Progress 11/20/09 to 10/26/14
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1. Provide better tools for surveillance and risk assessment by: studying house fly feeding behavior, resource location, and nutrition under field conditions; developing more efficient stable fly attractants; studying specific behaviors of adults; and determining the risk of introduction of Stomoxys species other than calcitrans and prioritize the risk of other potentially invasive fly species, including traps that sample across the entire population of adults and produce results with quantifiable error terms. 2. Develop more efficient integrated pest management by determining weaknesses within fly life cycles and matching these weaknesses to appropriate chemical control methods; and by developing biologically- based and bio-rational control methods. 3. Conceive and test applications of behavior-altering methods (e.g., behavior altering devices, attractants, repellents) for practical use, including repellents for livestock. 4. Determine the role of flies in dissemination of priority food safety pathogens including the role of some of the less-studied species of flies. Approach (from AD-416): Nutritional attractants of house flies will be identified and new chemical lures for stable fly traps will be developed. Trapping data will be used to determine the risk of introduction of exotic Stomoxys spp. at ports in the southeastern U.S. Virus-based baits from candidate strains will be developed to control house flies. Systems for production of Diapriid parasitoids will be ready for transfer to commercial insectaries. These parasitoids can be effective for management of immature stable flies and house flies. New stable fly repellents for use on livestock will be evaluated in laboratory and field trials. Behavior-altering chemicals/surface combinations to repel and/or kill house flies will be evaluated in the laboratory with the aid of video monitoring and evaluation systems. An insecticide-based perimeter treatment method to provide protection against dispersing flies will be subjected to final field evaluations. The role of house fly in transmission of Salmonella enteriditis via contaminated poultry feed will be determined by exposing flies to contaminated feed and measuring their ability to transfer the pathogen to clean substrates. House flies and stable flies are important in agricultural and urban areas because of their pestiferous nature to humans and animals, their association with filth, and potential for pathogen transmission. The overall goal of this research was to develop new and improved biologically-based Integrated Pest Management tools (baits, traps, parasites, treated surfaces) for monitoring and managing house flies and stable flies and gain new knowledge on routes of pathogen transmission by house flies. Progress in this final year is summarized as follows. Wet brewers grains, which appear to be highly attractive to flies in the field, were not attractive under controlled conditions and were nutritionally inert. Fly visitation to the grains, especially in hot weather, may be a response to the moisture that they provide and the cool microclimate on their surface due to evaporative cooling. Collective attractive blends have shown promise but separating out the compounds or groups of compounds that contribute to the attraction has been difficult. In year 3 of large outdoor cages with natural foods present, releases of salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV)-infected flies into healthy populations did not lead to epizootics but instead stabilized at about 10%. Pre-treating flies with the drugs dithiothetriol and (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride disrupted the peritrophic membrane of flies to a sufficient extent to make them much more susceptible to SGHV. A third year of collecting in Nebraska and the southeastern U.S. has been completed and selected parasitoid strains have been colonized in the insectary, and bioassays have continued with Spalangia drosophilae. An �improved sentinel� method was further tested (adding a third year of field data) that allows highly efficient collection of large numbers of parasitoids from targeted sites. Additional collecting was done on dairy cattle facilities in Nebraska in 2013. Behavior-altering attractive surfaces performed well unless they were placed too close to host animals. When host animals were nearby, they out competed the attractive surfaces. This demonstrates the need for a multi-attractant approach for improved trapping. Research with insecticide-impregnated targets has shifted to insect growth regulator-treated targets because house flies have become resistant to most of the pesticides registered for use. Flies pick up the growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, and pass it into the environment along with their eggs, where it kills the immature stages of the fly. This controls flies in areas where pesticides cannot reach, and limits pesticide usage. Work continued this year with newly developed high- potency formulations. Outdoor cage studies with these formulations were successful and pilot field tests are planned for 2014 in Florida and Nebraska. Accomplishments 01 Parasitoids of stable flies and house flies. For many years there has been an ongoing debate over the best way to collect parasitic wasps that attack fly pupae on livestock farms. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, developed a new method, the �improved sentinel station�, that allows collection of large numbers of wasps from closely targeted habitats. Three years of data from Florida and Nebraska have confirmed that the new stations are indicative of natural parasitism levels, are highly sensitive and can be used to collect species that are rarely collected using traditional methods. This allows establishment of new colonies from a large number of founding individuals, thus improving the quality of the colonies. 02 Stable flies attracted to behavior altering surfaces. Stable fly traps have long been based on reflectance of sunlight, in wavelengths known to be attractive, from the surface of various materials. For many years it was believed that only a select number of surfaces were attractive, but from research performed by ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, and researchers in other areas, it has been found that many surfaces are attractive. However, when attractive surfaces are placed too close to a host animal, the animal attracts the flies away from the attractive surface. This presents a problem if the attractive surface, in the form of a trap, is expected to protect the animal by catching the flies before they contact the animal. 03 Salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) of house flies. For several years our attempts to infect flies with SGHV using baits were unsuccessful. One reason for this was that the fly surrounds the food that it eats with a protective barrier that keeps pathogens from entering the fly during digestion. This barrier, known as the peritrophic membrane, keeps the SGHV virus from infecting the fly as well. We found that the integrity of this barrier could be weakened by feeding the flies two drugs that are known to break disulfide bond linkages. Flies that had been treated in this way became highly susceptible to SGHV, providing another possible way of delivering this important biological control agent.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Swiger, S.L., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Butler, J.F. 2014. Larval distribution and behavior of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) relative to other species on Florida black bear(Carnivora:Ursidae) decomposing carcasses. Neotropical Entomology. 43:21-26.
- Scott, J.G., Leichter, C.A., Rinkevihc, F.D., Harris, S.A., Su, C., Aberegg, L.C., Moon, R., Geden, C.J., Gerry, A.C., Taylor, D.B., Byford, R. L., Watson, W., Johnson, G., Boxler, D., Zurek, L. 2013. Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 107:377-384.
- Vallejo, C.R., Lee, J., Keesling, J.E., Geden, C.J., Lietze, V., Boucias, D.G. 2013. A mathematic model that describes modes of MdSGHV transmission within house fly populations. Insects. 4:683-693.
- Ose, G.A., Hogsette, Jr, J.A. 2014. Spatial distribution, seasonality and trap preference of stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), adults on a 12-hectare zoological park. Journal of Zoo Biology. 33:228-233.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1. Provide better tools for surveillance and risk assessment by: studying house fly feeding behavior, resource location, and nutrition under field conditions; developing more efficient stable fly attractants; studying specific behaviors of adults; and determining the risk of introduction of Stomoxys species other than calcitrans and prioritize the risk of other potentially invasive fly species, including traps that sample across the entire population of adults and produce results with quantifiable error terms. 2. Develop more efficient integrated pest management by determining weaknesses within fly life cycles and matching these weaknesses to appropriate chemical control methods; and by developing biologically- based and bio-rational control methods. 3. Conceive and test applications of behavior-altering methods (e.g., behavior altering devices, attractants, repellents) for practical use, including repellents for livestock. 4. Determine the role of flies in dissemination of priority food safety pathogens including the role of some of the less-studied species of flies. Approach (from AD-416): Nutritional attractants of house flies will be identified and new chemical lures for stable fly traps will be developed. Trapping data will be used to determine the risk of introduction of exotic Stomoxys spp. at ports in the southeastern U.S. Virus-based baits from candidate strains will be developed to control house flies. Systems for production of Diapriid parasitoids will be ready for transfer to commercial insectaries. These parasitoids can be effective for management of immature stable flies and house flies. New stable fly repellents for use on livestock will be evaluated in laboratory and field trials. Behavior-altering chemicals/surface combinations to repel and/or kill house flies will be evaluated in the laboratory with the aid of video monitoring and evaluation systems. An insecticide-based perimeter treatment method to provide protection against dispersing flies will be subjected to final field evaluations. The role of house fly in transmission of Salmonella enteriditis via contaminated poultry feed will be determined by exposing flies to contaminated feed and measuring their ability to transfer the pathogen to clean substrates. Color and reflectance seem to be more important aspects