Source: MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV submitted to NRP
FURNITURE ENGINEERING AND NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES.
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
COMPLETE
Funding Source
MCINTIRE-STENNIS
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0228004
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Feb 1, 2012
Project End Date
Jan 31, 2017
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762
Performing Department
Forest Products
Non Technical Summary
Limited research has been carried out to investigate the effects of the significant difference in basic mechanical properties such as single-staple lateral resistances among different oriented strand-boards on the difference of load resistance performances of joints connected with multi-staples in upholstered furniture frame construction. With the increasing use of wood-based panel-type composites in furniture frame construction, panel manufacturers need such information to develop and manufacture products meeting furniture manufacturer requirements with competitive pricing without over or under engineering their products. Three different oriented strand-boards will be studied to find the significances. Loads for strength and durability design and testing of residential and institutional seating have not been fully developed for heavy and obese people. The United States adult population averaged 25.1 percent obese, up from 24.4 percent in 2005 and over double the rate of 11.6 percent in 1990. Furniture manufacturing businesses are in desperate need of a trustworthy testing regimen to evaluate their furniture designs for heavy and obese population. But, no present testing regimen exists for this population. We proposed this research to determine the forces exerted on the arms, seat, legs, and back of a chair during sitting and arising by human subjects whose weights range from 300 to 600 pounds. Renewable and biodegradable natural fibers have the potential to replace petroleum-based or glass fibers in automotive structural part application. These natural fibers possess many desirable characteristics, including low density, low cost, and high specific strength and stiffness. Automotive components made from lightweight natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites can reduce overall vehicle weight, which results in improved fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions. Kenaf bast fiber bundles (KBFBs) are one type of commonly used natural bast fiber. The last several years, our effort has been in developing fiber performing techniques to increase fiber loadings for KBFB-reinforce unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites and studying effects of fiber loadings and aspect ratios on composites tensile properties. The ultimate goal is to develop a continuous cost-effective production process for manufacturing high KBFB loading/UPE composites. But our research results indicated that the composite's tensile strength (54.6 MPa) was lower than the lower bound for the sheet molding compound (65 MPa) and is just below the manufacturer's specifications (58 MPa). Therefore, we proposed to continue our effort in increasing the tensile strength of KBFB-reinforced UPE composites through improving interfacial bonding between matrix and fibers and adjusting matrix loading-deformation property.
Animal Health Component
60%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
20%
Applied
60%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
51106502020100%
Knowledge Area
511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes;

Subject Of Investigation
0650 - Wood and wood products;

Field Of Science
2020 - Engineering;
Goals / Objectives
Frame Application of Wood Composite: The main objective of this study is to understand and compare the load resistance properties of three different types of OSB materials as upholstered furniture frame stocks and to obtain their basic load resistance properties for strength and durability design of furniture frames. The specific objectives are to: 1) evaluate the lateral shear resistance of face to face single-staple joints; 2) evaluate the lateral resistance of face to face single-row-multi-stapled joints; 3) evaluate the lateral resistance of face to face double-row-multi-stapled joints; 4) evaluate the lateral resistance of face to face glued joints; 5) evaluate the lateral withdrawal resistance of face to face multi stapled and glued joints; 6) derive equations to estimate the lateral resistance of staple-glued joints in OSB materials; 7) monitor the failure process of different type of joints such as staple only, glue only, and staple and glue using acoustic emission techniques. 8) evaluate the static moment resistance of L-type gusset-plate joints; 9) evaluate the static moment resistance of T-type gusset-plate joints; 10) develop mechanic models to predict static moment resistances of T-type and L-type gusset-plate joints for OSB materials; 11) evaluate fatigue moment resistances of L-type and T-type joints subjected to GSA and BIFMA loading schedules; and 12) evaluate fatigue bending performance of OSB materials subjected to edgewise bending fatigue stress using stress based approach. Development of Design and Testing Loads of Heavy Duty and Bariatric Seating: The objective of this proposed research is to determine the forces exerted on the arms, seat, legs, and back of a chair during sitting and arising by human subjects whose weights range from 300 to 600 pounds. Natural Fiber Composites: The objective is to improve the tensile strength of KBFB-reinforced UPE composites through improving interfacial bonding between matrix and fibers and adjust matrix loading-deformation property.
