Source: OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, PRESERVATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION (FROM W006)
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
NEW
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0221790
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
ORE00364A
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
W-006
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2009
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2014
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Mehlenbacher, S. A.
Recipient Organization
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
CORVALLIS,OR 97331
Performing Department
Horticulture
Non Technical Summary
Eastern filbert blight (EFB) is a serious threat to the hazelnut industry in Oregon, where 99% of the US crop is produced. It also prevents plantings in other areas in North America where the fungus is present. Genetic resistance has been identified, and new resistant varieties developed. 'Yamhill' and 'Jefferson' have resistance derived from 'Gasaway'. The pathogen may be able to overcome this single-gene resistance. The identification of additional sources of EFB resistance would allow the development of new varieties with stable resistance. New varieties with high levels of quantitative resistance would also be important for the expansion of hazelnut plantings in Oregon and other areas. Before an accession can be used in breeding, its incompatibility alleles must be identified. These alleles determine which pollinations are compatible and which are incompatible. Project leader S. Mehlenbacher will serve as the W6 representative in Oregon and in that capacity will assist with other project objectives.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
100%
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2011210108030%
2021210108040%
2121210108030%
Knowledge Area
202 - Plant Genetic Resources; 212 - Pathogens and Nematodes Affecting Plants; 201 - Plant Genome, Genetics, and Genetic Mechanisms;

Subject Of Investigation
1210 - Filbert;

Field Of Science
1080 - Genetics;
Goals / Objectives
Objective 1: Evaluate priority crop core subsets and other selected germplasm with morphological descriptors, and key agronomic or horticultural traits, such as general adaptation, phenology, and growth potential. Identify accessions with desirable economical traits for multiple location tests and potential release to broaden the genetic base of breeding gene pools. Objective 3: Promote the use of the diverse germplasm collections in the NPGS to reduce crop genetic vulnerability and sustain crop production within the Western Region, within the United States and throughout the world, employ different avenues of technology transfer in the form of the Internet-accessible database, research publications and professional conferences to encourage information sharing among scientists and coordinate plant germplasm distribution to researchers worldwide for future crop development.
Project Methods
Objective 1. Evaluation of hazelnut germplasm for response to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala. As new cultivars and selections are added to the OSU collection, they will be tested in the greenhouse to determine if any have complete resistance to eastern filbert blight. Scions will be grafted (three per accession), and young shoot tips inoculated with a spore suspension and held under high humidity as described by Chen et al. (2007). The inoculated trees will be planted in a nursery row, and inspected 16-20 months later. Accessions that develop cankers will be scored as susceptible. Accessions in which all three trees remain free of disease will be scored as resistant. For interesting susceptible accessions, the level of susceptibility will be quantified as described by Mehlenbacher et al. (2008). Potted trees, 12 per selection, will be exposed under a structure topped with diseased wood. Check cultivars with known levels of susceptibility will be included. Cankers will be counted and measured 16-20 months after exposure. Selections that show less disease than 'Lewis' will be considered to have quantitative resistance. Objective 1. Evaluation of hazelnut germplasm to identify incompatibility alleles. Fluorescence microscopy will be used as described in detail by Mehlenbacher (1997). Limbs will be bagged in early December to protect females from pollen. Pollen will be collected from 34 tester trees in January and February. Flowers will be pollinated in the lab, and examined with a fluorescence microscope 16 hours later. Pollinations that show good germination and parallel pollen tubes will be scored as compatible. Pollinations with reduced pollen germination and short tubes will be scored as incompatible. Testing with 34 pollens should reveal two incompatible pollinations and 32 compatible pollinations, thereby identifying the two alleles in the selection. Priority will be given to new selections of Turkish origin. Objective 3. The project leader will attend the annual W-6 meeting. Information on plant germplasm use in Oregon will be prepared in advance, and shared at the meeting. Personnel at W-6 in Pullman will enter useful evaluation notes into GRIN. References: Chen, H., S.A. Mehlenbacher and D.C. Smith. 2007. Hazelnut accessions provide new sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight. HortScience 42:466-469. Mehlenbacher, S.A. 1997. Testing compatibility of hazelnut crosses using fluorescence microscopy. Proc. IV Intl. Congress on Hazelnut. Acta Horticulturae 445:167-171. Mehlenbacher, S.A., D.C. Smith and R.L. McCluskey. 2008. 'Sacajawea' hazelnut. HortScience 43:255-257.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Plant germplasm users in Oregon. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? In March 2012, S. Mehlenbacher attended the International Congress on Hazelnut in Temuco, Chile. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Journal articles, reports to the Oregon Hazelnut Commission, talks to growers, e-mail correspondence with Oregon's users of plant germplasm. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue EFB testing and incompatibility allele identification of additional hazelnut germplasm.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 'Wepster' (OSU 894.030) was released as a new cultivar in January 2013. It was the best EFB-resistant selection in our replicated trial planted in 2006. It has high nut yields, small round nuts and kernels, good kernel blanching and flavor, a vigorous tree and desirable growth habit, and resistance to bud mite. It is well-suited to the kernel market. EFB inoculations of 45 selections from a Forestry Institute near Moscow (Russia) showed that at least six (N01-06, N02, N23, N26, N27, N37) are highly resistant. Resistant selections were used as parents, and seedlings populations are being grown and inoculated. High EFB resistance was detected using greenhouse and structure inoculation in selections from southern Russia, the Crimea (Ukraine), and the Republic of Georgia. The 2011 structure inoculation results, recorded in January 2013, identified 17 selections with detectable quantitative resistance. These include 6 selections from Azerbaijan and 6 selections from the Republic of Georgia. Segregation for EFB resistance was studied in progenies of OSU 495.072 (from Russia), 'Culpla' (from Spain), and 'Crvenje' (from Serbia). In all three cases, resistance is conferred by a dominant allele and the locus maps to linkage group 6, which is the same region as 'Gasaway' resistance. The dominance relationships were determined for 18 new pairs of incompatibility alleles. The incompatibility alleles of several selections were identified. These included 9 selections each from Russia and Turkey. At the International Congress on Hazelnut in Temuco (Chile) in March 2012, the newly identified S-alleles of 170 cultivars were presented, along with the results on 112 S-alleles in cultivars previously typed.

