Source: IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
DEVELOPING VALIDATED AND OBJECTIVE INDUSTRY-READY TOOLS TO ASSESS JOINT PAIN MANIFESTATION AND LAMENESS IN THE SOW.
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0225047
Grant No.
2011-67021-30369
Project No.
IOW05295
Proposal No.
2010-04424
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
A1501
Project Start Date
Apr 15, 2011
Project End Date
Apr 14, 2016
Grant Year
2011
Project Director
Butters-Johnson, A. K.
Recipient Organization
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
2229 Lincoln Way
AMES,IA 50011
Performing Department
Animal Science
Non Technical Summary
Lameness in swine has a significant impact on animal welfare. The results of a recent survey conducted by our research group indicate that 84% of sows at slaughter had one or more foot lesion. Further analyses identified that over 20% of sows are misclassified by farm caretakers as to why the sows leave the herd prematurely and gilts and sows exiting the breeding herd prior to paying for their economic inputs result in a net monetary loss for the farm. It has been noted that by improving longevity by .10 (moving from an average parity at culling from 3.4 to 4.4) is worth ~$23 million/year to the U.S. pork industry Lameness is therefore considered one of the most important causes of culling in sows in the United States and is a significant animal welfare issue. Science-based guidance for the industry on optimal housing, management and treatment of lame pigs is deficient. There are no approved drug treatments for analgesia or lameness in swine because identification and validation of robust, repeatable pain measurements is fundamental for the development of effective analgesic drug regimens and management strategies for use in lame pigs. Research to address the limited knowledge in this area is essential to formulating science-based recommendations for pig producers. This will become especially important if legislative actions succeed in preventing downed animals from entering the human food chain (Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act and the Healthy School Meals Act) regardless of etiology. This proposal develops detection tools, objective decision criteria, and validated treatment regimens to prevent lame and painful swine from entering the U.S. food chain and compromising food safety and public acceptance.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
33%
Applied
34%
Developmental
33%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3063510102010%
3063510118010%
3073510102020%
3073510118020%
3153510102020%
3153510118020%
Goals / Objectives
Lameness has a large negative economic impact and it has been estimated to cost the U.S. swine ~$23 million/year. Science-based guidance for the industry on optimal housing, management and treatment of lame pigs is deficient. There are no approved drug treatments for analgesia or lameness in swine and, the identification and validation of robust, repeatable pain measurements is fundamental for the development of effective analgesic drug regimens and management strategies. Our proposal presents original preliminary data demonstrating the feasibility of inducing lameness in pigs using a chemical model of synovitis and concurrently measuring stages of lameness in the same pig using a variety of detection tools that span (1) kinematics (2) physiology (3) pain and (4) behavior. Our specific aims are to: (1) Use an innovative chemical model of synovitis to create populations of pigs that are experiencing pain manifested as lameness and validate a list of objective assessment tools. (2) Utilize tools to quantify the analgesic effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs using the chemical synovitis model. (3) Utilize the most effective NSAID to quantify pig preference for bedding when experiencing pain through the manifested of lameness.
Project Methods
Specific Aim 1 will use a chemical model of synovitis to create populations of animals that are experiencing pain manifested as lameness and validate a list of objective assessment tools to determine which of those tools discriminate between animals in a painful and non-painful state. A total of 24 non-bred pigs will be allocated to treatments (left rear [n = 12] or right rear hoof [n = 12) and acclimated for 7 days prior to study commencement. Each pig will serve as its own control and treatment in a cross-over design. Pigs will then be placed onto trial and kinematic, physiology, behavior, health, performance and pain sensitivity measures will be collected the day before induction of lameness (D0; baseline), the day after induction (D2; most lame) and 7 days after induction of lameness (D8; recovery and resolution of lameness). Specific Aim 2 will utilize the tools identified in Specific Aim 1 to quantify the analgesic effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flunixin-meglumine and meloxicam using the chemical synovitis model. A typical pharmacokinetic study will be conducted for each of the potential analgesic candidates. A total of 24 non-bred pigs will be used for each drug in a two way crossover design. Six pigs will be randomly allocated to each of two routes of drug administration: Meloxicam orally and intravenous or Flunixin-meglumine orally and intramuscular. Serum samples will be obtained and assayed for the target analyte. Next pharmacokinetic parameters to design a dosing regimen and route of administration for these two drugs (n = 12 pigs/drug/appropriate route) will occur. Specific Aim 3 will utilize the most effective NSAID from Specific Aim 2 to quantify pig preference for bedding when experiencing pain through the manifested of lameness. A total of 36 clinically normal, non-bred pigs will be allocated to one of two treatments; trt 1 NSAID identified by SA2 or trt 2 nothing (control). On D0 (baseline) two types of flooring will be offered to the pig (1) concrete floor and (2) corn stalks. Activity, behavior and health measures will be collected the day before induction of lameness (baseline), the day after induction (D2; most lame) and for 7 consecutive days after induction of lameness (D3 to D8; recovery and resolution of lameness). Data Analysis Repeated measures data (blood, behavior, performance, pressure algometer, plantar, GAITFour and embedded microcomputer based force plate system) will be analyzed using a Mixed Effects model allowing for unequal variances across time (PROC MIXED, SAS). The model will be fit with treatment group, time and treatment by time interaction as fixed terms, and animal as a random effect. In addition, comparisons will be made between pre- and post-lameness measurements using a General Linear Model (Proc GLM) with non-bred pig age in days as a covariate. Non-compartmental analysis (based on statistical moment theory) of the Flunixin-meglumine, and Meloxicam time-concentration data will be performed using the commercially available software program WinNonlin.