Project Methods
Frame Application of Wood Composites Static and fatigue performances of staple connected joints in three different OSBs will be evaluated. Single-staple, single-row-multi-staple, and two-row-multi-staple joints will be studied first, followed by the moment resistance evaluation of end-to-side L-type joints and end-to-side T-type joints. Static and fatigue bending performances of three different OSBs as upholstery furniture frame members will be evaluated. Development of Design of Testing Loads of Heavy and Bariatric Seating A chair representing an approximate average of bariatric frames of several manufacturers will be designed and fabricated. The chair will be instrumented with load cells and strain gauges to measure vertical, front-to-rear, and side-to-side forces on the arms, front-to-rear and side-to-side forces on the legs, vertical loading on the seat, and loading perpendicular-to-back on the back. 20 human subjects will be instructed to sit in the instrumented chair in a normal use fashion. Meanwhile, weight, height, age, and accompanying anthropometric dimensions (such as hip width, seat depth, chest width, chest depth, shoulder width, etc) of test subjects will be measured. Natural Fiber Composites: The raw materials used in this study are KBFBs, UPE, styrene, catalysts, binders, and a few additives. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) will be used as a thermoplastic binder, and also as a coupling agent to compatibilize fibers with the matrix resin. The composite fabrication process consists of four main steps: fiber bundle, mat pre-forming, UPE resin application, and compression molding. All specimens will be tested on an Instron 5869 Universal Testing Machine in accordance with ASTM Standard D638-03 (ASTM 2004).

Progress 02/01/12 to 01/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences are furniture manufacturers, and their materials suppliers such as wood-based panel product manufacturers, wood-plastic lumber manufacturers, fastener manufacturers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Yan Wang, Graduate Research Assistant, She completed her program and received her MS in August 2015. She is beginning her PhD program fall 2015. She participated in a summer 2015 internship with a local particleboard mill and attended the Winston plywood and veneer leadership training. June 6-10, 2016. During the course of this project, three graduate students received Master's degrees, and two graduate students received their Ph.d. degrees while participating in the research. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? (Jan 13, 2015) Met with Mississippi Development Authority. (Feb 4, 2015) Attended Tupelo Furniture Market and met with China delegation, gave a presentation titled "Furniture Research and Testing Capabilities at MSU". (May 26, 2015-June 15, 2015) Collaborated with faculty at Nanjing Forestry University to develop research proposals and recruit NFU students to continue education at MSU. (Aug 18, 2015) Met with Quality Plywood, Inc. to discuss research project related to using lignin-based adhesive as a binder to make furniture seat plywood. The results from development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating research project was presented to furniture manufacturers at International Woodworking Fair (IWF), August 20-23, 2014, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA. Also, a technical report was submitted to Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association International (BIFMA) which is a not-for-profit organization based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, US. It has been in operation since 1973 with its mission to lead, advocate, inform and develop voluntary product and industry standards that support safe, healthy and sustainable environments for the North American office and institutional furniture industry. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Static and fatigue performances of seat foundations of natural rattan chairs subjected to vertical loads were investigated. Static performance evaluation results indicated that rattan strip weaving patterns had significant effects on the vertical load-carrying capacity and stiffness performance of chair seat foundations. Herringbone- and grid-pattern woven seat foundations had significantly greater vertical load-carrying capacity than those made with a square-corner pattern. Square-corner-pattern seat foundations yielded a softer sitting surface than herringbone and grid patterns. Herringbone- and grid-pattern seat foundations provided firmer sitting feel and better deep down support for heavier sitters. The Burger model could be used to describe the force-deflection-time behavior of a rattan woven seat foundation subjected to vertical cyclic loading. Limited research was found related to the study of back forces on chairs sat on by people who weighed over 136 kg. The Business Institutional Furniture Manufactures Association needs force data for development of performance test standards to test chairs for users who weigh up to 181 kg. 20 participants who weighed from 136 to 186 kg completed six tasks on an instrumented chair in the sequence of sitting down, remaining seated, and rising. Effects of sitting motion, armrest use, and seat cushion thickness on back forces and centre-of-force were investigated. Experimental results indicated hard sitting down yielded the highest back force of 34.7 % in terms