October).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Counting the costs: Developing a tool to help growers understand the costs and benefits of water recycling systems. American Society for Horticultural Science. Atlanta, GA (August)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Garcia, L, JC Majsztrik, NL Bell, SA White. 2016. Nutrient Remediation using Two Plant Species in a Floating Treatment Wetland System. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, San Antonio, TX (February)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, S Sample, SA White. 2016. Counting the costs: Developing a tool to help ornamental growers understand the costs and benefits of water recycling systems at their operation. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, San Antonio, TX (February)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bell, N, DR Hitchcock, LM Garcia, JC Majsztrik, SA White. 2016. Remediation of Phytopathogen Contaminants from Irrigation Runoff Water using Floating Treatment Wetlands to Facilitate Increased Water Recycling. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, San Antonio, TX (February)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. 2016. Clean WateR3: Integrating Research and Extension to Help Specialty Crop Growers Recycle Water. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN (August).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: White, SA. N Bell, L Garcia-Chance, JC Majsztrik, DR Hitchcock, D Abdi, RT Fernandez. 2016. Clean WateR3: Evaluation of 3 Treatment Technologies to Remove Contaminants from Recycled Production Runoff. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN (August).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Majsztrik, JC, DR Hitchcock, S Kumar, D Sample, SA White. 2016. Clean WateR3: Developing Tools to Help Specialty Crop Growers Understand the Costs and Benefits of Recycling Water. 3rd International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone, Minneapolis MN (August).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hall, C.R. and D.L. Ingram. 2015. Costs and carbon footprint associated with selected nursery production systems. SNA Research Conf. Proc. 60:65-67.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., H.L. Scoggins. 2015. Exploring the influence of particle size on plant water availability in pine bark substrates. Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. 60:19-27. (oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: McPherson, S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., J. Brindley, and J.S. Fields*. 2015. When to fertigate: The influence of substrate moisture content on nutrient retention in containerized crop production. Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conf. 60:28-33. (oral presentation)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S. and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2015. Utilizing the HYDRUS model as a tool for understanding soilless substrate water dynamics. Acta Hort. (in press, presented at ISHS Intl. Substrate and Compost Symposium)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fields, J.S. and J.S. Owen, Jr. 2016. Comparing and contrasting moisture characteristic curves of coarse, highly porous soilless substrates measured by the evaporative or pressure extraction methods. Virginia Tech College of Agricultural and Life Science Graduate Research Symposium. Web publication, available at: https://www.cses.vt.edu/news/NewsItems/abstract-symposium-2016c.pdf (abstr., poster)
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fisher, P.R., J.C. Vallejo, A.W. Hodges, and C.R. Hall. 2016. Tracking Losses in Floriculture Crop Production. Acta Horticulturae.1132, 161-166. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1132.22
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Donovan, C.M., P.R. Fisher, and J. Huang. In Press, Accepted March 2016. Phytotoxic Effects of Hypochlorous Acid, Chloramines, and Chlorine Dioxide in Irrigation Water Applied to Bedding and Vegetable Plants. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 2015.
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mack, R., J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Determining utilization and efficacy of best management practices for the Virginia nursery and greenhouse industries. Virginia Tech College of Agricultural and Life Science Graduate Research Symposium. Web publication, available at: https://www.cses.vt.edu/news/NewsItems/abstract-symposium-2016c.pdf (abstr., poster)
  • Type: Other Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H., J.S. Owen, Jr., and A.X. Niemiera. 2016. Growth response of three containerized plant taxa to low pore water phosphorus concentrations. Virginia Tech College of Agricultural and Life Science Graduate Research Symposium. Web publication, available at: https://www.cses.vt.edu/news/NewsItems/abstract-symposium-2016c.pdf (abstr.)
  • Type: Other Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Owen, J.S., Jr., A. LeBude, M. Chappell and T. Hoskins. 2016. Advanced irrigation management for container-grown ornamental crop production. Virginia Cooperative Extension Service Publication. (in press)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.X. Niemiera. 2015. Evaluation of phosphorus nutrient use efficiency in�several woody ornamental nursery crops. Virginia Nursery Landscape Assoc. Nwsl. 84(3):48-51.


Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences include greenhouse and nursery producers, and irrigation mangers; as well as Extension agents and specialists, and graduate and undergraduate students. Changes/Problems:One pitfall that adversely affected progress on all objectives was delay of fund distribution, as the award face sheet was not received by Clemson Office of Sponsored Programs until November 2014. Thus, distribution of funds to sub-awardees was delayed by four months. This delay in fund distribution limited project capacity to advertise and fill positions, procure research equipment, and begin experimental setup and design. Project personnel completed all tasks possible, and prepared all documentation so that job descriptions and research projects could proceed immediately upon receipt of funding. Objective 1.1A. Operations on the east coast were very busy this spring, and the team had some difficulty getting interviews scheduled. Operations on the west coast seem to be more receptive to research and speaking about water in general. Objective 1.2. Survey and data collection results may contain pitfalls related to sample selection and result bias. The team members working on this objective have extensive experience with the accepted methodologies for conducting and analyzing surveys and have structured survey and data collection processes to mitigate these potential biases. To date, the single largest pitfall has been receiving feedback from growers in a timely manner. Due to year 1 funding being delayed, we missed the opportunity afforded by the winter season to collect as much data as possible. The spring season is particularly chaotic for industry participants and thus data collection has been difficult. This should ease somewhat when the summer season hits. Objective 1.3. The HYDRUS model is difficult to validate using existing methodologies due to the porous nature of soilless substrate and the limited resolution/sampling area of known sensors/technologies. It is difficult to represent the multiple management areas of nurseries/greenhouses in the STELLA® modeling and simulation software and account for the variety of inputs (i.e. agrichemicals) for broad use by nursery and greenhouse industry. Given the variability in size and complexity of operations among regional production systems, we are working to avoid inconsistent types of monitoring equipment, and data formats, while also striving to measure as many water flow paths as possible within each operation. Sampling - Nurseries have proven difficult to have operational water managed to a singular point. Flux in runoff from storm events has proven an obstacle for constructing monitoring sites and measuring flow. Furthermore, the individuality of each operation, in addition to the number of management areas, has made meaningful collection difficult. We must determine how to quantify flow rates in a manner that is accurate, so that concentration based data collected as composite samples can be transformed to per unit area load values. Seasonal (winter) runoff water was not tested for pesticides because 1) the pesticide analytical lab is still being established, and 2) instrumentation needs to be installed for the calculation of contaminant load so that data are meaningful. The hiring of a postdoc was delayed from April to July due lack of availability of the most qualified applicant. Finding a cooperator nursery in northern California was delayed because of concern over identification of Phytophthora ramorum. Objective 3. Variation in operational water to storm water flow on stakeholder sites is a challenge for filter socks. The ponding, or "damming", of runoff increased to the extent of runoff flow diverting around the socks. Socks moved in large storm events because they were not anchored or staked, with an understanding that should they cause adversity for nursery work they would be removed. Nutrient Contaminant Central Analytical Lab The annual increase in the cost of the service contract for the ion chromatography system is greater than allowed/budgeted. This has created a monetary shortfall in the Virginia Tech budget for contractual services. Dollars will be reallocated to ensure budget can be filled annually. Experimental Nursery Facilities Chesapeake Bay Site (VA). The initial estimate of cost requested in grant proposal is not adequate to meet changing scope as decided in 2015 VA project winter meeting. Virginia Tech has reallocated budget dollars to overcome any shortfall and ensure experimental nursery is completed. Furthermore, Virginia Tech will seek additional internal and extramural funding. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We planned and team members presented at the "It's All About Water...Water Management Conference in MI in July 2015. This day-long workshop covered water quality and management issues. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Presentations were made at trade-shows, educational seminars, and workshops. The CleanWater3.org website was released in partnership with the Water Education Alliance for Horticulture - giving the CleanWater3 team access to existing subscribers. The team newsletter was sent to subscribers to the CleanWater3.org website. Web traffic since Sept. 2014: 2,107 site visits of which 80.3 were new visitors and 19.7% new visitors. More than 30% international visitors. The Water Education Alliance YouTube channel (where CleanWater3 videos hosted) has had more than 8,070 view (67% international). The top 4 videos are Introduction to Phytophthora (18%), ORP-Oxidation Reduction Potential (17%), Water quality issues: 1 Water pH and alkalinity (14%), Ecological approaches to water treatment: Constructed Wetlands (9.1%). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? During year 1, project conference calls and meetings among researchers and our advisory board were utilized to develop a feedback mechanism to enhance utility of project deliverables. Eleven undergraduate and 9 graduate students were hired. Educational resources were developed and published to the project website cleanwater3.org. A Water Management Workshop was held for stakeholders in MI. Twenty growers were interviewed to determine water management barriers and enablers. Economic management protocols for cost estimation in economic models were established, and a Life Cycle Inventory at a collaborating nursery was developed, identifying contributors to water footprints (WFs) and carbon footprints (CFs). Three central laboratories were established for nutrient, pathogen, and pesticide analyses, and two experimental research nurseries were designed and are being constructed. Sensor networks were installed at 3 research sites and 2 grower facilities. A container production model in STELLA was evaluated. To gain foundational data for the model, water flow paths at seven production systems were mapped, and water was sampled at critical control points. Treatment evaluations began for rapid filters, granular activated carbon filters, floating-treatment wetlands, and filter socks for select contaminants. Objective 1: Develop and publish an online decision support system to help growers decide how to recycle water 1.1A: Understanding and overcoming barriers to change practice Based on preliminary data analysis of grower interviews, primary barriers of water conservation technology adoption are (1) financial costs and human resources needed to implement new technology, (2) mentality that change is not needed, and (3) mentality that we will not run out of water. The primary enablers are (1) need to do the right thing, (2) water critical for business, (3) internal need to set an example, and (4) external motivators-receiving recognition and awards innovation. These data will inform development of extension programs and the online decision support. 1.1B: Consumer preference for plants produced using alternative water sources Preliminary IRB approval for the consumer study designated as 45CFR 46.118 was received. 1.2: Economic analysis of water management strategies Key data collection points and data management protocols were established to ensure capture of appropriate data during each phase of the project for economic analyses. Meetings were held with research team members to identify appropriate ex ante economic cost parameters to assess and develop data collection forms. An economic engineering approach was developed to estimate initial capital investment, production costs, and product prices for baseline and alternative nursery and greenhouse irrigation models. Models are being simulated with representative characteristics of nursery and greenhouse operations and proper irrigation equipment and protocols for the crops being studied. Preliminary analytical results of a model container nursery on the eastern U.S. coast in terms of CF and WF of each protocol component were presented at the 2015 annual project meeting. Input products and non-irrigation processes contribute little to the WF or the CF of water management of this product; plastics appear to be an important contributor to the CF. 1.3: Development of a generalized model framework to characterize container production systems A HYDRUS Model was used to simulate water/solute movement through #1 fallow containers containing soilless substrate. A container nursery STELLA® model is being evaluated to identify knowledge and information gaps when compared to conventional nurseries. These data will drive monitoring and data collection at cooperating nursery sites. A web-based method for building and running the core STELLA model is being designed. The site design for the 2 experimental nursery facilities (Chesapeake Bay Site & Great Lakes Site) was completed by three undergraduate students studying engineering at Virginia Tech, and the design won the Senior Design Excellence award. Collaborating nursery sites were visited, operational water flow-path was mapped, and monitoring points selected. Monitoring for the presence of inorganic nutrients and Phytophthora spp. was conducted every two weeks (Feb. - April, 2015), and is currently being analyzed. Monitoring of nurseries in SC, CA, and MI was initiated in summer 2015. Objective 2: Reduce contaminant loading Basic sensor networks were installed