Source: KANSAS STATE UNIV submitted to
EVOLUTION AND GENOMICS OF ADAPTIVE PHENOTYPES IN INSECTS
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0211925
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
KS380
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2007
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2012
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Marshall, J.
Recipient Organization
KANSAS STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MANHATTAN,KS 66506
Performing Department
Entomology
Non Technical Summary
The genetic bases of fertilization and foraging traits in insect are poorly understood and hinder the development of effective management strategies. This project will identify specific genes underlying fertilization in crickets and foraging behavior in aphids. Moreover, we will develop a new technique for rapidly screening whole genomes for divergent genes underlying such phenotypes.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
(N/A)
Applied
(N/A)
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2113110108040%
2113110113060%
Goals / Objectives
The overall objective of these studies is to better understand the genetic basis of reproductive and foraging traits in insects and how these types of traits change through time. Specific objectives are as follows: (I) develop a new genome-wide technique to identify genes that are divergent among populations and species, (II) identify and characterize reproductive genes, proteins, and phenotypes that are divergent among populations and species of insect, and (III) Identify genes underlying aphid foraging behavior that are under natural selection.
Project Methods
The approach used here will combine genetic and phenotypic experiments to identify genes that underlie fertilization in crickets (Allonemobius socius complex) and forging in aphids (pea aphid and several other species). By focusing on fundamental traits and model systems, our goal is to genetically characterize traits that directly influence population size, geographic range, and virulence of insect species. For fertilization in crickets, we will utilize injection experiments, biochemical techniques, DNA sequencing, and molecular analyses, including searches for critical amino acid changes. For aphid foraging, we use a range of comparative genomic approaches to identify salivary-gland specific genes and the kinds of selection that underlie patterns of amino acid substitution. Finally, we will develop a new technique to rapidly identify genes that are divergent among biotypes, strains, populations and species of insect. This approach combines cDNA-AFLP and pyrosequencing technologies to screen whole genomes for divergent genes.

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Over the course of this project, my lab has conducted or helped conduct a wide range of experiments on insects resulting in 21 publications (see below). The goal of most of these experiments has been to identify the genetic basis of a particular trait or the benefit of that trait on insect survival. The ultimate goal of our research is to better under what controls insect behavior and reproduction which may offer insights into new and more effective mechanisms of insect control. As I outline below, our work has resulted in a new approach to studying insect genetics and we have indentified a set of insect genes that control insect reproduction. During the course of this project, I mentored 13 undergraduate students, 8 of which were women. Moreover, four were supported by National Science Foundation funding through the Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program and one by the Summer Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (SUROP). In addition to these undergraduates, I have mentored four graduate students, two of which have completed their degrees. This research has been disseminated widely, as in addition to the publications, I have given 4 symposium seminars at International conferences, 10 invited talks at other Universities (both in the United States and abroad), and 26 presentations at National and International meetings (once again, both here and abroad). Lastly, I have developed a Laboratory website that highlights our research. PARTICIPANTS: As outlined above, many students worked on this project although none received financial support. During the course of our work, we have collaborated with several organizations including the Biotechnology Center at KSU and Applied Biomics which is a company in California. These two organizations helped us complete our research, often times at discounted prices. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience for my research is the scientific community, especially those researchers interested in the genetics and evolution of adaptive phenotypes. This is a broad community as it includes the disciplines of genetics/genomics, biochemistry, ecology, behavior, and evolution. We also target K-12 students, undergraduates, and graduate students as an audience to discuss the "kinds of" science careers that are available and the technology that now exists to address the fundamental questions within the life sciences. We also conducted a summer course for middle school teachers (we trained 4 from the Geary Co. school district) on how to include protein science in the middle school curriculum. This was funded by NSF but was directly related to our overall project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Outcomes - This project was designed to generate novel data on the genetics of adaptive phenotypes. Our approach of combining comparative proteomics, functional genetics, and phenotypic assays is becoming more common place and we are at the forefront of this movement. Therefore, our biggest output is a novel approach to answering questions about the function and evolution of genes that underlie insect reproduction. This approach has enabled us to identify a receptor in the female reproductive tract of insects that appears to control egg laying. This receptor is found in all insects and we have identified its function in crickets. If this receptor has the same function in other insect species, then this receptor could be novel mechanism to control insect reproduction. While this possibility is several year away, our research has identified several genes and reproductive pathways that may server as next generation targets for insect control. Impacts - While our focus has been on understand the genetic basis of reproductive and behavioral phenotypes, our results do have applied impacts. To begin, little is known about the genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization in insects, so the above outcomes expand our knowledge on a critical, but little known, area. Understanding the genes that affect successful fertilization means, in theory, we could use this information to develop novel control strategies.