of participants' body weights. Armrest use and cushion thickness affected back forces of normal sitting down, but not of rising, hard sitting down, and remaining seated. The effects of driving torques on direct screw withdrawal resistance (DSWR) in OSB were investigated. Factors were pilot-hole diameters (1.6, 2, 2.4 mm), embedded screw orientations (edge-, end- and face-) and torque levels. The results showed that the pilot-hole diameters need to be chosen carefully. The DSWR in face orientation was higher than the ones in edge and end orientations. Based on the torque levels selected, the DSWR was lower at the torque level closer to the stripping torque levels in OSB. The effects of heating treatment conditions on tensile properties of palm fibers were investigated through two factorial experiments with factors of temperature (from 100 to 200 ? with an increment of 20 ?) and time (3, 6 and 9 h). Experimental results showed that heating temperature had significant influence on tensile properties of palm fibers, i.e., the higher heating temperature led to higher Young's modulus, and lower breaking strength and elongation. The tensile properties of palm fibers change sharply at heating temperature of 160-180 ?. The Young's modulus of palm fibers increased, and the breaking strength and elongation decreased with longer heating time.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Tor O, Demirel S, Hu L, Zhang J. 2016. Effects of Driving Torques on Direct Screw Withdrawal Resistance in OSB. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. Vol 16 (2):438-446.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Liu, Xin, Zhihui Wu, Jilei Zhang. 2016. Effects of heating temperature and time on the tensile properties of palm fibers. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition) 40(2):149-154.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wang, Yan. 2015. Lateral resistance capacities of particleboard-to-metal screwed connections. Master's Thesis. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. etd-06302015-232619.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: The results from development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating research project was presented to furniture manufacturers at International Woodworking Fair (IWF), August 20-23, 2014, Georgia World Congress Center,Atlanta, GA. Also, a technical report was submitted to Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association International (BIFMA) which is a not-for-profit organization based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, US. It has been in operation since 1973 with its mission to lead, advocate, inform and develop voluntary product and industry standards that support safe, healthy and sustainable environments for the North American office and institutional furniture industry.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Yan Wang, Graduate Research Assistant, and Jilei Zhang presented "Lateral resistance capacities of particleboard-to-metal screwed connections" as the Forest Products Society 70th International Convention, June 27-30, 2016, Marriott Hotel, Portland, OR.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: A. C. Konukcu, Min Li, (GRA's) and Jilei Zhang, Professor, presented "Tensile strength and stiffness properties of dovetail type joints in furniture" at the Forest Products Society 70th International Convention, June 27-29, 2016, Portland, OR.


Progress 10/01/15 to 06/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences are furniture manufacturers and wood-based panel product manufacturers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Yan Wang, Graduate Research Assistant, and Jilei Zhang presented "Lateral resistance capacities of particleboard-to-metal screwed connections" as the Forest Products Society 70th International Convention, June 27-30, 2016, Marriott Hotel, Portland, OR. Yan Wang, Graduate Research Assistant, attended the Winston plywood and veneer leadership training. June 6-10, 2016. Winston Plywood Company, Louisville, MS. A. C. Konukcu, Min Li, (GRA's) and Jilei Zhang, Professor, presented "Tensile strength and stiffness properties of dovetail type joints in furniture" at the Forest Products Society 70th International Convenvention, June 27-29, 2016, Portland, OR. Xiaoling Zhou, GRA, was awarded the Outstanding Graduate Student Award at College of Forest Resources student awards banquet, April 19, 2016, THE BOST EXTENSION CENTER, MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, Starkville, MS. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results have been disseminated through presentations at conferences and publications. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The plan will be to conclude the project with a project summary.