Progress 04/15/11 to 04/14/16

Outputs
Target Audience:American Veterinary Medical Association American Association of Swine Veterinarians Food and Drugs Administration U.S. swine industry (National Pork Board and State Associations) Academics Welfare groups Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Technician Mrs. Rebecca Parsons Technician Ms. Kristin Hammen MS student Miss Caroline Mohling PhD student Dr. Monique Pairis-Garcia 13 Undergraduates 9 Veterinary students 7 Graduate Students 336 Fourth year swine rotation students How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?While the product citations included in this report reflect only the final year of this grant project, overall, methods and results have been disseminated using a multi-modal and effective approach. Results have firstly been disseminated using traditional means, for example at Professional meetings through abstracts and delivered via oral and poster presentation (AASV, ASAS and ISAE). Peer review papers have been accepted in 12 journals. Second, results have been delivered through extension routes, for example magazine articles, animal industry reports, and at extension meetings. Finally, information has been incorporated into undergraduate and graduate teaching courses at ISU (AnS 33 Domestic animal behavior and well-being" and ANS 537 "Animal Behavior"). In addition, 13 undergraduates, 9 veterinary students, 7 graduate students and 336 fourth year swine rotation veterinary students worked at the sow lab collecting data for this project. Publications in the following journals: Animal Animal Welfare Applied Engineering in Agriculture BMC Veterinary Research Journal of Animal Science Journal of Extension Journal of Swine Health and Production Journal of Veterinary Behavior Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Laboratory animals Livestock Science The Professional Animal Scientist Abstracts presented at professional meetings American society of Animal Science American Association of Swine Veterinarians International Society of Applied Ethology Extension publications Animal Industry Reports through Iowa State University Pig Progress. 10:12-13. http://www.pigprogress.net/Digital-Magazine/?title=23&edition=1298&page=0&sy=2014&tn=pigprogress Swine Disease Conference, Ames, IA. World Pork Expo. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Lameness ranks as the number three reason for sow removal in the United States and is a significant animal welfare issue. Gilts and sows exiting the breeding herd due to lameness but prior to paying for their economic inputs result in a net monetary loss for the farm. It has been noted that by improving longevity by .10 (moving from an average parity at culling from 3.4 to 4.4) is worth ~$23 million/year to the U.S. pork industry. The team has confirmed that meloxicam and flunixin meglumine are effective pharmaceutical interventions to manage sow lameness pain. Sows on pharmaceutical interventions were more active when most lame. In addition, several tools have been identifed as being sensitive for detecting lame sows. These tools will provide valuable on farm resources for caretakers and swine veterinarians so that they can effectively manage lame sows. This will improve overall sow welfare, and in turn, may help the U.S. swine industry maintain consumer support and purchasing of U.S. pork. Objective 1) Use an innovative chemical model of synovitis to create populations of pigs that are experiencing pain manifested as lameness and validate a list of objective assessment tools. This project was successfully in validating the sow chemical synovitis model to create an animal population that were experiencing lameness pain. Sows induced lame were most lame 24-h after induction and lameness resolution was complete 10-d after induction. Our method allowed all sows to become sound again. This was a vital component because, in turn, it allowed us to test and validate a variety of lameness tools. We have validated that the following tools are objective and can detect and assess sow lameness pain: physiology (cortisol levels peak on the most lame days), kinematics (GaitFour and the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system), behavior in their home pen in particular the length of time they lie, the way that they lie and time and number of postural adjustments used when the sow moved from standing to lying; mechanical nociception threshold tests (pressure algometry and thermal sensitivity). Objective 2) Utilize tools to quantify the analgesic effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs using the chemical synovitis model. This project was the first to publish sow pharmokinetic (PK) studies that focused on meloxicam and flunixin-meglumine (FM), two non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs (NSAIDs). Key findings from the PK studies indicate that Meloxicam is well absorbed after oral administration but Intra-muscular administration is more effective for FM. Using the kinematic tools and these NSAIDs our research suggests that meloxicam and flunixin meglumine are effective pharmaceutical interventions for alleviating pain associated with a chemically induced synovitis model. When using the mechanical noception threshold tests and these NSAIDs, we found that both meloxicam and flunixin meglumine were effective in modifying pain sensitivity in lame sows evaluated using pressure algometry. Thermal sensitivity tests were also applied during this time but were only sensitive enough to detect changes in pain sensitivity immediately after drug administration. Finally, sow behavior was also affected with use of these NSAIDs. Sows administered meloxicam exhibited decreased lying frequency +48 and +72 h after lameness induction when compared to saline-treated (control) sows. The present findings suggest that meloxicam administration successfully mitigated pain sensitivity 48-72 h after lameness induction when pain mitigation evaluation was based on postural frequencies. No differences were noted in standing or sitting postures among sows from the different treatments suggesting changes in inactive postures, such as lying, may be a better indicator to determine drug efficacy intended to improve sow comfort and welfare. Objective 3) Utilize the most effective NSAID to quantify pig preference for bedding when experiencing pain through the manifested of lameness. Data are still being analyzed for this objective and we do not have any findings to present at this time.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Parsons, R. L., A. K. Johnson, J. F. Coetzee, L. A. Karriker, C. M. Mohling, M. D. Pairis-Garcia, K. J. Stalder, and S. T. Millman. 2015. Sow behavioral responses to transient, chemically-induced synovitis lameness. Acta Agriculture. Scandavian A. Animal Science. DOI: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09064702.2015.1110617
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Pairis-Garcia, M. D., A. K. Johnson, C. A. Abell, J. F. Coetzee, L. A. Karriker, S. T. Millman and K. J. Stalder. 2015. Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using a GAITFour pressure mat and an embedded microcomputer-based force plate system. Journal of Animal Science. 93:2100-2110.