Publications

  • New in 2012:
  • 21. Marshall, J.L. and N. DiRienzo. 2012. Noncompetitive gametic isolation between sibling species of cricket: a hypothesized link between within-population incompatibility and reproductive isolation between species. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Article ID 593438 (KAES #: 13-164-J).
  • 20. Marshall, J.L. 2012. Where to look for speciation genes when divergence is driven by postmating, prezygotic isolation. In Speciation: Natural Processes, Genetics and Biodiversity. P. Michalak (Ed). Nova Science Pub., New York, in press. (KAES #: 12- 376-B).
  • 19. DiRienzo, N. and J.L. Marshall. 2012. Function of the hemolymph nuptial gift in the ground cricket, Allonemobius socius. Ethology. Article first published online 6 DEC 2012, DOI: 10.1111/eth.12042 (KAES #: 12-178-J).
  • 18. Oppert, B., S.E. Dowd, P.Bouffard, L. Li, A. Conesa, M.D. Lorenzen, M. Toutges, J.L. Marshall, D. Huestis, J. Fabrick, C. Oppert and J.L. Jurat-Fuentes. 2012. Transcriptome Profiling of the Intoxication Response of Tenebrio molitor Larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa Protoxin. PLoS One 7:e34624.
  • Publications between 2007 and 2011:
  • 14. Marshall, J.L., D.L.Huestis, C. Garcia, Y. Hiromasa, S. Wheeler, S. Noh, J.M. Tomich, and D.J. Howard. 2011. Comparative proteomics uncovers the signature of natural selection acting on the ejaculate proteomes of two cricket species isolated by postmating, prezygotic phenotypes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28:423-435. (KAES contribution #: 10-239-J).
  • 13. Xaing, L., J.L. Marshall, P. Stary, O. Edwards, G. Puterka, L. Dolatti, M.E. Bouhssini, J. Malinga, and C.M. Smith. 2010. Global Phylogenetics of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), an Invasive Aphid Species: Evidence for Multiple Invasions into North America. J. Economic Entomology 103:958-965 (KAES contribution #: 09-177-J).
  • 12. Birge, L.M., A.L. Hughes, J.L. Marshall, and D.J. Howard. 2010. Mating behavior differences and the cost of mating in Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius. J. Insect Behavior. 23:268-289 (KAES contribution #: 09-166-J).
  • 11. Marshall, J.L., D.L. Huestis, Y. Hiromasa, S. Wheeler, C. Oppert, S.A . Marshall, J.M. Tomich, and Brenda Oppert. 2009. Identification, RNAi knockdown, and functional analysis of an ejaculate protein that mediates a postmating, prezygotic phenotype in a cricket. Public Library of Science (PLoS) One 4:e7537 (KAES #: 09-078-J).
  • 10. Huestis, D.L., B. Oppert, and J.L. Marshall. 2009. Geographic distributions of Idh- 1 alleles in a cricket are linked to differential enzyme kinetic performance across thermal environments. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:113 (KAES contribution #: 08-386-J).
  • 9. Huestis, D.L. and J.L. Marshall. 2009. From gene expression to phenotype in insects: non- microarray approaches for transcriptome analysis. Bioscience 59:373-384. (KAES contribution #: 08-368-J).
  • 8. Groman, M.J., N.T. Dittmer, J.L. Marshall, and M.R. Kanost. 2008. Characterization of the multicopper oxidase gene family in Anopheles gambiae. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 38:817-824. (KAES contribution #: 08-266-J).
  • 7. Mutti, N.S., L.K. Pappan, J.Louis, K.Pappan, K.Begum, M.-S. Chen, Y. Park, J.L. Marshall, J.C. Reese, G.R. Reeck. 2008. A protein from the salivary glands of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is essential in feeding on a host plants. PNAS 105:9965-9969. (KAES contribution #: 08-325-J).
  • 6. Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium (one of 50+ authors). 2008. The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum. Nature 452: 949-955.
  • 5. Traylor, T., A.C. Birand, J.L. Marshall, and D.J. Howard. 2008. A Zone of Overlap and Hybridization Between Allonemobius Socius and a New Allonemobius Sp. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101:30-39.
  • 4. Hayashi, T.I., J.L. Marshall, S. Gavrilets. 2007. The dynamics of sexual conflict over mating rate with endosymbiont infection that affects reproductive phenotypes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:2154-2164. (KAES contribution #: 08-69-J).
  • 3. Britch, S.C., E.J. Swartout, D.D. Hampton, M.L. Draney, J. Chu, J.L. Marshall, and D.J. Howard. 2007. Genetic architecture of conspecific sperm precedence in Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius. Genetics 176: 1209-1222.
  • 2. Prabhakar, S., M-S. Chen, E.N. Elpidina, K.S. Vinokurov, C. M. Smith, J. L. Marshall, and B. Oppert. 2007. Sequence analysis and molecular characterization of larval midgut cDNA transcripts encoding peptidases from the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. Insect Molecular Biology 16:455-468. (KAES contribution #: 06-299-J).
  • 1. Marshall, J.L. 2007. Rapid evolution of spermathecal duct length in the Allonemobius socius complex of crickets: species, population and Wolbachia effects. PLoS One 2:e720. (KAES contribution #: 07-242-J).