of attraction for stable flies than chemicals. Results from monitoring of potential invasive species are difficult to evaluate because of low or nonexistent populations. A mathematical model of Salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) epizootiology indicated that male-male aggression plays a role in virus transmission; laboratory assays validated this hypothesis. A third year of collecting in Nebraska and the southeastern U.S. has been completed, selected parasitoid strains have been colonized in the insectary, and bioassays have begun with Spalangia drosophilae. Competition experiments with two species of Muscidifurax demonstrated that the timing of parasitization events is more important than the aggressive nature of the parasitoid immature in determining the victor. An �improved sentinel� method was further tested that allows highly efficient collection of large numbers of parasitoids from targeted sites. Additional collecting was done on beef cattle facilities in Nebraska in 2013; more than 200,000 fly pupae were collected and are being held for parasitoid emergence. Field evaluations of in-house and commercial attractant materials have been very positive. Studies are being conducted in 2 states in the U.S. and in several African countries. Surfaces which reflect light in the ranges which are attractive to stable flies can also be attractive to house flies. Coating these surfaces with adhesives would be preferable to using pesticides because of wide-spread pesticide resistance in house fly populations. Research with insecticide-impregnated targets has shifted to insect growth regulator-treated targets because house flies have become resistant to most of the pesticides registered for use. Flies pick up the growth regulator, pyriproxyfen (PPF), and pass it into the environment along with their eggs, where it kills the immature stages of the fly. This controls flies in areas where pesticides cannot reach, and limits pesticide usage. Work continued this year with newly developed high-potency formulations. Studies with these formulations in large indoor cages were successful, as was the use of a PPF bait that targets adult flies. Research on the role of house flies in transmitting Salmonella enteritidis was halted by the retirement of the poultry science collaborator; a replacement collaborator has not been found. Accomplishments 01 Salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) of house flies. For several years ARS researchers at Gainesville, FL have attempted to infect flies with SGHV using baits but were unsuccessful. Recently we have found that surface contamination may be a more common route of infection, and that even small amounts of cuticular damage to the fly can provide routes of infection without ingesting the virus. A mathematical model of virus epizootiology was developed that suggested that the aggressiveness of male flies during courtship could provide an additional avenue of infection. This hypothesis was confirmed experimentally, and the results could lead to sprayable formulations of the virus to treat fly resting and aggregation sites. 02 Color and contrast of insecticide-treated targets for stable fly management. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, developing visual targets for stable fly management, needed to know if targets of a single color can influence the captures on sticky traps placed nearby. Capture rates of stable flies on sticky traps were increased significantly by the placement of black cloth targets within 15-18 inches of the traps. Results support the use of targets-trap combinations to increase numbers of flies attracted by either device alone. 03 Attractive surfaces for stable flies and house flies. Sticky wraps made from thin packing foam were developed commercially to use on a particular stable fly trap. ARS researchers at Gainesville, FL, found these wraps to be highly attractive to stable flies when wrapped around objects other than the intended traps. Besides significantly increasing the numbers of flies captured on other fly traps, the packing foam wraps also captured flies when wrapped around cylindrical objects like propane tanks and barrels which are not intended to attract flies. Because these wraps will attract flies to objects that are not actually traps, this will allow the wraps to be used in a variety of ways to help monitor and manage fly populations.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Kneeland, K.M., Skoda, S.R., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Li, A.Y., Molina-Ochoa, J. , Lohmeyer, K.H., Foster, J.E. 2012. A century and a half of research on the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), 1862-2011: An annotated bibliography. Agricultural Research Service Publication. 173:1-163.
- Geden, C.J., Devine, G.J. 2012. Pyriproxyfen and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae): effects of direct exposure and autodissemination to larval habitats. Journal of Economic Entomology. 49(3):606-613.
- Geden, C.J. 2012. Status of Biopesticides for Control of House Flies. Journal of Biopesticides. 5(supplementary):1-11.
- Dunford, J.C., Hoel, D.F., Hertz, J.C., England, D.B., Stoops, C.A., Szumlas, D.E., Dunford, K.R., Hogsette, Jr, J.A. 2013. Evaluation of imidacloprid-treated traps as an attract and kill system for filth flies during contingency settings. Army Medical Department Journal. April- June:73-79.