Progress 04/15/14 to 04/14/15

Outputs
Target Audience: U.S. swine industry (National Pork Board and State Associations) Academics Welfare groups American Veterinary Medical Association American Association of Swine Veterinarians Food and Drug Administration Changes/Problems: The project has been granted a one-year extension. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Dr. Monique Pairis-Garcia completed her PhD in Physiology in May 2014. Dr. Pairis-Garcia is now an Assistant Professor at The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Science. The title of her dissertation was "Advancing techniques to promote the welfare of sows utilized in laboratory based lameness models". One undergraduate and two veterinary students assisted with scoring behavioral video collected in 2014. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Methods and results have been disseminated through peer review abstracts and papers and extension venues, for example Animal Industry Reports and trade magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Behavioral data from objective 3 is being scored and collected. Then the data will be analyzed and a peer review paper will be written. In addition, one more peer review paper will be written on sow behavior when lame using the lameness model when no analgesics were given.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Animal behavior is a key parameter to evaluate animal welfare since it most accurately reflects the animal's integrated response to its situation. Swine behavior commonly associated with swine pain include: vocalization, abnormal standing posture, decreased body weight, reluctance to move, decreased appetite, restlessness, head turning, limping, and depression. Aim #1: Use an innovative chemical model of synovitis to create populations of pigs that are experiencing pain manifested as lameness and validate a list of objective assessment tools. Preliminary results indicate that sows decreased standing, lying sternally, drinking, foraging and sitting on Day +1 compared to Day -1 (P < 0.01). Laterally lying, regardless of side, increased on Day +1 compared to Day -1 (P < 0.01). All behaviors and postures returned to Day +1 levels by Day +6. Aim #2: Utilize tools to quantify the analgesic effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs using the chemical synovitis model. Nociceptive threshold tests: The results of this study confirmed that the pressure algometer and thermal sensitivity tests are sensitive and objective tools for detecting and assessing pain sensitivity. In addition, 37 through 72 hours after lameness induction, meloxicam and flunixin meglumine treated sows tolerated higher pressure algometer nociceptive thresholds compared to saline treated sows. Changes in thermal nociceptive thresholds were evident at the Tmax time points for meloxicam administration and 72 and 168 hours post lameness induction for flunixin meglumine treated sows. In conclusion flunixin meglumine and meloxicam administration mitigated pain sensitivity in lame sows post lameness induction when pain sensitivity was evaluated with pressure algometry. These results have been submitted to Animal Welfare Journal and are currently under review. Kinematics: The results of this study confirmed that the Embedded Microcomputer based force plate system effectively identified sow lameness by measuring the weight of each leg but was not sensitive enough to detect differences between sows treated with flunixin meglumine, meloxicam or saline. Physiological parameters: Cortisol and substance P were not effective physiological parameters for detecting pain sensitivity in lame sows and therefore not an effective tool for detecting efficacy of either meloxicam or flunixin meglumine as pharmacological tools for pain management. Aim #3: Utilize the most effective NSAID to quantify pig preference for bedding when experiencing pain through the manifested of lameness. Preliminary descriptive results indicate that sow behavior and postures are sensitive and will be considered an objective tool for detecting and assessing pain sensitivity. Data collection was completed December 2014 and now Q/A, data analysis and writing up of these results needs to occur.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pairis-Garcia, M.D., A.K. Johnson, K. Stalder, L. Karriker, J. Coetzee, and S.T. Millman. 2014. Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using nociceptive threshold tests. Animal Welfare 23:219-229.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pairis-Garcia, M.D., A.K. Johnson, and S.T. Millman. 2014. Case study: Treatment of oral and locomotory stereotypic behaviors in a mature sow. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 9:269-273.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mohling C.M., A.K. Johnson, J.F. Coetzee, L.A. Karriker, C.E. Abell, S.T. Millman, and K.J. Stalder. 2014. Kinematics as objective tools to evaluate lameness phases in multiparous sows. Livestock Science 165:120-128.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Righi M.M., M.D. Pairis-Garcia, S.T. Millman, and A.K. Johnson. 2014. Evaluating changes to lying and standing in lame sows administered flunixin meglumine. Journal of Animal Science 92:116.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mohling, C., A. Johnson, K. Stalder, C. Abell, L. Karriker, H. Coetzee, and S. Millman. 2014. Embedded micro-computer base force plate as an objective tool to measure hoof lameness phases in multiparous sows. Animal Industry Report R2909.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mohling, C., A. Johnson, k. Stalder, C. Abell, L. Karriker, H. Coetzee, and S. Millman. 2014. Gait analysis as an objective tool to measure hoof lameness phases in mulitparous sows. Animal Industry Report R 2910.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mohling, C., A. Johnson, C. Abell, K. Stalder, L. Karriker, H. Coetzee, and S. Millman. 2014. Thermal and mechanical nociception threshold tests as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness phases in mulitparous sows. Animal Industry Report R2913.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pairis-Garcia, M.D., A. Ramirez, and A. Johnson. 2014. Managing pain on swine farms. Pig Progress. 30(10):12-13.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mohling C.M., A.K. Johnson, J.F. Coetzee, L.A. Karriker K.J. Stalder, C.E. Abell, H.D. Tyler and S.T. Millman. 2014. Evaluation of mechanical and thermal nociception as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness phases in multiparous sows. Journal of Animal Science 92:3073-3081.