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project is designed to generate novel data on the genetics of adaptive phenotypes. Our approach of combining comparative proteomics, functional genetics, and phenotypic assays is becoming more common place in the field of Evolutionary Biology and we are at the forefront of this movement. Therefore, our biggest output is an approach to answering questions about the function and evolution of genes that underlie adaptive phenotypes. As for dissemination, I gave the following presentations during 2011: one invited symposium seminar (9th Annual Ecological Genomics Symposium in Kansas City), one presentation at an International meeting (Society for the Study of Evolution), and two local seminars at KSU. Additionally, we trained an undergraduate from the University of Tennessee through the NSF-REU program which enabled her to transfer our techniques to labs at UT. PARTICIPANTS: One postdoc (a woman), two undergraduate research assistants (2 females), and one laboratory technician (a female) worked on this project. Each received some training in cricket maintenance, behavioral experiments, and genetic/proteomic work. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience for my research is the scientific community, especially those researchers interested in the genetics and evolution of adaptive phenotypes. This is a broad community as it includes the disciplines of genetics/genomics, biochemistry, ecology, behavior, and evolution. We also target K-12 students, undergraduates, and graduate students as an audience to discuss the "kinds of" science careers that are available and the technology that now exists to address the fundamental questions within the life sciences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
We are currently identifying the components of the male ejaculate and female reproductive tract that interact to initiate egg laying in female insects. While we are still at the beginning of this work, we have identified a receptor in the female reproductive tract that appears to control egg laying. Interestingly, this receptor appears to be found in all insects; thus, if we confirm the function of this receptor in other species we will have identified a new mechanism to control insect populations. This is a significant outcome that is still under development. While our focus is to understand the genetic basis of phenotypes that result in the divergence of species, our results also have applied impacts. To begin, little is known about the genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization in insects, so the above outcomes expand our knowledge on a critical, but little known, area. Understanding the genes that affect successful fertilization means, in theory, we could use this information to develop novel control strategies. This is not the goal of our work, but the impact that are findings have on such goals is clear. Indeed, I have been approached on many occasions by applied entomologist looking to apply our approach and test our specific genes.

Publications

  • Civetta, A., J.M. Erin-Lopez, R. Kilathinal, and J.L. Marshall. 2011. The evolution of sex-related traits and genes. Editors for special issue in International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Hindawi Publishing, New York.
  • Civetta, A., J.M. Erin-Lopez, R. Kilathinal, J.L. Marshall. 2011. The evolution of sex-related traits and genes. In the Special Issue, The evolution of sex-related traits and genes. A. Civetta, J.M. Erin-Lopez, R. Kilathinal, and J.L. Marshall


