Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? This project is aligned with NP#301, Plant Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement. Successful crop production in the United States is based primarily on plant species introduced from other countries. The USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for maintaining diverse collections of selected crops in order to provide the genetic base for further crop improvement. Prior to the establishment of National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resources Unit (NALPGRU), some genera in the NPGS were assigned to inappropriate germplasm maintenance sites. In the last four years, appropriate plant genera have been reassigned to NALPGRU as the primary conservation site due to the unique climate and growing conditions. The other equally important assignment of the (NALPGRU) is to
propagate germplasm accessions which have priority assignment to other sites in the NPGS, but cannot be regenerated at these sites because a long frost-free season is required. Regeneration of selected NPGS accessions and the acquisition, maintenance, characterization and distribution of recently assigned plant taxa to NALPGRU are the goals of this project. Ever since the Regional Plant Introduction Stations were established in the 1940s, there has not been an adequate site within the NPGS to accommodate the regeneration of both seed and clonal germplasm accessions that require an arid, long frost-free season. The preservation of those plant species was compromised and led loss of valuable germplasm. NALPGRU has provided for efficient germplasm increases for other sites within the NPGS for high priority, environment specific accessions, and has provided an appropriate environment for conservation of arid land plant species collections. The primary goals of this project are to conserve
a broad spectrum of genetic resources adapted to long-season, arid conditions, to generate and manage associated information, and to provide a scientific base for its use in research and crop improvement. The first objective is to acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Secondly, we conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa from other NPGS sites that require long-season, arid conditions. The third objective is to characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Lastly, we transfer technology in the form of arid land genetic resources and associated information to researchers and breeders worldwide. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Year 1 (FY2003) No OSQR approved milestones for year 2003. Year 2 (FY2004, 24 mo) Objective 1:
Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. 1. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 1.1. Seed viability of all accessions tested. 1.2. 70% of collections available for distribution. 2. Parthenium: 2.1. Seed viability of all accessions tested. 2.2. Accessions with 0 or close to 0 seed viability deactivated. 2.3. Proposal for a plant exploration trip submitted. 2.4. List of descriptors established. 3. Simmondsia: 3.1. A list of descriptors will be established. 3.2. Seeds of 30% of the already established accessions will be available for distribution. 4. Opuntia: 4.1. Nursery of germplasm from the Kingsville, TX collection will be established. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. Objective 3:
Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Morphological characterization of active collection completed. Year 3 (FY2005, 36 mo) Opjective 1: 1. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 1.1. 50% of collections characterized and 85% of the genetic resources available for distribution. 2. Parthenium: 2.1. Seed germination enhancement experiments initiated. 30% of viable accessions established in a nursery. 2.2. Plant exploration trip. 3. Simmondsia: 3.1. Seeds or cuttings of 60% of the established accessions will be available for distribution. 3.2. 60% of the active in field collection will be characterized and the data will be entered in GRIN. 4. Opuntia: 4.1. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. 4.2. A list of descriptors will be formulated. Objective 2: Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and
reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. Objective 3: Morphological characterization summarized and placed in GRIN. Year 4 (FY2006, 48 mo) Objective 1: 1. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 1.1. 95% of collections characterized and seeds of 95% of accessions available for distribution. 2. Parthenium: 2.1. 60% of viable accessions established in a nursery. 2.2. Characterization data of the 30% accessions established in the nursery collected and entered to GRIN. 2.3. Seed of the 30% of germplasm available for distribution. 3. Simmondsia: 3.1. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. 3.2. 90% of the active collection will be characterized and available for distribution 4. Opuntia: 4.1. Characterization data of 30% of the established collection will be collected and entered into GRIN. 4.2. Testing for efficient seed germination procedures will be initiated. 4.3. Cladodes (pads) of selected accessions will be available for distribution. Objective 2: Selected accessions assigned to
other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. Objective 3: Completed characterization of genetic diversity using RAPDs. Year 5 (FY2007, 60 mo) Objective 1: 1. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 1.1. 95% of characterization data placed in GRIN and 98% of germplasm available for distribution. 1.2. Data on seed viability under 4 years of standard seed storage conditions will be summarized. 2. Parthenium: 2.1. Seed germination enhancement experiment summarized. 2.2 60% of the established in field germplasm accessions characterized, data entered to GRIN and seeds available for distribution. 3. Simmondsia. 3.1. 98% of the collection will available for distribution, characterized and data will be posted on GRIN. 4. Opuntia: 4.1. Characterization of 60% of the established in field accessions will be completed and entered into GRIN. 4.2. Seeds of selected accessions will be available for distribution (ca. 60% of the seed