- Lietze, V., Keesling, J.E., Lee, J.A., Vallejo, C.R., Geden, C.J., Boucias, D.G. 2013. Muscavirus (MdHV) disease dynamics in house fly populations � how is this virus transmitted and has it potential as a biological control agent? Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 112(1):S40-S43.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1. Provide better tools for surveillance and risk assessment by: studying house fly feeding behavior, resource location, and nutrition under field conditions; developing more efficient stable fly attractants; studying specific behaviors of adults; and determining the risk of introduction of Stomoxys species other than calcitrans and prioritize the risk of other potentially invasive fly species, including traps that sample across the entire population of adults and produce results with quantifiable error terms. 2. Develop more efficient integrated pest management by determining weaknesses within fly life cycles and matching these weaknesses to appropriate chemical control methods; and by developing biologically- based and bio-rational control methods. 3. Conceive and test applications of behavior-altering methods (e.g., behavior altering devices, attractants, repellents) for practical use, including repellents for livestock. 4. Determine the role of flies in dissemination of priority food safety pathogens including the role of some of the less-studied species of flies. Approach (from AD-416): Nutritional attractants of house flies will be identified and new chemical lures for stable fly traps will be developed. Trapping data will be used to determine the risk of introduction of exotic Stomoxys spp. at ports in the southeastern U.S. Virus-based baits from candidate strains will be developed to control house flies. Systems for production of Diapriid parasitoids will be ready for transfer to commercial insectaries. These parasitoids can be effective for management of immature stable flies and house flies. New stable fly repellents for use on livestock will be evaluated in laboratory and field trials. Behavior-altering chemicals/surface combinations to repel and/or kill house flies will be evaluated in the laboratory with the aid of video monitoring and evaluation systems. An insecticide-based perimeter treatment method to provide protection against dispersing flies will be subjected to final field evaluations. The role of house fly in transmission of Salmonella enteriditis via contaminated poultry feed will be determined by exposing flies to contaminated feed and measuring their ability to transfer the pathogen to clean substrates. In large outdoor cages house flies were found to be more attracted to fresh calf manure than to any other feedstuff commonly found on dairy farms. Attractants that showed promise are not competing as well as expected when compared with optical attractants in field tests. Fly trapping is producing minimal results and trapping will continue for an additional year. Additional work with reducing agent drugs to improve the efficacy of salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) are encouraging but must be evaluated for safety and cost effectiveness. In large outdoor cages with natural foods present, releases of SGHV-infected flies into healthy populations did not lead to epizootics but instead stabilized at about 10% infection regardless of how many infected flies were released. A second year of sampling in the southeastern U.S. has been completed and selected parasitoid strains have been colonized in the insectary. An �improved sentinel� method was developed that allows highly efficient collection of large numbers of parasitoids from targeted sites. Additional collecting was done on beef cattle facilities in Nebraska in 2012; over 200,000 fly pupae were collected and are being held for parasitoid emergence. House flies fed the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) were not becoming infected because the virus could not cross the peritrophic membrane that surrounded the virus in the gut lumen. However, by feeding the flies on chemical reducing agents, the gut became permeable and the flies became infected with the SGHV. A complete year of sampling in the southeastern U.S. has been completed and selected strains have been colonized in the insectary. Field evaluations of in-house and commercial attractant materials have been very positive. Studies are being conducted in 2 states in the U.S. and in 3 countries in Africa. Evaluation for attractive surfaces for house fly is more difficult than finding surfaces they do not prefer. However, evaluations with surfaces which are neither attractive nor repellent, but which are treated with a pesticide, have shown promise. Research with insecticide-impregnated targets has shifted to insect growth regulator-treated targets because house flies have become resistant to most of the pesticides registered for use. Flies pick up the growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, and pass it into the environment through their eggs, where it kills the immature stages of the fly. This controls flies in areas where pesticides cannot reach, and limits pesticide usage. This year, several new formulations were developed and tested, and three were tested in large cage studies. Results were very positive and further work is planned to improve the efficiency of transfer of the product to the flies in bait stations. Research on the role of house flies in transmitting Salmonella enteritidis has been delayed by the unexpected retirement of the poultry science collaborator; a new collaborator should be identified in the next few months. Accomplishments 01 Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies. Flies prevent becoming infected from ingested pathogens by surrounding their gut contents with protective, impermeable membrane. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Flori improved the permeability of this membrane to salivary gland hypertroph virus (SGHV) by giving the flies drugs that disrupt the membrane. This makes the flies more vulnerable to infection and the resulting knock-out of the fly�s reproduction. Results may lead to new methods for infectin flies with SGHV and other biocontrol agents that must be administered orally. 02 Parasitoids of stable flies and house flies. For many years there has been an ongoing debate over the best way to collect parasitic wasps that attack fly pupae on livestock farms. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, developed a new method, the �improved sentinel station�, that allows collection of large numbers of wasps from closely targeted habita The new stations are highly sensitive and can be used to collect speci that are rarely collected using traditional methods. 03 Color and contrast of insecticide-treated targets for stable fly management. When blue and black cloth targets were developed for use against tsetse flies, it was important to find blue cloth with pigments that would reflect sunlight in wavelengths most attractive to the fly. Using a target made of a blue cloth panel sewed to a black cloth panel w also considered important for maximum attraction. Recent work in Africa has shown that juxtaposition of blue and black cloth panels is not important and that black cloth worked fine by itself. ARS researchers i Gainesville, Florida, developing similar cloth panels to attract stable flies, needed to know if both cloth colors are necessary for maximum attraction. Capture rates for stable flies were not significantly different among blue/black, blue, or black cloth targets. Results will allow the use of targets of both colors or either color, depending on availability, cost, and desired use. 04 Insecticide-treated targets and flies as autodissemination vehicles for pyriproxyfen. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, developing visua targets for a house fly attract and kill system, have switched from pesticides, to which most flies are resistant, to the growth regulator pyriproxyfen, an agent that blocks the development of immature fly stage so no adults are produced. When flies visit pyriproxyfen�treated surfac they carry the material with them and will deposit it when they lay the eggs, thus affecting the immature stages of other flies. Results could lead to development of self-treating stations and greatly reduce pestici use.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Urech, R., Green, P.E., Skerman, A., Elson-Harris, M.M. , Bright, R.L., Brown, G.W. 2012. Nuisance flies on Australian cattle feedlots: immature populations. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 26:46- 55.
- Geden, C.J., Garcia-Maruniak, A., Lietze, V., Maruniak, J., Boucias, D.G. 2011. Impact of house fly salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) on a heterologous host, Stomoxys calcitrans. Journal of Medical Entomology. 48(6):1128-1135.
- Muller, G.C., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Kravchenko, V.D., Revay, E.E., Schlein, Y. 2011. New records and ecological remarks regarding the tribe Stomoxyini (Diptera: Muscidae) from Israel. Journal of Vector Ecology. 36:468-470.
- Lietze, V., Geden, C.J., Doyle, M.A., Boucias, D.G. 2012. Disease dynamics and persistence of Musca domestica salivary gland hypertropy virus infections in laboratory house fly (Musca domestica) populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78(2):311.
- Muller, G.C., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Revay, E.E., Kravchenko, V.D., Schlein, Y. 2011. An annotated checklist of the Stomoxyini (Diptera: Muscidae) of the Levant with new records from Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Sinai Egypt. Acta Parasitologica Et Medica Entomologica Sinica. 18(4):225-229.
- Muller, G.C., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Revay, E.E., Kravchenko, V.D., Schlein, Y. 2011. New records for the horse fly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Jordan with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. Journal of Vector Ecology. 36:447-450.
- Muller, G.C., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Kravchenko, V.D. 2012. New records for the horse fly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Saudi Arabia with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. Acta Parasitologica Et Medica Entomologica Sinica. 19(1):1005-0507.
- Geden, C.J. 2011. Status of microbial control of house flies. Journal of Biopesticides. 4(1):1.
- Muller, G.C., Zeegers, T., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Revay, E.E., Kravchenko, V. D., Leshvanov, A., Schlein, Y. 2012. An annotated checklist of the horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Lebanon with remarks on ecology and zoogeography: Pangoniinae and Chrysopsinae. Journal of Vector Ecology. 37(1):216-220.
- Muller, G.C., Revay, E.E., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Zeegers, T., Kline, D.L., Kravchenko, V.D., Schlein, Y. 2012. An annotated checklist of the horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Sinai Peninsula Egypt with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. ACTA TROPICA. 122:205-211.
- Urech, R., Bright, R.L., Green, P.E., Brown, G.W., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Skerman, A.G., Elson-Harris, M.M., Mayer, D.G. 2012. Temporal and spatial trends in adult nuisance fly populations on Australian cattle feedlots. Australian Journal of Entomology. 51:88-96.