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This project is designed to generate novel data on the genetics of adaptive phenotypes. Our approach, which combines genomics, proteomics, functional genetics, behavioral and laboratory experiments, and experimental design to test specific predictions in non-model systems, continues to be the primary output. This general approach is gaining traction in the basic sciences of ecology and evolutionary biology and our lab is considered to be at the forefront of this interdisciplinary approach. As for dissemination, I gave the following presentations during 2010: one presentation at another University (Wichita State University) and four presentations at International meetings (two at the Molecular Biology and Evolution meetings and two at the Evolution meetings). Additionally, we received NSF-funding to conduct a summer course for middle school science teachers. This adds another dimension to the dissemination of our data and approach, as well as providing outreach to middle school students PARTICIPANTS: One postdoc (a woman), four undergraduate research assistants (3 female, 1 male with one female being from an underrepresented group in science), one female MS student and one laboratory technician (a female) worked on this project. Each received some training in cricket maintenance, behavioral experiments, and genetic/proteomic work. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience for my research is the scientific community, especially those researchers interested in the genetics and evolution of adaptive phenotypes. This is a broad community as it includes the disciplines of genetics/genomics, biochemistry, ecology, behavior, and evolution. We also target K-12 students, undergraduates, and graduate students as an audience to discuss the "kinds of" science careers that are available and the technology that now exists to address the fundamental questions within the life sciences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Outcomes - Our main project, which is funded by NSF, concerns the identification and functional analysis on ejaculate proteins in a species group of insect (i.e., the Allonemobius socius complex of crickets) that are reproductively isolated from one another by postmating, prezygotic phenotypes. We identified about 20 divergent ejaculate proteins and have tested the function of three of them. Our data show that we have found two genes that mediate sperm competitiveness and one gene that influences the ability of males to induce females to lay eggs. The underlying genetic divergence in these genes was driven by positive selection, suggesting that adaptive evolution is responsible for the reproductive isolation between species. This work has also lead to our next step which is to understand how sex proteomes interact and the consequences of those interactions. Impacts - While our focus is to understand the genetic basis of phenotypes that result in the divergence of species, our results also have applied impacts. To begin, little is known about the genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization in insects, so the above outcomes expand our knowledge on a critical, but little known, area. Understanding the genes that affect successful fertilization means, in theory, we could use this information to develop novel control strategies. This is not the goal of our work, but the impact that are findings have on such goals is clear. Indeed, I have been approached on many occasions by applied entomologist looking to apply our approach and test our specific genes.

Publications

  • Marshall, J.L., D.L. Huestis, and D.J. Howard. 2010. Comparative proteomics reveals natural selection acting on the ejaculate proteomes of two cricket species isolated by postmating, prezygotic phenotypes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, in press, on-line August 2010 (KAES contribution: 10-239-J).
  • Marshall, J.L., J. Lambert, S. Wheeler, S. Noh, and D.J. Howard. 2010. In the conspecific sperm precedence lottery the number of valid tickets may determine who wins: functional analysis of a putative sperm capacitation gene. Special issue on The Evolution of Sex-related Traits and Genes, International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, in review. (KAES contribution: 10-xxx-J).


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The primary output from this project is the same as last year - that being a new approach for addressing the genetics of adaptive phenotypes, especially reproductive and fertilization phenotypes. This new approach, which combines proteomic and genomic tools with gene-silencing technology and explicit tests of the link between gene and phenotype, has not been widely used in Ecology or Evolutionary Biology. As for dissemination, I have given the following presentations during 2009: One invited symposium oral presentation, three presentations at Universities (one at the University of Nebraska and two at the University of Kansas), four presentations at International meetings, and five presentations at local/regional meetings. These international, national, regional, and local presentations all addressed the genomic-proteomic approach to finding genes that matter. In all, my work is having an impact on the above group of scientists as many labs are starting to try these techniques in their own research. PARTICIPANTS: Four undergraduate research assistants (3 female, 1 male with one female being from an underrepresented group in science) worked on this project. Also, one female MS student and one laboratory technician (a female) worked on this project. Each received some training in cricket maintenance, behavioral experiments, and genetic/proteomic work. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience for my research is the scientific community, especially those researchers interested in the genetics and evolution of adaptive phenotypes. This is a broad community as it includes the disciplines of genetics/genomics, biochemistry, ecology, behavior, and evolution. We also target K-12 students, undergraduates, and graduate students as an audience to discuss the "kinds of" science careers that are available and the technology that now exists to address the fundamental questions within the life sciences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Outcomes - As with last year, the main research under this project title is identifying the male and female reproductive tract genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization. This encompasses a range of phenotypes, including induction of egg-laying in females by males, successful ejaculate formation, sperm motility, sperm storage in the female, and successful sperm-egg interactions to name a few. Moreover, our NSF-funded research is continuing and we have identified a list of 23 male ejaculate proteins that may influence reproductive incompatibilities between species. These genes are being tested and our sequence analyses are providing insights into how populations and species diverge into separate entities. Impacts - As was the case last year, the impact of the above outcomes is two fold. First, little is known about the genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization in insects, so the above outcomes expand our knowledge on a critical, but little known, area. Second, the development of gene-silencing technology for this system, in combination with the proteomic/genomic approach mentioned above, elevates this cricket system as a model of insect reproduction and fertilization. Results from this work, and work over the next several years, are likely to provide significant new insights into the mechanisms and consequences of fertilization proteins.