conserved accessions). 4.3. Rooting and seed germination experiments will be summarized and a publication draft prepared. Objective 2: Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. Objective 3: Statistical evaluation of RAPD analysis completed, compared with morphological data, and draft prepared for publication. 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Climate specific germplasm conservation. NP301 - Component 1 - Problem Statement 1A Seeds of over 1,700 climate specific germplasm accessions were regenerated. A third year of diversity evaluation in levels of seed production of meadowfoam germplasm accessions was completed as well as the evaluation of self fertility. The impact of this work has been the conservation of unique germplasm and the availability and provision of plant germplasm to aid the progress in the investigation of these crops
at both the morphological and the molecular level through DNA marker technology. Recent plant characterization data has provided valuable information to support outside and collaborative research. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. Profile of fatty acids in lesquerella seed oil. NP301 - Component 1 - Problem Statement 1A Fatty acid (FA) profiles in seeds of lesquerella germplasm accessions were determined to identify unique FAs in lesquerellla oil that can be used in specialty lubricants, heavy duty detergents, inks, coatings, and plastics. The FA profiles of extracted oils were determined from a diverse germplasm array of the collection by GC. Evaluations were conducted at Parlier, CA and at the USDA, ARS, NCPT, Peoria, IL. Impact: The evaluation results provide information for the use of the national germplasm collection in cultivar development of the new industrial crop. One of the FAs, lesquerolic acid, is very similar to primary FA of castor beans and
may replace or reduce the import of castor oil. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. NP 301 - Component 1 - Problem Statement 1A In Parlier, California through 2006, 6,613 different climate specific germplasm accessions (77% for other NPGS sites) were regenerated and made available to the germplasm users. 399 new accessions of plant species assigned to the NALPGRU were added to the genetic resources of the NPGS. Descriptors for 4 plant genera (Lesquerella, Limnanthes, Parthenium and Simmondsia) were established. 448 accessions were characterized according to descriptors. Live nurseries for 417 new accessions were established in field. 95% Limnanthes, and 90% of Simmondsia germplasm accessions were evaluated for seed oil content, and 95% of Lesquerella accessions were evaluated for oil content and fatty acid profile in seeds. Germplasm of Limnanthes, Opuntia, Parthenium, and Simmondsia was transferred from the UC system. Impact: Since
prior to the establishing of the NALPGRU, arid long frost- free environment was not available in the NPGS, preservation of plant species requiring such conditions was compromised leading to loss of valuable germplasm. Over 6,600 climate specific plant germplasm accessions are now available to researchers, plant breeders, and other users to support crop production and the development of new industrial/alternative crops in the United States by providing the genetic base for further crop improvement. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Jenderek, M.M., J. Serimian, R.M. Hannan. 2005. Isolation units for wind pollinated plant species, using spinach as a model plant. NPGS Curator Workshop 2005. Chicago, IL. December 5-6, 2005. http://www.ars-grin/ars/PacWest/Pullman/Curators/proceedings.htm Jenderek, M.M. 2006. Ornamental characteristics of
lesquerella (Lesquerella sp.) plants. HortSci. 41(4):1028 (Abstract) Jenderek, M.M., D.A. Dierig, and G. Dahlquist. 2006. Lesquerella - an alternative oil crop for semi-arid and arid agriculture. AgBiotech2006, A Central California Agricultural Biotechnology Conference. March 17-19, Fish Camp, CA. Proceedings:31 (Abstract) Felker, P. A. Paterson, and M.M. Jenderek. Forage potential of Opuntia clones maintained by the USDA, National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collection. 2006. Crop Science. Galley proof c06-02-0081 (7/21/06)
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Jenderek, M.M., Tarekegn, Y.Z. 2005. Within and between family variability among open pollinated sexually fertile garlic.. Hortscience. 40(50):1234- 1236.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Successful crop production in the United States is based primarily on plant species introduced from other countries. The USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for maintaining diverse collections of selected crops in order to provide the genetic base for further crop improvement. Prior to the establishment of National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resources Unit (NALPGRU), some genera in the NPGS were assigned to inappropriate germplasm maintenance sites. In the last four years appropriate plant genera have been reassigned to NALPGRU as the primary conservation site due to the unique climate and growing conditions. The other equally important assignment of the (NALPGRU) is to propagate germplasm accessions which have priority assignment to other sites in the NPGS, but cannot be
regenerated at these sites because a long frost-free season is required. Regeneration of selected NPGS accessions and the acquisition, maintenance, characterization and distribution of recently assigned plant taxa to NALPGRU are the goals of this project. Ever since the Regional Plant Introduction Stations were established in the 1940s, there has not been an adequate site within the NPGS to accommodate the regeneration of both seed and clonal germplasm accessions that require an arid, long frost-free season. The preservation of those plant species was compromised and led loss of valuable germplasm. NALPGRU has provided for efficient germplasm increases for other sites within the NPGS for high priority, environment specific accessions, and has provided an appropriate environment for conservation of arid land plant species collections. The primary goals of this project are to conserve a broad spectrum of genetic resources adapted to long-season, arid conditions, to generate and manage