- Geden, C.J., Steenberg, T., Lietze, V., Boucias, D.G. 2011. Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies in Denmark: prevalence, host range, and comparison with a Florida isolate. Journal of Vector Ecology. 36(2):231- 238.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) 1. Provide better tools for surveillance and risk assessment by: studying house fly feeding behavior, resource location, and nutrition under field conditions; developing more efficient stable fly attractants; studying specific behaviors of adults; and determining the risk of introduction of Stomoxys species other than calcitrans and prioritize the risk of other potentially invasive fly species, including traps that sample across the entire population of adults and produce results with quantifiable error terms. 2. Develop more efficient integrated pest management by determining weaknesses within fly life cycles and matching these weaknesses to appropriate chemical control methods; and by developing biologically- based and bio-rational control methods. 3. Conceive and test applications of behavior-altering methods (e.g., behavior altering devices, attractants, repellents) for practical use, including repellents for livestock. 4. Determine the role of flies in dissemination of priority food safety pathogens including the role of some of the less-studied species of flies. Approach (from AD-416) Nutritional attractants of house flies will be identified and new chemical lures for stable fly traps will be developed. Trapping data will be used to determine the risk of introduction of exotic Stomoxys spp. at ports in the southeastern U.S. Virus-based baits from candidate strains will be developed to control house flies. Systems for production of Diapriid parasitoids will be ready for transfer to commercial insectaries. These parasitoids can be effective for management of immature stable flies and house flies. New stable fly repellents for use on livestock will be evaluated in laboratory and field trials. Behavior-altering chemicals/surface combinations to repel and/or kill house flies will be evaluated in the laboratory with the aid of video monitoring and evaluation systems. An insecticide-based perimeter treatment method to provide protection against dispersing flies will be subjected to final field evaluations. The role of house fly in transmission of Salmonella enteriditis via contaminated poultry feed will be determined by exposing flies to contaminated feed and measuring their ability to transfer the pathogen to clean substrates. All milestones for this research project have been fully or substantially met during the reporting period. House fly fecundity was found to be related to certain feedstuffs on dairy farms. For example, brewers� grains and sorghum did not support fly egg development, calf feed supported partial development, and calf manure was as nutritious as the standard lab diet. So far, the blends of attractive chemicals for stable flies have not produced better results than the best attractant chemical by themselves. Testing will continue as will synthesis of some of the requisite chemicals. A major effort will be concentrated at Brunswick, Georgia, which will allow for a round trip by government vehicle in one day. Traps are ready for use and placement has been discussed. Monitoring is set to begin later in the summer. House flies fed the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) were not becoming infected because the virus could not cross the peritrophic membrane that surrounded the virus in the gut lumen. However, by feeding the flies on chemical reducing agents, the gut became permeable and the flies became infected with the SGHV. A complete year of sampling in the southeastern United States has been completed and selected strains have been colonized in the insectary. Laboratory evaluation of ARS stock compounds is almost complete and testing will continue through the end of the year. Attractive surfaces for outdoor testing have been selected and will be ready for use during the winter stable fly season. Evaluation of candidate surfaces for house fly preference continues mainly because house flies will land on many surfaces. However, work will continue and candidate groups of attractive surfaces will be compared later in the summer. Research with insecticide-impregnated targets has shifted to insect growth regulator-treated targets because house flies have become resistant to most of the pesticides registered for use. Flies pick up the growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, and pass it into the environment through their eggs, where it kills the immature stages of the fly. This controls flies in areas where pesticides cannot reach, and limits pesticide usage. Research for the role of house flies in transmitting Salmonella enteritidis will begin in month 36 of the project. Accomplishments 01 House fly fecundity on different foods. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, needed to know if the number of eggs produced by house flies on dairies is altered by available food sources. Some foods, like brewers� grains and sorghum, did not support egg development at all whereas calf manure was as nutritious for the flies as the standard lab diet. The results may be useful in efforts to limit fly access to those foods that maximize their reproduction. 02 Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies. Flies prevent becoming infected from ingested pathogens by surrounding their gut contents with protective, impermeable membrane. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Flori enabled the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) to pass through the protective membrane by feeding flies on chemical reducing agents that disrupted the membrane. These flies then became more susceptible to a virus-laden food bait. Results may lead to new methods for infecting flies with SGHV and other biocontrol agents that must be administered orally. 03 Insecticide-treated targets and flies as autodissemination vehicles for pyriproxyfen. Agricultural Research Service researchers at Gainesville, Florida, developing visual targets for a house fly attract and kill syst have switched from pesticides, to which most flies are resistant, to th growth regulator pyriproxyfen, an agent that blocks the development of immature fly stages so no adults are produced. When flies visit pyriproxyfen �treated surfaces, they carry the material with them and wi deposit it when they lay their eggs, thus affecting the immature stages other flies. Results could lead to development of self-treating station and greatly reduce pesticide use. 04 Size and presentation of insecticide-treated targets for stable fly management. Agricultural Research Service researchers at Gainesville, Florida, developing visual targets for stable fly management needed to know if target size and shape affect attraction. The smallest of three rectangular targets attracted the fewest flies, but the most flies per square inch of target. There were no adverse effects using flat or cylindrical targets or with the two contrasting target colors side-by-si or spatially separated. Results will allow the use of a variety of target shapes and sizes tailored to the desired use. The visual targets are designed so stakeholders can easily prepare them for their use, and these results provide stakeholders with a number of target configuration and sizes that can be used to match their particular situation.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Pitzer, J.B., Kaufman, P.E., Geden, C.J., Hogsette, Jr, J.A. 2011. The Ability of selected Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Locate Stable Fly Hosts in a Soiled Equine Bedding Substrate. Environmental Entomology. 40(1):88-93.
- Pitzer, J.B., Kaufman, P.E., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Geden, C.J., Tenbroeck, S. H. 2011. Seasonal abundance of stable flies and filth fly pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at Florida equine facilities. Journal of Economic Entomology. 104(3):1108-1115.
- Doyle, M.S., Swope, B.N., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Savage, H.M., Nasci, R.S. 2011. Vector competence of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) for West Nile virus. Journal of Medical Entomology. 48(3):656-668.
- Turell, M.J., Dohm, D.J., Geden, C.J., Hogsette, Jr, J.A., Linthicum, K. 2010. Potential for stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 26:445-448.
- Lietze, V., Abd-Alla, A.M., Vreysen, M.J., Geden, C.J., Boucias, D.G. 2011. Salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (SGHVs): a novel group of insect pathogenic viruses. Annual Review Of Entomology. 56:63-80. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-ento-120709-144841.
- Pitzer, J.B., Kaufman, P.E., Geden, C.J., Hogsette, Jr, J.A. 2011. The Ability of selected Pupal Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to Locate Stable Fly Hosts in a Soiled Equine Bedding Substrate. Environmental Entomology. 40:88-93.
- Kaufman, P.E., Geden, C.J. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on live and freeze-killed house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae. Florida Entomologist. 92(3):492-496.
- Kaufman, P.E., Nunez, S.C., Geden, C.J., Scharf, M.E. 2011. Selection for Resistance to Imidacloprid in the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 103(5):1937-1942. DOI: 01.1603/EC10165
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) 1. Provide better tools for surveillance and risk assessment by: studying house fly feeding behavior, resource location, and nutrition under field conditions; developing more efficient stable fly attractants; studying specific behaviors of adults; and determining the risk of introduction of Stomoxys species other than calcitrans and prioritize the risk of other potentially invasive fly species, including traps that sample across the entire population of adults and produce results with quantifiable error terms. 2. Develop more efficient integrated pest management by determining weaknesses within fly life cycles and matching these weaknesses to appropriate chemical control methods; and by developing biologically- based and bio-rational control methods. 3. Conceive and test applications of behavior-altering methods (e.g., behavior altering devices, attractants, repellents) for practical use, including repellents for livestock. 