Publications

  • Marshall, J.L., D.L. Huestis, Y. Hiromasa, S. Wheeler, C. Oppert, S.A . Marshall, J.M. Tomich, and Brenda Oppert. 2009. Identification, RNAi knockdown, and functional analysis of an ejaculate protein that mediates a postmating, prezygotic phenotype in a cricket. PLoS One 4: e7537 (KAES contribution #:09-078-J).
  • Birge, L.M., A.L. Hughes, J.L. Marshall, and D.J. Howard. 2009. Mating behavior differences and the cost of mating in Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius. J. Insect Behavior, in press (KAES contribution #:09-166-J).
  • Xaing, L., J.L. Marshall, P. Stary, O. Edwards, G. Puterka, L. Dolatti, M.E. Bouhssini, J. Malinga, and C.M. Smith. 2009. Global Phylogenetics of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), an Invasive Aphid Species: Evidence for Multiple Invasions into North America. J. Econ. Ento., in revision (KAES contribution #:09-177-J).
  • Huestis, D.L. and J.L. Marshall. 2009. From gene expression to phenotype in insects: non-microarray approaches for transcriptome analysis. Bioscience 59:373-384 (KAES contribution #:08-368-J).
  • Huestis, D.L., B. Oppert, and J.L. Marshall. 2009. Geographic distributions of Idh-1 alleles in a cricket are linked to differential enzyme kinetic performance across thermal environments. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:113 (KAES contribution #:08-386-J). Note:Reviewed as a Recommend Read by Faculty of 1000 (23 June 2009).


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The primary output from this project is the same as last year - that being a new approach for addressing the genetics of adaptive phenotypes, especially reproductive and fertilization phenotypes. This new approach, which combines proteomic and genomic tools with gene-silencing technology and explicit tests of the link between gene and phenotype, has not been widely used in Ecology or Evolutionary Biology. As for dissemination, I have given the following presentations during 2008: Two invited symposium oral presentations, two presentations at Universities (University of Indiana and Emporia State University), three presentations at International meetings, and three presentations across the campus at KSU. These international, national, regional, and local presentations all addressed the genomic-proteomic approach to finding genes that matter. Also, my research was highlighted in the College of Agriculture's annual report to the Kansas State Legislature. In all, my work is having an impact on the above group of scientists as many labs are starting to try these techniques in their own research. Lastly, this technique has enabled my lab to win an ~$600,000 award from NSF (DEB-0746316), resulting in significant indirect funds for the KSU. These funds, in combination with other such funds, not only help run the University but contribute to funding the land grant mission of community outreach. PARTICIPANTS: Six undergraduate research assistants (4 female, 2 male with one female being from an underrepresented group in science) worked on this project. Also, two PhD students (both female) and one laboratory technician (a female) worked on this project. Each received some training in cricket maintenance, behavioral experiments, and genetic/proteomic work. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary audience for my research is the scientific community, especially those researchers interested in the genetics and evolution of adaptive phenotypes. This is a broad community as it includes the disciplines of genetics/genomics, biochemistry, ecology, behavior, and evolution. We also target K-12 students, undergraduates, and graduate students as an audience to discuss the "kinds of" science careers that are available and the technology that now exists to address the fundamental questions within the life sciences. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
Outcomes - The main research under this project title is identifying the male and female reproductive tract genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization. This encompasses a range of phenotypes, including induction of egg-laying in females by males, successful ejaculate formation, sperm motility, sperm storage in the female, and successful sperm-egg interactions to name a few. Over the past year, in addition to continuing our work on the male and female genes that result in successful induction of egg-laying in females, we have also begun to work on proteins that underlie (1) the successful formation of male ejaculates, (2) sperm motility, and (3) sperm activation in the female reproductive tract. Moreover, our NSF-funded research has begun and we have identified a list of 15 or so male ejaculate proteins that may influence reproductive incompatibilities between species. Impacts - As was the case last year, the impact of the above outcomes is two fold. First, little is known about the genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization in insects, so the above outcomes expand our knowledge on is critical, but little known, area. Second, the development of gene-silencing technology for this system, in combination with the proteomic/genomic approach mentioned above, elevates this cricket system as a model of insect reproduction and fertilization. Results from this work, and work over the next several years, are likely to provide significant new insights into the mechanisms and consequences of fertilization proteins.