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The in-plane bending moment resistance of a T-shaped joint connected with two gusset plates stapled on one side of joint members in three oriented strandboard (OSB) materials was investigated. Experimental results indicated that in-plane moment resistance loads of T-shaped, one-sided, two-gusset-plate joints at ultimate point on average were about 1.9 times their corresponding moment loads at proportional limit. The proposed mechanical model was verified experimentally as a valid means for deriving estimation equations of in-plane bending moment resistance loads of T-shaped, one-sided, two-gusset-plate joints in OSB materials used in the study. Experimental results and derived equations of in-plane bending moment resistance loads indicated that a T-shaped, one-sided, two-gusset-plate joint in OSB materials will always have a higher in-plane bending moment resistance load than an L-shaped one if the rail width in a L-shaped joint is the same as the stump width in a T-shaped joint. The difference in magnitude is affected by the critical joint member width and distance from the point at the stump where the external in-plane moment load is applied to the rail top edge. Critical torque factors, typically used for screw driving behavior, were used to investigate characteristics of torque behavior in wood-based composites. The factors investigated were wood-based composite type, embedded screw orientation, and pilot-hole diameter. Recorded torque-time curves, which illustrated the complete process of driving screws into wood-based composites, indicated that screw torques behaved differently in sides and faces of wood-based composites, and that the whole screw driving process can be divided into two phases. Critical torques of these two phases on torque-time curves were defined and named. Statistical analyses of evaluated factors on critical torques, such as maximum drive torques (MDT) and stripping torques (STT), indicated that those factors had significant interactive effects on critical torques. Oriented strandboard materials evaluated had mean MDT from 1.04 to 1.75 N·m, mean STT from 3.30 to 5.91 N·m, and mean STT-to-MDT ratios from 3.18 to 3.53. Particleboard materials had mean MDT ranging from 1.01 to 1.84 N·m, mean STT ranging from 3.12 to 6.05 N·m, and mean STT-to-MDT ratios ranging from 3.08 to 3.29. The lateral load resistance behavior of an unconstrained, two-member, single-bolt connection in outdoor furniture applications was investigated. The unconstrained connection consisted of a wood-plastic composite (WPC) main member fastened to a metal plate as a side member through a 6.35-mm diameter bolt without a nut or washer used. Experimental results indicated that unconstrained WPC-to-metal single-bolt connections had a significantly higher lateral resistance load if the WPC main member is loaded in the direction perpendicular to the WPC material extrusion direction than the parallel direction. Tested connections failed with bolts having one plastic hinge bent which occurred at the interface between the metal plate and WPC main member, accompanied by the WPC main members having a compressive yield fracture at their sides close to the metal plate, but no obvious compressive mark was observed at the opposite sides. Proposed linear and yield mechanical models were verified experimentally as a valid means for deriving estimation equations of lateral resistance loads of unconstrained WPC-to-metal single-bolt connections.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Liu, Xin, Zhihui Wu, Jilei Zhang. 2016. Effects of heating temperature and time on the tensile properties of palm fibers. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition) 40(2):149-154.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Demirel, Samet, Xiaohong Yu, Onder Tor, Jilei Zhang. 2016. In-plane bending moment resistance of T-shaped one-sided two-gusset-plane furniture joints in oriented strandboard. Wood and Fiber Science 48(3):202-210.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Liu, Xin, Zhihui Wu, Jilei Zhang. 2016. The effects of heating treatment on the tensile properties of palm petioles fibers. Bioresources. Accepted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kuang, Fuchun, Zhihui Wu, Frank Quit, Jilei Zhang. 2016. Lateral load resistance behavior of wood-plastic-to-metal single-bolt connections in outdoor furniture. Wood and Fiber Science. Submitted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kuang, Fuchun, Yan Xing, Zhihui Wu, Jilei Zhang. 2016. Characteristics of screwdriving torques in wood-plastic composites. Wood and Fiber Science. Submitted.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences are furniture manufacturers, wood-based panel manufacturers, and mechanical fastener manufacturers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Graduate student (Ondor Tor) completed his graduate program of study and received his PhD in May 2015. Graduate student (Yan Wang) completed her program and received her Ms in August 2015. She is beginning her PhD program fall 2015. She participated in a summer 2015 internship with a local particleboard mill. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?(Jan 13, 2015) Met with Mississippi Development Authority. (Feb 4, 2015) Attended Tupelo Furniture Market and met with China delegation, gave a presentation titled "Furniture Researcha nd Testing Capabilities at MSU". (May 26, 2015-June 15, 2015) Collaborated with faculty at Nanjing Forestry University to develop research proposals and recruit NFU students to continue education at MSU. (Aug 18, 2015) Met with Quality Plywood, Inc. to discuss research project related to using lignin-based adhesive as a binder to make furniture seat plywood. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The plan will be to prepare and submit two more manuscripts from frame application of wood composite research and two manuscripts from development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating research project to refereed journals, and conclude the whole project with a project summary and prepare a new proposal for approval.