Progress 04/15/13 to 04/14/14

Outputs
Target Audience: U.S. swine industry (National Pork Board and State Associations) Academics Welfare groups American Veterinary Medical Association American Association of Swine Veterinarians Food and Drugs Administration Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One graduate student (Caroline Mohling) completed her Masters in Physiology in December 2013. In addition, one graduate student (Monique Pairis-Garcia) will complete her PhD in Physiology in May 2014. The title of her dissertation will be “Advancing techniques to promote the welfare of sows utilized in laboratory based lameness models”. To assist on the data collection, three Animal Science undergraduates are employed to work on the research project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Methods and results have been disseminated through peer review abstracts and papers and extension venues, for example Animal Industry Reports and trade magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Several peer review manuscripts are being reviewed and or will be submitted over 2014. Mohling, C., A. Johnson, J. Coetzee, L. Karriker, K. Stalder, C. Abell, H. Tyler and S. Millman. 2014. Mechanical and thermal nociception as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness states in multiparous sows. To be submitted to the Journal of Animal Science. Mohling, C., A. Johnson, J. Coetzee, L. Karriker, K. Stalder, C. Abell, H. Tyler and S. Millman. 2014. Kinematics as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness states in multiparous sows. To be submitted to Livestock Science. Parsons, B., A. K. Johnson, C. Mohling, M. D. Pairis-Garcia, .L. A. Karriker, J.F. Coetzee, K.J. Stalder and S. T. Millman. 2014. Behavior as an objective tool to measure painful and non-painful lameness states in multiparous sows. To be submitted to Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Coetzee, J., A. K. Johnson, C. Mohling, M. D. Pairis-Garcia, K.J. Stalder S. T. Millman and L. A. Karriker. 2014. Cortisol and Substance P as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness states in multiparous sows. Submission TBD. Pairis-Garcia, M.D., S.T. Millman, L.A. Karriker, J.F. Coetzee, K.J. Stalder and A.K. Johnson,. 2013. Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using nociceptive threshold tests. Review stage through the journal Animal Welfare. Pairis-Garcia, M. D., L. A. Karriker, A. K. Johnson, B. Kukanich, L. Wulf, S. Sander, S. T. Millman, K. J. Stalder, and J. F. Coetzee. 2013. Pharmokinetics of Meloxicam in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. To be submitted to BMC Veterinary Research. Pairis-Garcia, M.D., A.K. Johnson, S.T. Millman, L.A. Karriker, J.F. Coetzee and K.J. Stalder. 2014. The effects of Flunixin meglumine and Meloxicam administration on postural changes in sows induced lame. To be submitted to Applied Animal Welfare Science. Pairis-Garcia, M.D., S.T. Millman, K. J. Stalder, L.A. Karriker, J.F. Coetzee and A.K. Johnson. 2013. Flunixin meglumine and meloxicam efficacy for pain mitigation utilizing an Embedded Microcomputer based force plate system and GaitRite software in sows induced lames using a chemical synovitis model. To be submitted to the Journal of Animal Science. Coetzee, J., A. K. Johnson, C. Mohling, M. D. Pairis-Garcia, K.J. Stalder S. T. Millman and L. A. Karriker. 2014. Flunixin meglumine and meloxicam efficacy for pain mitigation utilizing cortisol and substance P in sows induced lames using a chemical synovitis model. Submission TBD. In addition the final objective to this project will be completed. For Specific Aim 3 we are using Meloxicam to quantify pig preference for bedding during convalescence from lameness. A total of 18 clinically normal, non-bred pigs will be purchased from a commercial producer in Iowa over cool. Pigs will be blocked by body weight and randomly allocated to one of two treatments; treatment 1 Meloxicam and TRT 2; control – no NSAID. Sow behavior in their home pen before lameness induction and over the resolution period will be collected using video. In addition a pen lameness score and a walking gait score will be collected.