Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Project scientists who work with common beanroot morphology, genetics, water and nutrient uptake, shoot morphology and grain yield. Common bean breeders. Changes/Problems: No major problems were encountered. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One professional researcher from Mexico worked on this project and he was assisted by a graduate student and a tecnical worker. This was one of the first times that common beans had been assayed for root rtaits. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The preliminary results were published in a refereed journal anddiscussed at a field day. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We plan to evaluate a recombinant inbred line populationfrom a chosen set of parents to provide data on the inheritance of root and shoot traits in common bean that might affect pod and seed yield. We hope to assign QTL for specific traits.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
A common bean RIL population from Michigan State University was used to study root characters. Previously it had only been used to study shoot and grain yield characters. The results are presently being analyzed by students at MSU.Preliminary results suggest that QTL that control rooting in common bean are located on several different chromosomes.
Publications
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Project scientists who work with commonbean root morphology,genetics, water and nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, shoot morphology and geneticsand grain yield. Common bean breeders. Changes/Problems: Analysis of phenotype results and links to genotype results will continue. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project provided training for a postdoctoral fellow to observe common bean root morphology in a series of commercial parents from different classes. This allowed selection of a F1hybrid recombinant double haploid population of 117 lines plus parentsbetween black beans Zorro and Puebla 152 tophenotype root and shoot traits, including grain yield up to maturity. This population was already phenotyped for shoot traits and grain yield in the cooperatingprogram at Michigan State University. The project also allowed for furthertransfer of genetic male sterility to commercial common beans including pintos. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? A journal article was published. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Analysis of the root phenotype results will continue and they will be linked to genotype results obtained at Michigan State University. QTL for root traits will be determined.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
b) Basic knowledge on bean root morphology was obtained whichmay allow improvement in yield potential and resistance to major abiotic stresses that affect bean seed production.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Waines J.G., Ibarra-Perez F.J.,2013. Genetic variability of common bean root system morphology. Bean Improvement Cooperative,56:61-62
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs were disseminated in the annual report of Multistate Project W2150 to common bean researchers. Also a manuscript was prepared for the Annual Report of Bean Improvement Cooperative, 2013. Transfer of genetic male sterility genes from M. Bassett's spindly branched 5-593 to California cvs. of DRK UC Nichols and LRK UCD 9830 continued. In addition, transfer was started to several pinto bean lines. Several recombinant inbred line series were obtained to study common bean root systems by a sabbatical visitor from Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Francisco J. Ibarra-Perez from INIFAP, Mexico joined the project as a sabbatical visitor through August 2013. He is growing RILs of common bean lines to investigate phenotypes of bean roots at maturity in a sand tube system. TARGET AUDIENCES: Common bean is amenable to undergraduate research projects as it has a short generation time. Also bean breeders and bean farmers may benefit from development of a F1 hybrid common bean production system. Knowledge of the genetics of common bean roots, using RILs already developed, may help improve water and nutrient uptake and seed yield, which is traditionally low in common beans, in both irrigated and drought stressed growing areas. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Several pinto bean lines were selected to receive the transferred spindly branch gene, in addition to kidney beans. Existing RILs of common bean parents with different root systems were obtained and selected for further experimentation.
Impacts
Research was continued to develop a production system for F1 hybrid beans using genetic male sterility and the spindly branched gene. The gene is being transferred to cultuivars adapoted to growing in California fields and includes dark and light red kidney beans and pintos. With insect pollinators, it may be possible to produce F1 hybrid bean seed in fields, plastic tunnels or glasshouses.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs were reported at the annual meeting of Multistate Project in 2010 and 2011. Transfer of genetic male sterility genes from M. Bassett's spindly branched 5-593 to California cultivars dark red kidney UC Nichols and light red kidney UCD 9830 continued. Discussions were had with other members of the project concerning suitable recombinant inbred line populations to begin a study of root morphology and water and nutrient uptake. If common bean is similar to bread wheat, increased root size and water and nutrient uptake may improve seed yield and decrease nitrate pollution. In most crops, some genotypes increas their root size when drought stressed, others have smaller roots. A plastic root system to drought stress may mitigate seed yield depression in common bean, as it may in wheat and soybean. PARTICIPANTS: An undergraduate researcher worked on analysis of the spindly branched gene in segregating bean populations in her senior year and its correlation with seed weight. The results did not support the hypothesis that homozygous spindly branched seeds, that are also male sterile, will have lower seed weight in an F2 population. Hence it was not possible to separate seeds that will produce male sterile plants by seed weight. The student now works for a plant breeding company specializing in vegetable and ornamental crops. A Junior Specialist worked partly on this project and has now joined the MS graduate program in Plant Biology at UC Riverside working with crop plants. TARGET AUDIENCES: Undergraduate students at UC Riverside for training in plant genetics. Bean geneticists and CE personnel in this Multistate project, farmers, both conventional and organic, commercial plant breeders. USDA administrators. In the wild, common bean plants are considerably outcrossed, so successful plants tend to be heterozygous at many loci. Under domestication common beans were taken outside of the natural range of its insect pollinators and were selected for types that inbreed without insect pollination. Hence, common bean in the USA is highly inbred and probably suffers from inbreeding depression. This is not helped by the housewife consumer preference for cosmetic seed-coat color mutants which dictate inbreeding and homozygosity. Seed yields will always be low in common bean because it is so highly inbred. If an workable F1 hybrid bean system could be perfected this may increase seed yield. However, at present, F1 hybrid seed is made by hand pollination, which is not economic for field grown beans. If a root plasticity gene to drought stress can be found in common bean, it may mitigate the effect of drought on seed yield. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: The small amount of funding this project receives from Multistate funds in the AES dictates the amount of work carried out on the project. There is sufficient to train undergraduates, but no longer sufficient to train a graduate student on a multi-year degree program. It is to be hoped that the project can attract additional funds and research workers to carry out the root system size studies.