Publications


    Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

    Outputs
    Target Audience: Oregon users of plant germplasm. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Journal articles, reports to the Oregon Hazelnut Commission, talks to growers, e-mail correspondence with Oregon's users of plant germplasm. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue EFB testing and incompatibility allele identification of additional hazelnut germplasm.

    Impacts
    What was accomplished under these goals? Three selections were released in February 2012, 'Dorris' (OSU 876.041) as a new cultivar and 'York' and 'Felix' as pollinizers. 'Dorris' was the best EFB-resistant selection in a replicated trial planted in 2005. Its nuts are large and similar to 'Barcelona', and nut maturity is with 'Barcelona'. Nut yields have been good and consistent but not outstanding. Poorly filled (yet marketable) nuts were noted in 2011. Kernel quality (blanching, texture, flavor) are outstanding. Pollinizer 'York' (OSU 878.048) sheds pollen in midseason with 'Daviana'. It performed well in the replicated trial planted in 2005, but nut yields were too low for release as a cultivar. It sets abundant catkins that shed large quantities of pollen. Its pollen expresses S21 and is compatible with all cultivars except 'Casina'. It would be a suitable pollinizer for 'Yamhill', 'Dorris' and other early-flowering cultivars. Pollinizer 'Felix' (OSU 941.016) sheds pollen in late-midseason pollinizer (with 'Hall's Giant'). Its trees are vigorous. It sets abundant catkins that shed large quantities of pollen. Its pollen expresses S15 and S21, and is compatible on most cultivars. Pollen shed has a long duration and overlaps the early females of 'Jefferson'. EFB inoculations of 45 selections from a Forestry Institute near Moscow (Russia) showed that six (N01-06, N02, N23, N26, N27, N37) were highly resistant, three (N01, N06, N11) gave inconclusive results and the remainder were susceptible. The incompatibility alleles of several selections were identified. The emphasis in 2012 was on selections from Turkey and clonal selections from a Forestry Institute in Moscow (Russia).

    Publications


      Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

      Outputs
      Target Audience: Oregon users of plant germplasm. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Journal articles , reports to the Oregon Hazelnut Commission, talks to growers, e-mail correspondence with Oregon's users of plant germplasm. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue EFB testing and incompatibility allele identification of additional hazelnut germplasm.

      Impacts
      What was accomplished under these goals? A very high level of resistance to eastern filbert blight was found in three selections from southern Russia, three selections from the Crimea (Ukraine), two selections from the Republic of Georgia, and five selections from a Forestry Institute near Moscow. Of these, OSU 1187.101 is the best. It originated from nuts purchased in the village of Holmskij (near Krasnodar in southern Russia). Progenies of three EFB-resistant parents [OSU 495.072 (from Russia), 'Culpla' (from Spain), and 'Crvenje' (from Serbia)] appear to transmit resistance to half of their offspring. DNA was extracted from resistant and susceptible seedlings in these progenies. The incompatibility alleles of several selections were identified. The emphasis in 2011 was on selections from seed collected in Turkey in 2004. An assortment of alleles was found in the 111 selections.

      Publications


        Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

        Outputs
        Target Audience: Oregon users of plant germplasm. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Journal articles , reports to the Oregon Hazelnut Commission, talks to growers, e-mail correspondence with Oregon's users of plant germplasm. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue EFB testing and incompatibility allele identification of additional hazelnut germplasm.

        Impacts
        What was accomplished under these goals? Selection OSU 1187.101, which originated from nuts purchased in the village of Holmskij (southern Russia), was found to be completely resistant to EFB. Two additional selections from nuts collected in southern Russia and three from the Crimea were completely resistant. In his M.S. thesis research, Vidyasagar Sathuvalli identified RAPD markers linked to three dominant EFB resistance genes from: the Spanish cultivar 'Ratoli', Georgian selection OSU 759.010 and Minnesota selection OSU 408.040. The resistance loci have been assigned to linkage groups. Crosses have been made between EFB-susceptible selections and four resistant accessions (selection OSU 495.072 from Russia, 'Culpla' from Spain, and the Serbian cultivars 'Crvenje 3/96' and 'Uebov'). OSU 495.072, 'Culpla', and 'Crvenje' appear to transmit resistance to half of their offspring. 'Uebov' appears to transmit resistance to only 25% of its offspring. Following incompatibility testing using fluorescence microscopy, numbers were assigned to two new S-alleles: S32 in 'Reka #2' from Serbia and S33 in 'Ganja' from Azerbaijan. S32 is also present in OSU 731.010 which is a seedling of the Russian cultivar 'Pahanhei'. S33 is present in three cultivars from Azerbaijan and seedlings from Iran. 'Ashrafi' (1226.004) from Azerbaijan is a new tester for S13. The incompatibility alleles of several cultivars and selections were identified. The emphasis in 2010 was on selections from seed collected in southern Russia, the Crimea, Armenia and Iran.

        Publications