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Our group has concluded that four tools can objectively assess lameness pain in sows. One tool (the forceplate) is now being tested to determine the equipment’s longevity on a sow farm. In addition two drugs, Meloxicam and Flunixin, did provide pain relief to sows when they were at their most lame. Future efforts will need to occuramong the pharmaceutical industry, veterinary profession and legislators to work towards changing current labels for these drugs so that they can be used in mature pigs for pain relief when acutely lame. Nociceptive threshold tests: The results of this study confirmed that the pressure algometer and thermal sensitivity tests are sensitive and objective tools for detecting and assessing pain sensitivity. In addition, 37 through 72 hours after lameness induction, meloxicam and flunixin meglumine treated sows tolerated higher pressure algometer nociceptive thresholds compared to saline treated sows. Changes in thermal nociceptive thresholds were evident at the Tmax time points for meloxicam administration and 72 and 168 hours post lameness induction for flunixin meglumine treated sows. In conclusion flunixin meglumine and meloxicam administration mitigated pain sensitivity in lame sows post lameness induction when pain sensitivity was evaluated with pressure algometry. These results have been submitted to Animal Welfare Journal and are currently under review. Kinematics: The results of this study confirmed that the Embedded Microcomputer based force plate system effectively identified sow lameness by measuring the weight of each leg but was not sensitive enough to detect differences between sows treated with flunixin meglumine, meloxicam or saline. Physiological parameters: Cortisol and substance P were not effective physiological parameters for detecting pain sensitivity in lame sows and therefore not an effective tool for detecting efficacy of either meloxicam or flunixin meglumine as pharmacological tools for pain management.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pairis-Garcia, M. D., L. A. Karriker, A. K. Johnson, B. Kukanich, L. Wulf, S. Sander, S. T. Millman, K. J. Stalder, and J. F. Coetzee. 2013. Pharmokinetics of flunixin meglumine in mature swine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. BMC. Veterinary Research. 9:165-172.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mohling, C., M. Pairis-Garcia, A. Johnson, K. Stalder, L. Karriker, J. Coetzee, S. Millman. 2013. Blood Cortisol as an Objective Tool to Measure Painful and Non-painful Hoof Lameness States in Multiparous Sows, AS-leafleft-R2809 Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, http://www.ans.iastate.edu/report/air/ 2013pdf/R2809.pdf)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Mohling, C., M. Pairis-Garcia, A. Johnson, K. Stalder, L. Karriker, J. Coetzee, S. Millman. 2012. Blood Cortisol Levels Higher in Lame Sows, http://nationalhogfarmer.com/animal-well-being/blood-cortisol-levels-higher-lame-sows)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: C. Mohling, A. K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder, L. A. Karriker, J. Coetzee, S. M. Millman. 2012. Use of thermal and pressure nociception as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness states in multiparous sows. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Faculty Research Symposium and Poster Session.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pairis-Garcia, M. P. 2013. Monique Pairis-Garcia  article on the graduate colleges homepage for work in the sow lameness trial. http://www.grad-college.iastate.edu/
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pairis-Garcia M., A. Johnson, K. Stalder, L. Karriker and S. Millman. 2013. Yohimbine (alpha 2-antagonistic reversal agent) Effect on Return to Sensibility in Anesthetized Sows. Animal Industry Report R2811.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mohling, C., A. Johnson, C. Abell, J. Coetzee, S. Millman, L. Karriker, K. Stalder. 2013. Embedded micro-computer based force plate as an objective tool to measure painful and non-painful hoof lameness states in multiparous sows. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2.
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mohling, C., A. Johnson, K. Stalder, C. Abell, J. Coetzee, S. Millman, L. Karriker. Gait analysis as an objective tool to measure painful and non-painful hoof lameness in multiparous sows. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2.