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Results from the research of development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating project help Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association International (BIFMA) develop the new standard ANSI/BIFMA X5.1102915, titled "General-Purpose Large Occupant Office Chair - Tests, which was approved January 5, 2015.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Demirel, S., J. Zhang. 2014. Face lateral resistance of oriented strandboard joints connected with two rows of 16-gauge coated staples. Wood and Fiber Science 46(2):280-290.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Tor, Onder, Xiaohong Yu, Jilei Zhang. 2015. Characteristics of torques for driving screws into wood-based composites. Wood and Fiber Science 47(1): 2-16.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Yu, Xiaohong, Onder Tor, Franklin Quin, Dan Seale, Jilei Zhang. 2015. Screwdriving torques in particleboard. Wood and Fiber Science 47(1): 17-30.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Xu, Wei, Zhihui Wu, Jilei Zhang, Weiguo Mao, Qiongtao Huang. 2015. Preliminary study of effects of tip geometry and material type of circular saws on cutting surface quality of medium density fiberboard. Forest Prod J. 65(3/4):100-105.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Xu, Wei, Zhihui Wu, Jilei Zhang. 2015. Compressive creep and recovery behaviors of seat cushions in upholstery furniture. Wood and Fiber Science. 47(4), 2015, pp.1-14.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Gu, Y., Z. Wu, and J. Zhang. 2015. Load-deformation behavior of seat foundations of rattan chairs subjected to static and cyclic vertical loadings. Wood and Fiber Science.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Tor, Onder. 2015. Prediction of driving torque and direct withdrawal capacity of screws in particleboard. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. etd-06302015-170224.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Sun, Xin. 2014. Finite element analysis of adhesive bonding performances of wooden dowel pin joints in furniture. Masters thesis. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. etd-10282014-145930.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences are furniture manufacturers and wood-based panel product manufacturers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Students toured Franklin Furniture Mfg., Nov 06, 2013 in Houston, MS; the Kevin Charles Fine Upholstery plant. Nov 20, 2013 in New Albany, MS; and Albany Industries, Feb 07, 2014 in New Albany, MS. These activities helped the graduate student, Arif Konukcu, complete his research project analyzing material cutting yields, and techniques to suggest to the industry to improve its material cutting yield. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results from development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating research project was presented to furniture manufacturers at International Woodworking Fair (IWF), August 20-23, 2014, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA. Also, a technical report was submitted to Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association International (BIFMA) which is a not-for-profit organization based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, US. It has been in operation since 1973 with its mission to lead, advocate, inform and develop voluntary product and industry standards that support safe, healthy and sustainable environments for the North American office and institutional furniture industry. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? The plan will be to prepare two manuscripts from frame application of wood composite research and three manuscripts from development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating research project for submission to refereed journals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Major activities in development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating were completed, and there is no research activity in natural fiber composite research. The specific objective of development of design and testing loads of heavy duty and bariatric seating research activities were all met. The vertical sitting forces and centre-of-force (COF) were measured using an instrumented chair with 20 participants of weights from 136 to 186 kg completing six tasks in the sequence of sitting down, seated, and rising. Effects of armrest use, cushion thickness, and sitting motion were investigated. Results indicated hard sitting down yielded the highest sitting force of 213% in terms of participants’ body weights, followed by normal sitting down of 109%, rising of 103%, and load during seated of 94%. Armrest use affected the force on the seat during normal sitting down, but not rising and hard sitting down; and the COF of normal sitting down and rising, but not hard sitting down. The seat cushion thickness affected the sitting forces of normal sitting down and rising, but not hard sitting down and seated; and the COF of hard sitting down, but not normal sitting down, rising, and seated. Results from this research such as the sitting force data can help furniture manufacturers develop new product performance test standards for creating sound engineering design and manufacturing quality and durable products to meet a niche market need.