at 3 research sites (VA, MI, OR) and at 2 commercial operations in MD that recycle irrigation water. Commercial demonstration sites extend our pathogen management research from controlled conditions in the UMD greenhouse to commercial settings. Data from a commercial nursery study on effects of pathogen x irrigation treatments on plant growth, pathogen infection, and disease development are being collected. Hazard Analysis for pathogen contamination to identify Critical Control Points of a collaborating nursery in Oregon were conducted in late June 2015, a time optimal for pathogen recovery. In addition, baseline data on pathogen loads in irrigation runoff is being collected every two weeks in varied seasons, depending on geographic location. These data support before and after comparison of treatment technology remediation efficacy for contaminants of concern. Objective 3: Treatment Technology evaluation to remediate contaminants The efficacy of rapid filters (e.g. sand/glass, paper/media, screen and reverse osmosis systems) before and after filtration was analyzed at 11 greenhouse and nursery operations with 37 sampling sites. Onsite data were collected in NJ greenhouse on the effects of ozone treatment on paclobutrazol changes in irrigation water. We have worked with three growers (CA, FL, IN) and developed case studies based on rapid water filtration and treatment issues. Planning and design for the two, regionally-based (Piedmont SC and Coastal Plain VA) floating treatment wetland projects has been completed, experiments initiated, and data collection is ongoing. Filter Treatment Socks (Filtrexx® envirosoxx®) were deployed at two VA container nurseries in 2014. Filter socks retained 541 kg m-3 of sediment when deployed effectively, ensuring water passed through the mesh and compost media. When filter socks were bypassed by storm events or high flow rates of water, allowing a portion of runoff to bypass the treatment technology, they retained only 194 kg m-3 - a 64% reduction in efficacy. Objective 4: Communicate project outputs to stakeholders The CleanWateR3.org (watereducationalliance.org) website was updated with project contacts, and main pages include the project description and personnel. The website is compatible for use on mobile devices. Thirteen best management practice videos were added to the website. An FAQ component on home page was added for stakeholder interaction. A bilingual poster (English and Spanish) on management of Phytophthora diseases in nurseries, including the use of clean irrigation water, was produced and is being distributed to nurseries in Oregon. The first newsletter was sent out in May 2015, introducing the Clean WateR3 grant. The first newsletter included an article by SC on water remediation and FL on water treatment.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Raudales, R.E., J.L. Parke, C.L. Guy, and P.R. Fisher. 2014. Control of Waterborne Microbes in Irrigation: A Review. Agricultural Water Management 143:928.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hoskins T., J.S. Owen, Jr., J.S. Fields*, J.E. Altland, Z. Easton and A.X. Niemiera. 2014. Solute transport through a pine bark-based substrate under saturated and unsaturated conditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 139: 634-641.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Park, DM, SA White, N Menchyk. 2014. Assessing Irrigation Water Quality for pH, Salts, & Alkalinity. Journal of Extension. 52(6): 6TOT8.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lynch J.*, L.J. Fox, J.S. Owen, Jr., and D.J. Sample. 2015. Evaluation of commercial floating wetland mats for remediation of stormwater. Ecol. Eng. 75: 61-69.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Raudales, R.E., P.R. Fisher, and C.R. Hall. Submitted to Irrigation Science. May 2015. The cost of irrigation sources and water treatment in greenhouse production.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Meador, D.P., P.R. Fisher, C.L. Guy, P.F. Harmon, N.A. Peres, Max Teplitski. Submitted to Journal of Environmental Quality Mar 2015. Comparison between standard and dehydrated agar media to quantify fungi, Phytophthora cactorum and Xanthomonas campestris in water samples.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ridge, GA, SA SN Jeffers, WC Bridges, Jr., SA White. 2015. Potential susceptibility of four wetland plant species to five species of Phytophthora found in runoff water at nurseries in the southeastern United States.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Huang, J. and P.R. Fisher. 2015. Survey of Filtration Systems in Recirculated Irrigation Water.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fields, J.S.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., J.L. Heitman, and R.D. Stewart. 2015. Evaluating Conventional soilless substrates by measuring and modeling Ext.water dynamics. HortScience (Abstr.) In Press. Presented at the Southern Region Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Ann. Mtg.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, SA, JS Owen, B Behe, B Cregg, RT Fernandez, P Fisher, CR Hall, D Haver, DR Hitchcock, DL Ingram, S Kumar, A Lamm, JD Lea-Cox, LR Oki, JL Parke, A Ristvey, D Sample, LS Warner, PC Wilson. 