associated information, and to provide a scientific base for its use in research and crop improvement. The first objective is to acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Secondly, we conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa from other NPGS sites that require long-season, arid conditions. The third objective is to characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Lastly, we transfer technology in the form of arid land genetic resources and associated information to researchers and breeders worldwide. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Edits as requested for Project Number: 5302-21000-008-00D 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and
associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: FY05. Seed viability of all accessions tested. 70% of collections available for distribution. FY06. 50% of collections characterized and 85% of the genetic resources available for distribution. FY07. 95% of collections characterized and seeds of 95% of accessions available for distribution. FY08. 95% of characterization data placed in GRIN and 98% of germplasm available for distribution. Data on seed viability under 4 years of standard seed storage conditions will be summarized. Parthenium: FY05. Seed viability of all accessions tested. Accessions with 0 or close to 0 seed viability deactivated. Proposal for a plant exploration trip submitted. List of descriptors established. FY06. Seed germination enhancement experiments initiated. 30% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Plant exploration trip. FY07. 60% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Characterization data of the
30% accessions established in the nursery collected and entered to GRIN. Seed of the 30% of germplasm available for distribution. FY08. Seed germination enhancement experiment summarized. 60% of the established in field germplasm accessions characterized, data entered to GRIN and seeds available for distribution. Simmondsia: FY05. A list of descriptors will be established. Seeds of 30% of the already established accessions will be available for distribution. FY06. Seeds or cuttings of 60% of the established accessions will be available for distribution. 60% of the active in field collection will be characterized and the data will be entered in GRIN. FY07. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. 90% of the active collection will be characterized and available for distribution. FY08. 98% of the collection will available for distribution, characterized and data will be posted on GRIN. Opuntia: FY05. Nursery of germplasm from the Kingsville, TX collection will be
established. FY06. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. A list of descriptors will be formulated. FY07. Characterization data of 30% of the established collection will be collected and entered into GRIN. Testing for efficient seed germination procedures will be initiated. Pads of selected accessions will be available for distribution. FY08. Characterization of 60% of the established in field accessions will be completed and entered into GRIN. Seeds of selected accessions will be available for distribution (ca. 60% of the seed conserved accessions). Rooting and seed germination experiments will be summarized and a publication draft prepared. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. In the late summer of each season, curators in the NPGS are
requested to submit lists of accessions that they would like increased at NALPGRU. The lists are compiled and planting plans for both the fall and spring plantings are prepared. Plot configuration is designed for projected crop rotations and the most efficient long term farming operation. In concert with requested regenerations, evaluations and collection of plant character data is conducted on selected species. This activity includes both the NALPGRU staff and the other NPGS curators, who come to assess the germplasm increase of their respective crops. Evaluations of garlic, safflower, lupine, wheat and barley are currently being conducted, and are expected to continue for the next five-year period. Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Assessment of genetic diversity in Limnanthes: FY05. Morphological characterization of active collection
completed. FY06. Morphological characterization summarized and placed in GRIN. FY07. Characterization of genetic diversity using RAPDs completed. FY08. Statistical evaluation of RAPD analysis completed, compared with morphological data, and draft prepared for publication. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Milestone Fully Met 2. Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a side spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Milestone Fully Met 3. Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years
(FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: FY06. 95% of collections characterized and seeds of 95% of accessions available for distribution. FY07. 95% of characterization data placed in GRIN and 98% of germplasm available for distribution. FY08. Data on seed viability under 4 years of standard seed storage conditions will be summarized. Parthenium: FY06. 60% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Characterization data of the 30% accessions established in the nursery collected and entered to GRIN. FY07. Seed of the 30% of germplasm available for distribution. FY08. Seed germination enhancement experiment summarized. 60% of the established in field germplasm accessions characterized, data entered to GRIN and seeds available for distribution.