Publications

  • Mutti, N.S., L.K. Pappan, J.Louis, K.Pappan, K.Begum, M.-S. Chen, Y. Park, J.L. Marshall, J.C. Reese, G.R. Reeck. 2008. A protein from the salivary glands of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is essential in feeding on a host plants. PNAS 105:9965-9969. (KAES contribution #: 08-325-J).
  • Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium (one of 100+ authors). 2008. The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum. Nature 452, 949-955 (KAES contribution #: 08-XXX-J).
  • Traylor, T., A.C. Birand, J.L. Marshall, and D.J. Howard. 2008. A Zone of Overlap and Hybridization Between Allonemobius Socius and a New Allonemobius Sp. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101:30-39. (no KAES #).
  • Groman, M.J., N.T. Dittmer, J.L. Marshall, and M.R. Kanost. 2008. Characterization of the multicopper oxidase gene family in Anopheles gambiae. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 38:817-824. (KAES contribution #: 08-266-J)


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The primary output from this project has been a new approach for addressing the genetics of adaptive phenotypes, especially reproductive and fertilization phenotypes. This new approach, which combines proteomic and genomic tools with gene-silencing technology and explicit tests of the link between gene and phenotype, has not been widely used in Ecology or Evolutionary Biology. We have also developed gene-silencing technology for the model cricket Allonemobius socius, which is sure to be used by many laboratories across the country. As for dissemination, I have given presentations at two international meetings and three Universities discussing this powerful approach, as well as many discussions with colleagues around the country. PARTICIPANTS: Three research assistants, all female, worked on this project; with one being my current PhD student from my previous institution. Each received some training in cricket maintenance, behavioral experiments, and genetic/proteomic work. TARGET AUDIENCES: Three research assistants, all female, worked on this project; with one being my current PhD student from my previous institution. Each received some training in cricket maintenance, behavioral experiments, and genetic/proteomic work.

Impacts
Outcomes - The main research under this project title is identifying the male and female genes and proteins that underlie the successful induction of egg-laying by females. We have made significant progress on this topic in our first year, as we have identified one male and one female protein that control the induction of egg-laying in female crickets. The male protein is passed to females during copulation and gene-silencing technology allowed us to demonstrate that knockdown of this protein inhibits the ability of males to induce females to lay eggs. For females, degradation (by a protein in the male ejaculate) of one particular protein in the female reproductive tract is significantly associated with egg-laying by females. At this point, it appears that this female protein acts like a "master switch" that must be turned off, before initiation of reproductive behaviors like egg-laying begins. Impacts - The impact of the above outcomes is two fold. First, little is known about the genes and proteins that underlie successful fertilization in insects, so the above outcomes expand our knowledge on is critical, but little known, area. Second, the development of gene-silencing technology for this system, in combination with the proteomic/genomic approach mentioned above, elevates this cricket system as a model of insect reproduction and fertilization. Results from this work, and work over the next several years, are likely to provide significant new insights into the mechanisms and consequences of fertilization proteins.

Publications

  • Hayashi, T.I., J.L. Marshall, S. Gavrilets. 2007. The dynamics of sexual conflict over mating rate with endosymbiont infection that affects reproductive phenotypes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:2154-2164. (KAES contribution#: 08-69-J)
  • Marshall, J.L. 2007. Rapid evolution of spermathecal duct length in the Allonemobius socius complex of crickets: species, population and Wolbachia effects. PLoS One 2:e720. (KAES contribution #: 07-242-J).
  • Britch, S.C., E.J. Swartout, D.D. Hampton, M.L. Draney, J. Chu, J.L. Marshall, and D.J. Howard. 2007. Genetic architecture of conspecific sperm precedence in Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius. Genetics 176: 1209-1222. (submitted without KAES #). Prabhakar, S., M-S. Chen, E.N. Elpidina, K.S. Vinokurov, C. M. Smith, J. L. Marshall, and B. Oppert. 2007. Sequence analysis and molecular characterization of larval midgut cDNA transcripts encoding peptidases from the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. Insect Molecular Biology 16:455-468. (KAES contribution #: 06-299-J).