Progress 04/15/12 to 04/14/13

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Lameness associated with painful joint lesions has been identified as a welfare challenge for confined sows. It has been ranked as the number 3 reason for culling sows; comprising 15% of the culls marketed in the U.S. Producers in the U.S. currently treat sow lameness using husbandry tools, for example housing sows individually to provide easy access to key resources and rubber mats. Currently, producers assess sow lameness using subjective scoring systems, which have been shown to be variable in their application. Objective tools to measure sow lameness on farm are required. The objective of this study was to validate a list of potential objective tools to determine which could discriminate between sows in a painful and non-painful lameness state. Tools assessed included plasma cortisol, an embedded microcomputer force plate system, GaitFour walkway system, thermal plantar (thermal noception) and pressure algometer (mechanical nociception). A total of 24 mixed parity sows (220.15 kg) were individually housed. All sows served as their own control and treatment. Sows were induced lame using a chemical synovitis model. After completion of the first round, sows were given a 7 day rest period and then the trial was repeated with the other rear hoof being induced lame. Three treatment days were compared (1) sound (day before induction), (2) most lame and (3) resolved (first and sixth day after injection of amphotericin B). Methods and results were disseminated through a variety of mediums; written extension materials (Animal Industry Report and National Hog Farmer) along with a poster presentation at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. PARTICIPANTS: Caroline Mohling, Anna Butters-Johnson, Kenneth Stalder, Locke Karriker, Johan Coetzee and Suzanne Millman TARGET AUDIENCES: Swine veterinarians, animal scientists and the pork industry PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Dr. J. Coetzee has moved from Kansas State to Iowa State University.

Impacts
Cortisol was elevated on most lame days compared to sound and resolved days. For the Prototype Embedded Microcomputer-based force plate system weight placed on the injected hoof decreased on the most lame day (P < 0.0001). GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system; Stride Time increased on most lame day for all hooves (P < 0.05) and returned to baseline levels by the resolved day. Stride Length decreased on most lame day compared to baseline levels (P < 0.05). All hooves returned to baseline levels by resolved day. Maximum Pressure placed on the induced hoof decreased on the most lame day compared to baseline levels (P < 0.05). Stance time increased for all sound hooves between sound and most lame day (P < 0.05). Mechanical Nociception Threshold test pressure tolerated by the lame hoof decreased for every landmark (P < 0.05) when comparing sound and most lame days. The sound hoof tolerated more pressure on most lame and resolved than on baseline sound day (P < 0.05). Thermal Nociception Threshold test tolerated by the sound hoof did not change over the 3 treatment days (P > 0.05). However, the sows tolerated less heat stimulation on their lame hoof on most lame day compared to baseline levels. Therefore, in conclusion, the physiology, kinematics and pain sensitivity tests all detected changes when sows were sound and in acute lameness and show promise in application on farm.