Simmondsia: FY06. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. 70% of the active collection will be characterized and available for distribution. FY07. 95% of the active collection will be characterized and available for distribution. FY08. 98% of the collection will characterized, data entered in GRIN and available for distribution, Opuntia: FY06. Characterization data of 30% of the established collection will be collected and entered into GRIN. Testing for efficient seed germination procedures will be initiated. Pads of selected accessions will be available for distribution. FY07. Characterization of 60% of the established in field accessions will be completed and entered into GRIN. FY08. Seeds of selected accessions will be available for distribution (ca. 60% of the seed conserved accessions). Rooting and seed germination experiments will be summarized and a publication draft prepared. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require
long-season, arid conditions. Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. In the late summer of each season, curators in the NPGS are requested to submit lists of accessions that they would like increased at NALPGRU. The lists are compiled and planting plans for both the fall and spring plantings are prepared. Plot configuration is designed for projected crop rotations and the most efficient long term farming operation. In concert with requested regenerations, evaluations and collection of plant character data is conducted on selected species. This activity includes both the NALPGRU staff and the other NPGS curators, who come to assess the germplasm increase of their respective crops. Evaluations of garlic, safflower, lupine, wheat and barley are currently being conducted, and are expected to continue for FY06, FY07, FY08. Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using
morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Assessment of genetic diversity in Limnanthes: FY06. Characterization of genetic diversity using RAPDs completed. FY07. Statistical evaluation of RAPD analysis completed, compared with morphological data, and draft prepared for publication. FY08. Manuscript preparation and publication of data Opuntia: FY06. Characterization data of 30% of the established collection will be collected and entered into GRIN. Testing for efficient seed germination procedures will be initiated. FY07. Cladophyll of selected accessions (ca. 30%) will be available for distribution. FY08. Characterization of 60% of the established in field accessions will be completed and entered into GRIN. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? The most important activity of this research project is to achieve the combined goals of acquisition, maintenance,
characterization and distribution of plant germplasm collections. This accomplishes the full scope of germplasm conservation and distribution as per the mission of the ARS, National Plant Germplasm System. Seeds of over 1,300 climate specific germplasm accessions were regenerated. A second year of diversity evaluation in levels of seed production of meadowfoam germplasm accessions was completed as well as the evaluation of self fertility. Additionally, fruits of selected prickly pear cactus accessions were evaluated for solids, acidity, peel hardiness, size and color. The impact of this work has been the conservation of unique germplasm and the availability and provision of plant germplasm to aid the progress in the investigation of these crops at both the morphological level and the molecular level through DNA marker technology and gene mapping, where recent plant characterization data has provided valuable information to support outside and collaborative research proposals. 4b
List other significant accomplishments, if any. 1. Evaluation of diversity of oil content in seeds of lesquerella and jojoba germplasm accessions is needed because Lesquerella oil and the liquid wax from jojoba contain unique components that can be used in specialty lubricants, heavy duty detergents, inks, coatings, plastics and cosmetics. Analytical chemical evaluations of extracted oils and wax were determined from a diverse array of accessions of both taxa. Evaluations were conducted at Parlier, CA and at the USDA, ARS, Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ. The results of the evaluation of oil content variation in seeds of lesquerella and jojoba accessions provided information for the use of the national germplasm collection in cultivar development of the industrial crops. 2. Very little is known about garlic genetics and such information would aid development of new cultivars of the crop. Evaluation of bulb and plant traits of sexually derived garlic progenies was
completed and published. The progenies were developed and evaluated at the NALPGRU station. This is the first public information on quantitative characteristics of bulbs and plants for populations generated from true seeds. 4c List any significant activities that support special target populations. Target Population: None 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resource Unit (NALPGRU) provides a unique climate and growing conditions for regeneration of seed and clonal germplasm accessions that require an arid and long frost-free season. Such climate conditions are not available at any other NPGS location. From the project initiation (2003) until now (2005), 4,873 different climate specific germplasm accessions (77% for other NPGS sites) were regenerated and made available to the germplasm users. 384 new accessions of plant species assigned to the NALPGRU were added to the