Publications

  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Konukcu, Arif Caglar. 2014. Improvement of upholstery furniture manufacturing through efficient material utilization for CNC layout. Master's Thesis. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. etd-06272014-124833
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gu, Y., Z. Wu, and J. Zhang. 2013. Tensile and bending moment resistances of T-shaped joints in rattan chairs. Wood and Fiber Science 45(4):429-441.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lingling Hu, Bob Tackett, Onder Tor, and Jilei Zhang. 2014. Analysis of vertical sitting forces on the seat while sitting down, seated, and rising from a stationary chair in subjects weighing 136 to 186 kg. Ergonomics. Submitted.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kasal, Ali, Nadir Yildirim, Jilei Zhang, Yusuf Ziya Erdil, and Selcuk Demirci. 2014. Effect of material properties and anchorage location on load-bearing capacity of screw connected and hung cabinets. Wood and Fiber Science 46(1):29-38.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Xu, Wei, Zhihui Wu, and Jilei Zhang. 2014. Effects of species and growth ring angles on acoustic performance of wood as resonance boards. Wood and Fiber Science 46(3):412-420.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Du, Yicheng, Jilei Zhang, and Sheldon Shi. 2014. Acoustic emission of bolt-bearing testing on structural composite lumbers. Wood and Fiber Science 46(1):118-126.


Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audiences are furniture manufacturers and wood-based panel product manufacturers. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Major activities in frame application of wood composite research were completed, and there is no research activity in natural fiber composite research. The specific objectives 1 through 12 of frame application of wood composite research activities were all met. Experimental results from testing single-staple joints indicated that the face strand orientation of OSB materials had no significant effect on their staple holding capacity in resisting lateral shear loads. The OSB-III with a density of 35.19 pcf (563 kg/m3) had a significantly higher lateral shear resistance capacity than OSB-II with a density of 29.12 pcf (466 kg/m3). Results of multi-staple joints indicated that there was no significant difference in lateral shear load resistance capacities between OSB-II and OSB-III joints. The lateral shear load resistance capacity of multi-staple joints increased significantly as the number of staples increased from two to four in increments of one. Two alternative power equations were suggested to estimate the lateral shear load resistance capacity of face-to-face one-row vertically aligned multi-staple joints in oriented strandboards. One equation requires knowing the lateral shear resistance load of single-staple joints in an OSB material, and the other one requires knowing the density of an OSB material constructing the joints. Experimental results indicated that the ultimate lateral resistance of the face-to-face OSB joints increases significantly as the number of staples increases from two to eight in increments of two. Vertical and horizontal staple alignment does not significantly affect the ultimate lateral resistance of the face-to-face OSB joints when the number of staples is less than eight. The face-to-face OSB joints constructed of a higher density material yields a higher ultimate lateral resistance, but the significant increase in ultimate lateral resistances due to increase in material density depends on the number of staples used and also staple alignment. The increase in the ultimate lateral resistance becomes more sensitive to material density increase once the number of staples used is six and higher. The ultimate lateral resistance of face-to-face OSB joints connected with two rows of staples can be reasonably estimated using two alternative empirical power equations. One equation requires the ultimate lateral resistance of a face-to-face OSB joint connected with one staple. The other equation requires the density of an OSB material used as the joint member. Experimental results showed that ultimate moment resistances of L-shaped, gusset-plate-connected joints ranged from 429 to 842 N-m. Ultimate moment resistance loads of joints connected with 12 staples were 43% higher than those with eight staples. Ultimate moment resistance loads increased as rail width increased from 152 to 203 mm with an increment of 25.4 mm, but the significance was affected by material type and number of staples. The increase in ultimate moment resistance loads of L-shaped, gusset-plate-connected joints was not sensitive to material density profile change and density increase when 178 mm or less wide rails were used, but the increase in moment resistances was sensitive to density increase when 203 mm wide rails were used. Moment load-displacement curves of gusset-plate-connected joints indicated that moment resistance loads at ultimate point were two times of their corresponding moment resistance loads at proportional limit. The mechanical model was verified experimentally as a valid means for deriving estimation equations of moment resistances of L-shaped, gusset-plate-connected joints in oriented strandboards. A method was developed to predict the lateral load resistance of multi-staple connected joints in oriented strandboard materials based on basic material mechanical properties such as single-staple lateral resistance load capacity. Also, a mechanical model was developed for deriving bending moment resistance capacity of gusset-plate-connected joints based on basic material mechanical properties obtained from the studies of lateral resistances of single-, and multi-staple-connected joints in oriented strandboard materials.application of wood composite research activities were all met.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Demirel, S. and J. Zhang. 2013. Bending moment resistance of L-shaped two-gusset-plate-connected furniture joints in oriented strandboard. Wood and Fiber Sci. Submitted.
  • Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Demirel, Samet, 2012, STATIC AND FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF ORIENTED STRANDBOARD AS UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE FRAME STOCK. PhD dissertation, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 175pp. etd-03212012-085200.Published.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Demirel, S., J. Zhang, D. Jones, S. Kitchens, WV. Martin, and H. Yu. 2013. Face lateral shear resistance of one-row multi-staple joints in oriented strandboard. Forest Prod. J. 63(2). doi:10.13073/FPJ-D-12-00073. Awaiting Publication.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Submitted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Demirel, S. and J. Zhang. 2013. Lateral load resistance of face-to-face two-row-staple-connected joints in oriented strandboard. Wood and Fiber Sci. Submitted.


Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Frame Application of Wood Composite: Studies were completed on the lateral shear resistances of face to face single-staple, single-row-multi-stapled, and double-row-multi-stapled joints. Based on the results from the studies, one refereed journal paper was completed and submitted, and one refereed journal paper completed the department internal review process. One Ph.D. student completed his project related to evaluation of OSB as upholstery furniture frame stock. With the completion of his dissertation and five refereed journal paper drafts, he graduated on May 2012. A new Ph.D. student has started his research project related to fundamental investigation of wood screw torque performance in wood and wood-based composite. A new MS student has started his research project related to simulation of furniture joint strength performance. "Development of Design and Testing Loads of Heavy Duty and Bariatric Seating" : A a chair was instrumented with load cells and strain guages to measure vertical, front-to-rear, and side-to-side forces on the arms, front-to-rear and side-to-side forces on the legs, vertical loading on the seat, and loading perpendicular-to-back. In these experiments, human subjects were instructed to sit in the instrumented chair in a normal use fashion. The measurements and load data will be sorted and analyzed. PARTICIPANTS: Furniture Application of Wood Composites Project: Dr. Jilei Zhang, PI, provides joint performance evaluation and modeling advice. Graduate students, Samet Demirel, Onder Tor, and Xin Sun, perform tasks such as literature review, experimental design, testing work, data analysis, and reporting. Research associate, Franklin Quin, provides assistance to graduate students with their material preparation and testing setup. Development of Design and Testing Loads of Heavy Duty and Bariatric Seating: Dr. Jilei Zhang, PI, manages the project and provides experimental design and chair instrumentation advice and analyzes data and completes the report. Research associate, Bob Tackett, performs tasks such as chair instrumentation, testing, and data collection. TARGET AUDIENCES: Upholstery furniture and wood-based composite manufacturers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Frame Application of Wood Composite: Experimental results from testing single-staple joints indicated that the face strand orientation of oriented strandboards (OSB) had no significant effect on their staple holding capacity in resisting lateral shear loads. The OSB with a density of 46.4 pcf (OSB-III) had a significantly higher lateral shear resistance capacity than OSB-II with a density of 43.4 pcf, which had a significantly higher lateral shear resistance capacity than OSB-I with a density of 40.6 pcf. Results of multi-staple joints indicated that the lateral shear resistance capacity of multi-staple joints in OSB-I was significantly lower than the joints in OSB-II and OSB-III. There was no significant difference in lateral shear load resistance capacities between OSB-II and OSB-III joints. The lateral shear load resistance capacity of multi-staple joints increased significantly as the number of staples increased from two to four at increments of one. Two alternative power equations were suggested to estimate the lateral shear load resistance capacity of face-to-face one-row vertically aligned multi-staple joints in oriented strandboards. One equation requires knowing the lateral shear resistance load of single-staple joints in an OSB material, and the other one requires knowing the density of an OSB material constructing the joints. Experimental results from the lateral shear resistance study of face-to-face two-row multi-staple connected joints in the OSB materials indicated the lateral shear resistance capacity increased significantly as the number of staples increased from 2 to 8 with an increment of 2, but was not affected by staple alignment orientations. A higher density OSB tended to yield a higher lateral shear resistance capacity, but the significance depended on the number of staples used and also the staple alignment orientation. Regression analyses indicated the lateral shear resistance capacity of face-to-face two-row vertically and horizontally-aligned multi-staple joints in an OSB material can be reasonably estimated using two alternative empirical power equations which require knowing the OSB density or the lateral shear resistance capacity of a single-staple joint in the OSB material.

Publications

  • No publications reported this period