Publications

  • Mohling, C., M. Pairis-Garcia, A. Johnson, K. Stalder, L. Karriker, H. Coetzee, S. Millman. 2012. Blood cortisol as an objective tool to measure painful and non-painful hoof lameness states in multiparous sows. Iowa State University Animal Industry Report A.S. Leaflet R2809.
  • Mohling, C., A. K. Johnson, L. A. Karriker, K. J. Stalder, S. M. Millman and J. Coetzee. 2012. Blood Cortisol Levels Higher in Lame Sows. National Hog Farmer. December 15, 2012.
  • Mohling, C., A. K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder, L. A. Karriker, J. Coetzee, and S. M. Millman. 2012. Use of thermal and pressure nociception as objective tools to measure painful and non-painful lameness states in multiparous sows. Poster presented at ISU College of Veterinary Medicine Faculty Research Symposium and Poster Session.


Progress 04/15/11 to 04/14/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Induction of lameness allows for controlled evaluation of lameness pain response in animals because pre- and post lameness measurements can be taken from the same animal. In 2009, ISU and KSU researchers adapted this model to induce lameness in sows which resolves in approximately 1 wk and built the Swine Intensive Studies Laboratory to study pain using a multi-disciplinary approach. Home pen behaviors, kinematics (while standing using a force plate developed by ISU researchers and walking using a Gait-Rite system), physiologic, performance parameters and reactions that indicate sensitivity to lameness pain can be assessed simultaneously. These tools allow a non-invasive analysis of lameness pain that can be correlated with the other diagnostic tools. Data collection on the project began July 2011 and concluded November 2011. Data collection consisted of 2 trials, 1 trial running from July to August 2011; and the other trial beginning October and running through November, 2011. In each trial 12 healthy multi-parity sows were used. Tools assessed during the two trials included: pressure algometry, plantar thermal, micro-embedded force plate, GaitRite pressure mat, behavior, substance P, and cortisol. These tools were collected over three time periods; sound, most lame and resolved. Gilts had the following measures taken on a sound (-1 baseline), most lame (+1 after induction of lameness occurred with amphotericin B) and resolved day (+6 day after the induction of lameness. All gilts served as their own control and treatment. Methods and results were disseminated through a variety of mediums; peer review abstracts in conjunction with oral presentations at state level extension meetings, regional, national and international research meetings (American Society of Animal Science), written extension materials (final reports back to the funding agencies, Animal Industry Reports, National Hog Farmer and PORK magazine). PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Anna Butters-Johnson (PI) has oversight of the whole project. Dr. Butters-Johnson manages the budget, hired the PhD (Dr. M. Pairis) and MS student (Caroline Mohling) and both students report to her. Dr. Butters-Johnson also has a program manager report (Rebecca Parsons) to her on a weekly basis and three under graduates. Dr. Suzanne Millman (CO-PI) had over sight of the pain tests used in Objective 1 (plantar and thermal). Dr. Millman will work with Dr. Butters-Johnson on the correct analysis of these data. Dr. Kenneth Stalder (CO-PI) had oversight of the embedded force plate used in Objective 1. Dr. Stalder will work with Dr. Butters-Johnson on the correct analysis of these data. Dr. Johann Coeztee (CO-PI) had joint oversight of the P-K studies in objective 2. He has helped direct the drugs, route and administration and helped with blood collection. Dr. Coetzee will work with the PhD student on developing a substance P bench top analysis and will also work on the blood analysis for the P-K studies. Dr. Coetzee will work with Dr. Butters-Johnson on the correct analysis of these data. Dr. Locke Karriker (CO-PI) had joint over sight of the P-K studies in objective 2. He has helped direct the drugs, route and administration and helped with blood collection. In addition Dr. Karriker trained students and the program on how to induce the transient lameness model. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Dr. J. Coetzee moved from Kansas State University to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. Thermal plantar test was not completed for trial 1 (gilts 1-12) - only pressure algometry. Previous thermal plantar work did not show significant data, therefore was left out of trial 1 but decided to retry and confirm on last 12 gilts. Thermal and algometry tests were completed in the morning after data was collected for embedded force plate. Gilts were not fitted with ICE-tags during either trial. ICE-tags were not used after pilot research showed inability to securely attach the ICE-tags to the gilts. Cameras were on black and white during first trial, but color during second. Did not use lasers on thermal - lasers built for the thermal device were broken and irreparable. Instead we used measurement of 7.6 cm away from landmark. On micro-embedded force plate, gilts were trickle fed a standard diet, up to 2.25 kg, for the 15 minutes (the proposal states .9 kg (2 lbs) but we fed up to the full morning ration of 5 lbs just to keep them occupied during morning data collection. Days were -1 (baseline), +1 (most lame) and +6 (recovery and resolution of lameness) original proposal states a day 8 (or 7 days after induction of lameness) we only did 5 days after induction (+6).