genetic resources of the NPGS. Descriptors for 4 plant genera (Lesquerella, Limnanthes, Parthenium and Simmondsia) were established. 299 accessions were characterized according to descriptors. Live nurseries for 337 new accessions were established in field. 95% of Lesquerella and 90% of Simmondsia germplasm accessions were evaluated for seed oil content. Abandoned germplasm of Limnanthes, Opuntia, Parthenium, and Simmondsia was transferred from the UC system. Impact: Since prior to the establishing of the NALPGRU, arid long frost- free environment was not available in the NPGS, preservation of plant species requiring such conditions was compromised leading to loss of valuable germplasm. Over 4,800 climate specific plant germplasm accessions are now available to researchers, plant breeders, and other users to support crop production and the development of new industrial/alternative crops in the United States by providing the genetic base for further crop improvement. 7. List your most
important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Jenderek, M.M. 2005. Fruit quality of the USDA Opuntia sp. germplasm collection. HortSci. 40(4):1067 (Abstract) Jenderek, M.M. and Y. Zewdie. 2005. Within and between family variability for important bulb and plant traits among sexually derived progenies of garlic. HortSci. Accepted 1/31/05. Zewdie, Y., M.J. Havey, J.P. Prince, and M.M. Jenderek. 2005. The first genetic linkages among expressed regions of the garlic genome. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130(3)xxx. Accepted 12/4/04. Brenner, D.M., T. Ayala-Silva, B. Hellier, K.E. Hummer, M.M. Jenderek, L. Fredrick Marek, J.B. Morris, R. Nelson, K.R. Reitsma, L.D. Robertson, S. M. Stieve, E.W. Stover, M.P. Widrlechner. Genetic resources of omega-3 fatty acids crops. 2005 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, Salt Lake, UT. Nov. 6-10. (Abstract/poster). Jenderek, M.M.
Evaluation of diversity in seed production of the USDA, ARS Limnanthes germplasm collection. 2004 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, Seattle, WA, October 31-November 4. (Abstract). Jenderek, M.M. Cladode and flowering characteristics of the USDA Opuntia sp. germplasm collection. 2004 AAIC/NUC Joint Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, Sep. 19-23. (Abstract). Jenderek, M.M., F. Dugan, and R.M. Hannan. 2004. Tolerance to rust (Puccinia alli) in seed derived garlic progenies. HortSci., vol.39(4):775.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Successful crop production in the United States is based primarily on plant species introduced from other countries. The USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for maintaining diverse collections of selected crops in order to provide the genetic base for further crop improvement. Prior to the establishment of National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resources Unit (NALPGRU), some genera in the NPGS were assigned to inappropriate germplasm maintenance sites. In the last four years appropriate plant genera have been reassigned to NALPGRU as the primary conservation site due to the unique climate and growing conditions. The other equally important assignment of the (NALPGRU) is to propagate germplasm accessions which have priority assignment to other sites in the NPGS, but cannot be
regenerated at these sites because a long frost-free season is required. Regeneration of selected NPGS accessions and the acquisition, maintenance, characterization and distribution of recently assigned plant taxa to NALPGRU are the goals of this project. Ever since the Regional Plant Introduction Stations were established in the 1940s, there has not been an adequate site within the NPGS to accommodate the regeneration of both seed and clonal germplasm accessions that require an arid, long frost-free season. The preservation of those plant species was compromised and led loss of valuable germplasm. NALPGRU has provided for efficient germplasm increases for other sites within the NPGS for high priority, environment specific accessions, and has provided an appropriate environment for conservation of arid land plant species collections. The primary goals of this project are to conserve a broad spectrum of genetic resources adapted to long-season, arid conditions, to generate and manage
associated information, and to provide a scientific base for its use in research and crop improvement. Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Objective 4: Transfer technology in the form of arid land genetic resources and associated informtion to researchers and breeders worldwide. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 24 mo. Seed viability of all accessions tested. 70% of collections available for distribution.