2015. Clean WateR3 - Reduce, Remediate, Recycle: A Specialty Crops Research Initiative Project Focused on Management of Recycled Water for Ornamental Crop Production. HortScience (Abstr.) In Press. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Atlanta, GA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, SA, GA Ridge, K Van Kampen, SN Jeffers. 2015. Recovery of Phytophthora spp. from the roots of wetland plants in water conveyance structures at a plant nursery. HortScience (Abstr.) In Press. Southern Region-American Society for Horticultural Science, Atlanta, GA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Owen, Jr., J.S. 2014. Opportunities and implications of current containerized ornamental crop nutrient management practices and subsequent nutrient use efficiency. In workshop: The fate of fertilizer formulations and applications for nurseries and landscapes under increasing composition-and use-restrictions imposed by governmental agencies in Florida and beyond: Problems, perspectives and solutions. HortScience 49(9):S103-S104.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: White, SA. 2014. Overview of Water Treatment Technologies for Remediating Runoff Water of Excess Nutrients. In workshop: The fate of fertilizer formulations and applications for nurseries and landscapes under increasing composition-and use-restrictions imposed by governmental agencies in Florida and beyond: Problems, perspectives and solutions. HortScience 49(9):S103-S104.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2015 Citation: Shreckhise, J.H.*, J.S. Owen, Jr., J.C. Brindley, A.X. Niemiera. 2015. Evaluating growth response of three containerized ornamental taxa to varying low pore-water concentrations of phosphorus. HortScience (Abstr.) In Press. Presented at the Southern Region Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Ann. Mtg.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fisher, P.R., J.C. Vallejo, A.W. Hodges, and C.R. Hall. Submitted to Acta Horticulturae March 2015. Tracking Losses in Floriculture Crop Production. ISHS 18th International Symposium on Horticultural Economics and Management, Sweden, June 2015.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Donovan, C.M., P.R. Fisher, and J. Huang. Submitted to Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society June 2015. Phytotoxic Effects of Hypochlorous Acid, Chloramines, and Chlorine Dioxide in Irrigation Water Applied to Bedding and Vegetable Plants. Annual Conference of the Florida State Horticultural Society, FL, June 2015.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fisher, P.R. and B. MacKay. 2015. Bench over troubled water. GrowerTalks April 2015:68-69.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fisher, P.R., J. Huang, R. Freyre, and R. Dickson. 2015. Too wet or too dry. GrowerTalks March 2015:76-77.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fisher, P.R. and C.R. Hall. 2015. Costing at your fingertips: New apps in Back Pocket Grower. GrowerTalks. June 2015: 80-82.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Lea-Cox, J.D. 2015. The Economic Impact of Better Irrigation Decisions. Chesapeake Green Horticultural Annual Symposium. February 19, 2015 - Linthicum, Maryland, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ristvey, A.G., C.L. Swett, B.E. Belayneh, J. Zazanis, and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2015. Investigating Alternative Pathogen Management through Sensor-driven Irrigation  Part II. Chesapeake Green Horticultural Annual Symposium. February 19, 2015 - Linthicum, Maryland, USA.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ristvey, A.G., C.L. Swett, B.E. Belayneh, J. Zazanis, and J.D. Lea-Cox. 2015. Investigating Non-Chemical Pathogen Management with Sensor-Controlled Irrigation. VIII International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. June 08-11, 2015 - Lleida, Spain. (Poster, Abstract).
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Raudales R.E., P.R. Fisher, J. Huang , and D.P. Meador. Submitted to the International Plant Protection Congress (IPPC), Germany, August 2015. Water disinfestants interacting with nutrient solutions and substrates.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fields, J., J. Brindley, J. Owen, and J. Altland. 2015. Understanding Growing Media. Grower Talks 78(10). Published online 1/31/2015 at http://www.ballpublishing.com/GrowerTalks/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=21311
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Raudales, R., B. MacKay, and Fisher, P. 2014. Waterborne Solutions: Access research on water treatment. GrowerTalks Nov 2014: 72, 74.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Fisher, P.R. and C.R. Hall. In 2015. Are your crops making money? GrowerTalks May 2015: 68-69.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: White, SA. 2015. Clean WateR3? Dirty water really matters. Chesapeake Green  Horticultural Symposium for Marylands Green Industries. February 19, 2015 - Linthicum, MD.