Impacts
Preliminary data demonstrates using this "proof of concept" pilot study that injection of 10 or 15mg of amphotericin B in the distal interphalangeal joint of the medial claw of the rear foot causes clinical lameness in sows that is distinguishable from their pretreatment gait by observational lameness score, objective GAITFour measurement and the embedded force plate system. Additionally, this lameness spontaneously resolved in this study by 7-days post injection. Preliminary cortisol analysis was completed using JUMP of SAS in the fall of 2011. The main effects of 'round' (round one, gilts 1 - 12; and round two, gilts 13 - 24), 'day' (sounds, most lame and resolved) and 'foot' (back left or back right). Round was not different (P = 0.72) and there was also no difference between the back left or the back right injected foot (P > 0.05). There was a difference between days (P < 0.0001) with higher cortisol levels on the most lame day to the sound and resolved days respectively. Note: the final analysis will be done after converting nmol/L to ng/mL which is the traditional units of measure for reporting cortisol in peer review articles. These findings will then be used to develop pain mitigation strategies including environmental modification, management strategies and to screen candidate analgesics with favorably pharmacokinetic profiles in swine to provide proactive information to the American livestock producer.

Publications

  • McGargill C., L. A. Karriker, J. M. LeKander, M. M. Salazar, A. K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder and J. Coetzee. 2011. Testing the Feasibility of Injecting Joints in Sows for Therapy. Animal Industry Report. R2630.
  • Roca A., W. Holt, A.K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder, L. L. Layman and L. A. Karriker. 2011. How Location of Feed Affects the Rate of Feeding in Multi-parity Sows. Animal Industry Report. R2634.
  • Johnson, A. K., J. Coetzee, K. Stalder, L. Karriker, and S. Millman. 2011. Symposium: Animal pain-the science and the issues. Invited: Pain: A sow lameness model. 44th meeting Midwestern sectional scientific sections and business meetings. March 14-16, 2011. Des Moines, IA.
  • Stalder, K. J., L. A. Karriker and A. K. Johnson. 2011. Sow Management and Maximizing Longevity. PigSite from Manitoba Swine Seminar 2011.
  • Johnson, A. K., and S. T. Millman. 2011. Lameness solutions could save $23 million. PORK. September 2011. P 10.
  • Stalder, K. J., A. K. Johnson, S. Hoff. And L. A. Karriker. 2011. Static force plate enhances identification of lame sows. National Hog Farmer. Swine Research Review-Animal Welfare.
  • Johnson, A. K., K. J. Stalder, L. Karriker, A. Roca, W. Holt, A. Johnson, and L. Layman. 2011. Parity and feeding speed studied as group selection criteria. Swine Research Review-Animal Welfare.
  • Stalder, K. J., C. E. Abell, L. A. Karriker, A. K. Johnson and S. Millman, 2011. Sow longevity-How to measure its importance. Swine Disease Conference for swine practioners. Pp 132-135. November 10th-11th, 2011. Ames, IA.
  • Pairis M. D., L. A. Karriker, K. J. Stalder, A. K. Johnson, and S. T. Millman. 2011. Detection of lameness in swine. Swine disease conference for swine practioners. Pp 135-143. November 10th-11th, 2011. Ames, IA.
  • Johnson, A., J. Coetzee, K. Stalder, l. Karriker, and S. Millman. 2011. Pain: A sow lameness model. J. Anim. Sci.89(E2)48.
  • Tapper, K., A. Johnson, L. Karriker, K. Stalder, J. Coetzee, R. parsons and S. Millman. 2011. Objective pain measurement in sows with induced transient lameness. J. Anim. Sci. 89(e2)53.
  • Tapper K. A. Johnson, L. Karriker, K. Stalder, J. Coetzee, R. Parsons, and S. Millman.. 2011. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to mitigate pain in lame sows. In: E. A. Pajor and J. N. Marchant-Forde (eds.) 45th Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology. p10 Wageningen Academic Publishers, Indianapolis, IN.
  • Johnson A. K., K. J. Stalder, L. A. Karriker, and J. Coetzee. 2011. Induction of a Transient Chemically Induced Lameness in the Sow. Detection Using Live Scoring and the GAITFour Sensor System. Animal Industry Report. R2626.
  • LeKander, J.. M. M. Salazar, A. K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder and L. A. Karriker. 2011. Swine Intensive Studies Laboratory at Iowa State University. Animal Industry Report. R2627.
  • Elsbernd A. J., A. K. Johnson, K. J. Stalder, R. Fitzgerald, L. A. Karriker, S. Hoff and G. Sun. 2011. Designing an Objective Static Force Plate to Measure Severity of Lameness in Multi-Parity Sows. Animal Industry Report. R2628.