36 mo. 50% of collections characterized and 85% of the genetic resources available for distribution. 48 mo. 95% of collections characterized and seeds of 95% of accessions available for distribution. 60 mo. 95% of characterization data placed in GRIN and 98% of germplasm available for distribution. Data on seed viability under 4 years of standard seed storage conditions will be summarized. Parthenium: 24 mo. Seed viability of all accessions tested. Accessions with 0 or close to 0 seed viability deactivated. Proposal for a plant exploration trip submitted. List of descriptors established. 36 mo. Seed germination enhancement experiments initiated. 30% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Plant exploration trip. 48 mo. 60% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Characterization data of the 30% accessions established in the nursery collected and entered to GRIN. Seed of the 30% of germplasm available for distribution. 60 mo. Seed germination enhancement experiment
summarized. 60% of the established in field germplasm accessions characterized, data entered to GRIN and seeds available for distribution. Simmondsia: 24 mo. A list of descriptors will be established. Seeds of 30% of the already established accessions will be available for distribution. 36 mo. Seeds or cuttings of 60% of the established accessions will be available for distribution. 60% of the active in field collection will be characterized and the data will be entered in GRIN. 48 mo. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. 90% of the active collection will be characterized and available for distribution. 60 mo. 98% of the collection will available for distribution, characterized and data will be posted on GRIN. Opuntia: 24 mo. Nursery of germplasm from the Kingsville, TX collection will be established. 36 mo. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. A list of descriptors will be formulated. 48 mo. Characterization data of 30% of the established collection
will be collected and entered into GRIN. Testing for efficient seed germination procedures will be initiated. Pads of selected accessions will be available for distribution. 60 mo. Characterization of 60% of the established in field accessions will be completed and entered into GRIN. Seeds of selected accessions will be available for distribution (ca. 60% of the seed conserved accessions). Rooting and seed germination experiments will be summarized and a publication draft prepared. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. In the late summer of each season, curators in the NPGS are requested to submit lists of accessions that they would like increased at NALPGRU. The lists are compiled and planting plans for both the fall and spring plantings are prepared.
Plot configuration is designed for projected crop rotations and the most efficient long term farming operation. In concert with requested regenerations, evaluations and collection of plant character data is conducted on selected species. This activity includes both the NALPGRU staff and the other NPGS curators, who come to assess the germplasm increase of their respective crops. Evaluations of garlic, safflower, lupine, wheat and barley are currently being conducted, and are expected to continue for the next five-year period. Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Assessment of genetic diversity in Limnanthes: 24 mo. Morphological characterization of active collection completed. 36 mo. Morphological characterization summarized and placed in GRIN. 48 mo. Characterization of genetic diversity using RAPDs completed. 60 mo. Statistical evaluation of
RAPD analysis completed, compared with morphological data, and draft prepared for publication. 3. Milestones: Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 24 mo. Seed viability of all accessions tested. 70% of collections available for distribution. Seed viability of all accessions with sufficient number of seeds was tested. Over 75% of the collections is available for distribution. Parthenium: 24 mo. Seed viability of all accessions tested. Accessions with 0 or close to 0 seed viability deactivated. Proposal for a plant exploration trip submitted. List of descriptors established. Seed viability of all accessions with sufficient seed number was tested. A list of accessions with 0 and close to 0 seeds viability was prepared and will be entered to GRIN this calendar year. A collection proposal for plant exploration in Mexico was submitted in CY 2003 but not considered for
funding due to past restrictions on germplasm collected of the host country. Simmondsia: 24 mo. A list of descriptors will be established. Seeds of 30% of the already established accessions will be available for distribution. A list of descriptors is established; after approval by the New Crops CGC, the descriptors will be entered in GRIN. Opuntia: 24 mo. Nursery of germplasm from the Kingsville, TX collection will be established. The nursery is established and samples of the germplasm were already distributed. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Selected accessions assigned to other NPGS sites that require a long frost-free season for their growth and reproduction will be regenerated at NALPGRU. In the late summer of each season, curators in the NPGS are requested to submit lists of accessions that they would like increased at NALPGRU. In CY2003, germplasm regeneration requests were processed from
Aberdeen, ID - non winter hardy cereal (1,050 accessions); Pullman, WA - safflowers (80 accs.), lupins (14 accs.), garlic (30 accs.), Cicer (4 accs.), Astragalus (2 accs.), Ceratoides (1 acc.), Camphorosma (1 acc.), Glycyrrhiza (1 acc.), Spaerophysa(1 acc.) ; Prosser, WA - Medicago (1 acc. ); Geneva, NY - Brassica sp. (20 accs.); Griffin, GA - wild cucurbits(16 accs.); Ames, IA - wild sunflowers (10 accs.), Vernonia (4 accs.), Cuphea (1 acc.), Galega (1), Dalea (1); Corvallis, OR - hazelnut back up collection (180 accs.). The NALPGRU regenerated or preserves a total of 1, 404 different germplasm accessions for other NPGS sites. Seeds of several accessions have been already sipped to respective curators, the other are being cleaning and prepared for shipment. Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Assessment of genetic diversity in Limnanthes: 24 mo.