4. Determine the role of flies in dissemination of priority food safety pathogens including the role of some of the less-studied species of flies. Approach (from AD-416) Nutritional attractants of house flies will be identified and new chemical lures for stable fly traps will be developed. Trapping data will be used to determine the risk of introduction of exotic Stomoxys spp. at ports in the southeastern U.S. Virus-based baits from candidate strains will be developed to control house flies. Systems for production of Diapriid parasitoids will be ready for transfer to commercial insectaries. These parasitoids can be effective for management of immature stable flies and house flies. New stable fly repellents for use on livestock will be evaluated in laboratory and field trials. Behavior-altering chemicals/surface combinations to repel and/or kill house flies will be evaluated in the laboratory with the aid of video monitoring and evaluation systems. An insecticide-based perimeter treatment method to provide protection against dispersing flies will be subjected to final field evaluations. The role of house fly in transmission of Salmonella enteriditis via contaminated poultry feed will be determined by exposing flies to contaminated feed and measuring their ability to transfer the pathogen to clean substrates. House flies and stable flies are important in agricultural and urban areas because of their pestiferous nature to humans and animals, their association with filth, and potential for pathogen transmission. Many fly management techniques are pesticide-based, but little is known about sustainable techniques using effective trapping, repellents for personal protection, and biological control. Products can be used to improve existing integrated pest management (IPM) systems, and for monitoring and managing house flies and stable flies. Longevity of house flies maintained on food resources commonly found on dairies was less than 4 days for water only, brewers grains, calf manure, citrus pellets and hominy, and about 7 days for milled soy and sorghum. Flies maintained on three pelletized calf feeds lived 14 days. Bioassays developed to assess attraction of stable fly fecal compounds applied to filter paper were based on the stable fly�s tendency to land on objects suspended in their cages. Salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), which infects salivary glands and blocks egg production in their hosts, was found in more than 60% of Danish fly populations, with maximum infection rates of 5%. The virus can replicate in some fly species (stable fly, Hydrotaea aenescens) but not in others (Scatophaga stercoraria, face fly, calliphorids, Eristalis tenax). In the previous project, a perimeter of imidacloprid- treated visual targets provided partial protection of a building from immigrating house flies. During the past few months additional insecticides have been tested for possible use on the targets. These results indicate that endosulfan, pyriproxyfen, and boric acid may be useful for this application. Accomplishments 01 House fly longevity on different diets. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, needed to know how long house flies will live on potential food materials commonly found on dairies. Flies lived up to 7 days on constituents used in cattle feed, but lived about 14 days on pelletized calf feeds. Results will be used to identify food-based attractants that could be used in fly control efforts. 02 Salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, have found that the naturally occurring salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) infects the salivary glands and blocks eg production in their fly hosts. In Denmark, 60% of the flies were infecte with 5% having maximum infection rates. SGHV could prove useful for managing house flies and other nuisance flies without the use of pesticides. 03 Insecticide-treated targets for house fly exclusion. ARS researchers at Gainesville, Florida, have shown that a perimeter of imidacloprid-treate visual targets can partially protect a building from immigrating house flies. However, imidacloprid resistance in house flies is increasing an alternative pesticides are needed for treating the targets. Tests have shown that endosulfan, pyriproxyfen, and boric acid may be useful for th application.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Prompiboon, P., Lietze, V., Denton, J., Geden, C.J., Steenberg, T., Boucias, D.G. 2010. Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus, a Globally Distributed Insect Virus that Infects and Sterilizes Female Houseflies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76(4):994-998.
- Taylor, D.B., Moon, R.D., Campbell, J.B., Berkebile, D.R., Scholl, P.J., Broce, A.B., Hogsette, Jr, J.A. 2010. Dispersal of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from larval development sites in a Nebraska landscape. Environmental Entomology. 39(4):1101-1110.
- Hoffmann, W.C., Farooq, M., Walker, T.W., Fritz, B.K., Szumlas, D., Bernier, U.R., Hogsette Jr., J.A., Lan, Y., Huang, Y., Quinn, B.P., Smith, V.L., Robinson, C.A. 2009. Canopy penetration and deposition of barrier sprays from electrostatic and conventional sprayers. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 25:323-331.
- Geden, C.J., Moon, R.D. 2009. Host ranges of gregarious muscoid fly parasitoids: Muscidifurax raptorellus (Kogan and Legner) (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae), Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Trichopria (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Environmental Entomology. 38(3):700-707.
- Geden, C.J., Szumlas, D.E., Walker, T.W. 2009. Evaluation of commercial and field-expedient baited traps for house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Vector Ecology. 34(1):99-103.
- Kaufman, P.E., Geden, C.J. 2009. Development of Spalangia cameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Live and Freeze-killed House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae. Florida Entomologist. 92(3)492-496.
- Kaufman, P.E., Nunez, S., Mann, R.S., Geden, C.J., Scharf, M.E. 2009. Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide Resistance in house Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Collected from Florida dairies. Pest Management Science. 66:290- 294.
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