Morphological characterization of active collection completed. Characterization of all 55 accessions is completed. B. list milestones for future Objective 1: Acquire and conserve selected genetic resources, and associated information, adapted to long-season, arid conditions. Lesquerella and Limnanthes: 36 mo. 50% of collections characterized and 85% of the genetic resources available for distribution. 48 mo. 95% of collections characterized and seeds of 95% of accessions available for distribution. 60 mo. 95% of characterization data placed in GRIN and 98% of germplasm available for distribution. Data on seed viability under 4 years of standard seed storage conditions will be summarized. Parthenium: 36 mo. Seed germination enhancement experiments initiated. 30% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Plant exploration trip. 48 mo. 60% of viable accessions established in a nursery. Characterization data of the 30% accessions established in the nursery collected and entered to
GRIN. Seed of the 30% of germplasm available for distribution. 60 mo. Seed germination enhancement experiment summarized. 60% of the established in field germplasm accessions characterized, data entered to GRIN and seeds available for distribution. Simmondsia: 36 mo. Seeds or cuttings of 60% of the established accessions will be available for distribution. 60% of the active in field collection will be characterized and the data will be entered in GRIN. 48 mo. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. 90% of the active collection will be characterized and available for distribution. 60 mo. 98% of the collection will available for distribution, characterized and data will be posted on GRIN. Opuntia: 36 mo. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated. A list of descriptors will be formulated. 48 mo. Characterization data of 30% of the established collection will be collected and entered into GRIN. Testing for efficient seed germination procedures will be initiated.
Pads of selected accessions will be available for distribution. 60 mo. Characterization of 60% of the established in field accessions will be completed and entered into GRIN. Seeds of selected accessions will be available for distribution (ca. 60% of the seed conserved accessions). Rooting and seed germination experiments will be summarized and a publication draft prepared. Objective 2: Conduct seed/clonal regenerations of a wide spectrum of taxa that require long-season, arid conditions. Same as above Objective 3: Characterize germplasm, using morphological and molecular marker technology to augment conservation management, and increase utilization of germplasm collections. Assessment of genetic diversity in Limnanthes: 36 mo. Morphological characterization summarized and placed in GRIN. 48 mo. Characterization of genetic diversity using RAPDs completed. 60 mo. Statistical evaluation of RAPD analysis completed, compared with morphological data, and draft prepared for publication.
-Opuntia: 36 mo. Rooting enhancement experiments will be initiated - this experiments seems not to be justified; no rooting problems of cladodes were observed. -Limnanthes, 48 mo. Characterization of genetic diversity using RAPDs completed - instead of RAPD markers SSR markers are considered. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. The evaluation of diversity in levels of seed production of Limnanthes alba (meadowfoam)accessions is important due to the fact that the seeds contain long chain fatty acids which are stable under differing metabolic and environmental conditions, and because germplasm with high seed yield is needed for cultivar development. At the NALPGRU Parlier, CA, a replicated trial was conducted to determine seed yields and evaluate other plant characteristics. Specifically, seed yield, nutlet formation, seed maturity date, and tendency to shatter seeds were evaluated for 24 different USDA germplasm accessions, and it was found that the
L. alba collection has high seed yielding germplasm accessions, but the ability to form nutlets in single florets varied. The results indicated that the germplasm preserved at the USDA repository is highly diverse and is an outstanding source for selection and development of high yielding meadowfoam cultivars. B. One of the major objectives of this project is the regeneration of germplasm from other NPGS sites. Seed of over 1,100 climate specific cereal, sunflower and cucurbit germplasm accessions, which could not be grown at other NPGS sites, was regenerated at the NALPGRU. The material was grown in open pollinated field conditions or under controlled pollination, isolation cages where pollinators were introduced into the cages. The cleaned seeds were delivered to the appropriate repositories for subsequent germplasm distribution, and therefore, the NALPGRU site preserved part of the gene pool of the selected plant germplasm which otherwise would be lost to American agriculture.
It is important that the NPGS establish the prickly pear cactus germplasm collection because the plants are used for production of fruits, cladophylls suitable for salads, livestock forage and alcohol fermentation, and they can grow in arid environment and on marginal soils. The NALPGRU site recently initiated, developed and introduced a new collection of over 150 accessions if prickly pear cactus into the NPGS. The unit collected cladophylls which were rooted and plants were established into a nursery at Parlier. Germplasm of 38 accessions has been distributed to customers, and the prickly pear cactus germplasm supports cultivar development efforts of small California farmers to grow produce on marginal land and to take a share in the fast growing fruit market. Very little is known about garlic genetics, and such information would aid development of new cultivars of the crop. A collaborative genetic study was conducted with Drs. M. Havey, USDA, Madison, WI, and J. Prince and Y.
Zewdie, CSF, Fresno, CA. We used seed derived progenies produced at the NALPGRU station which lead to the development of the first genetic linkage map among molecular markers and morphological traits in garlic. The first genetic map of garlic is a seminal step towards the genetic improvement of the crop and eventual marker-assisted breeding. C. Target Population: None D. None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Question 5: Major accomplishments over the life of the project. The NALPGRU serves as one of the few and last opportunities for preservation of near to extinct accessions which have been assigned to other NPGS locations. Based on the mass of seeds produced, plant vigor and very low pesticide application, the station was very successful in preservation of specific accessions of safflower, bladder pod, meadow foam, lupin, tomato, radish, coriander, fennel, barley, wheat accessions and several perennial
species. Salt bush, fire bush, jojoba and prickly- pear collections were established in field and seeds of several accessions of the three first species and vegetative propagules of the forth one are already available for distribution. Over the past 3 years, the station has evaluated experimental isolation structures for wind pollinated plant species and documented superior seed production levels in the lexan units. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Jenderek, M.M. Evaluation of diversity in seed production of the USDA, ARS Limnanthes germplasm collection. 2004 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, Seattle, WA, October 31-November 4. (Abstract). Jenderek, M.M. Cladode and flowering characteristics of the USDA Opuntia sp. germplasm collection. 2004 AAIC/NUC Joint Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, Sep. 19-23. (Abstract). Jenderek, M.M., F. Dugan, and R.M. Hannan. 2004. Tolerance to
rust (Puccinia alli) in seed derived garlic progenies. HortScience, vol.39(4) :775. Jenderek, M.M., and R.M. Hannan. Seed producing ability in selected populations of the USDA Limnanthes germplasm collection. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Central California Research Symposium, CSU Fresno, CA. April 22, 2004. Abstract:126. Jenderek, M.M., and R.M. Hannan. 2003. Variation in morphological and phonological characteristics in selected populations of the USDA Limnanthes germplasm collection. Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops, Portland, OR, October 12-15, 2003. Program and Abstracts:68. Jenderek, M.M., J. Serimian, G.L. Smith, and R.M. Hannan. Conservation of new industrial crops at the National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resource Unit. Future Farm of America Day, USDA,ARS, Parlier, CA. April 19, 2004. Poster only. Jenderek, M.M., and R.M. Hannan. 2003. Variation in morphological and phonological characteristics in selected populations of the USDA
Limnanthes germplasm collection. Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops, Portland, OR, October 12-15, 2003. Program and Abstracts:68. Kuhl, J.C., F. Cheung, Q. Yuan, J. McCallum, W. Martin, Y. Zewdie, K. J. McCallum, A. Catanach, P. Rutherford, Sink, M.M. Jenderek, J.P. Prince, C. D. Town, and M.J. Havey. 2004. Unique set of 11,008 onion (Allium cepa) ESTs reveals expressed sequence and genomic differences between the Monocot orders Asparagales and Poales. Plant and Animal Genome XII. San Diego, CA, January 10-14, 2004. Abstract P25:78. Simon, P.W., R.M. Hannan, M.M. Jenderek, and R.E. Voss. 2003. Environmental and genetic effects on garlic growth, flowering, and bulb characters. HortScience 38(5):783. Zewdie, Y., M. Havey, and J.P. Prince, and M.M. Jenderek. Genetic linkage map of garlic. HortScience, vol. 39(4):775. Zewdie, Y., M. Jenderek, M. Havey, and J.P. Prince. Development of the first linkage map in garlic. Plant and Animal Genome XII. San
Diego, CA, January 10-14, 2004. Abstract P744:257. Zewdie, Y., M. Havey, and J.P. Prince, and M.M. Jenderk. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) based genetic linkage map of garlic (Allium sativum). Proceedings of the 25th Annual Central California Research Symposium, CSU Fresno, CA. April 22, 2004. Abstract:127.
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