Impacts
Research continued to develop F1 hybrid beans using genetic male sterility and the spindly branch gene, rather than cytoplasmic male sterility. The gene is being transferred to cultivars adapted to growing in fields in California, as tropical 5-593 does not grow well in fields at Riverside. Plants are too small, and the spindly-branched male-sterile plants are overgrown by male-fertile plants. A male-sterile plant in an F2 population of 5-593 X white kidney did not have spindly branches, but shorter and thicker branches than the male-fertile normal plants. It was crossed to other kidney plants and the F1 seedlings are being selfed to see if this new mutant form is inherited in the segregating F2 population. Parents of recombinant inbred line populations (RILS) are being obtained to begin a study of root size, water and nutrient uptake on grain yield and nitrate leaching in beans in root tubes. Using bread wheat as a model self-pollinated crop plant similar to common bean, the effect of drought on root plasticity was studied as a way to mitigate seed yield depression under drought stress. In cereals and legumes (soy beans) some genotypes of the crop have roots that increase in size when drought stressed, where as other genotypes have roots that decrease size. In wheat, cultivars with the plasticity gene have reduced seed yield depression over cvs. without the gene. Clearly if such a gene can be found in common bean, it may mitigate the effect of drought stress on seed yield.
Publications
- Ehdaie B, Layne AP, Waines JG. 2011. Root system plasticity to drought influences grain yield in bread wheat. Euphytica DOI 10.1007/s10681-011-0585-9
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Root and shoot biomass were determined at flowering among 5 lines that differed for bush or vine type shoot morphology. Thay were bush types A-55, Midnight , Sanilac, and vine types Roza and SDIP-1. Shoot biomass varied more than 2-fold between Sanilac and Roza, which were significantly different. Root biomass varied almost 3-fold between Sanilac and Roza which were significantly different. But there was no difference in the ratio of root weight to total weight. Root biomass between bush types Sanilac and A-55 varied almost 2-fold and they were significantly different. Using bread wheat as a model crop plant, increasing root size in near isogenic lines did increase water and nutrient uptake, grain yield, and decrease nitrate pollution of drain water. Transfer of male sterility genes into commercial cultivars was continued. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Shree Singh, Kimberly, Idaho, supplied seeds of 5 bean genotypes. Parental lines of common bean recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were requested of participants in W-2150 to screen the root systems for morphological root traits. TARGET AUDIENCES: Common bean researchers. Bean farmers. Bean breeders need to be aware that it may be necessary to select for root size and other root traits to positively affect water and nutrient uptake and increase seed yield. Previously, root characters were not greatly selected in common bean breeding programs. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Screening the parents of existing RILs for root traits may allow existing RILs to be used to select for traits that will increase seed yield in common bean.
Impacts
Breeding common beans with a larger root biomass may allow uptake of more water and nutrients and increase seed yield, while decreasing nitrogen pollution of the groundwater. Development of a workable male sterility system in common bean may allow for introduction of F1 hybrid bean seed.
Publications
- Ehdaie, B., Merhaut, D.J., Ahmadian S., Hoops, A.C., Khuong T., Layne, A.P., Waines, J.G. 2010. Root system size influences water-nutrient uptake and nitrate leaching potential in wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 196:455-466.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Transfer of genetic male sterility from spindly branched tropical 5-593 germplasm into a California adapted UC Nichols red kidney common bean continued. A second experiment was performed to test if homozygous recessive seeds of 5-593 had lower seed weight than male fertile seeds, which were either homozygous dominant or heterozygous for the spindly branch gene. Homozygous recessive plants are smaller and thinner with less above-ground biomass than male fertile plants. The results suggest this may be a way to distinguish seeds that will be homozygous recessive from the other two types. A model crop plant system using the rye 1RS centric translocation in bread wheat 'Pavon 76', which has near-isogenic lines Pavon 1RS.1AL, Pavon 1RS.1BL and Pavon 1RS.1DL with roots of different biomass was used to test if water and nutrient uptake, grain yield, and nitrate leaching are affected by root size. Root size positively affects water and nutrient uptake, grain yield, and negatively affects leaching fraction and leachate N concentration. PARTICIPANTS: Several undergraduate students helped with this research with beans and wheat. TARGET AUDIENCES: Bean breeders. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Need to conduct research on the effect of root size on seed yield with common bean. Need to continue transfering male sterility genes into locally adapted cultivars, to search for efficient pollinators and an efficient field production system to produce F1 hybrid beans.
Impacts
Research continued for a way to develop F1 hybrid beans using genetic male sterility and the spindly branch gene, as against cytoplasmic male sterility. The gene needs to be transferred to a California adapted bean. An efficient insect pollinator needs to be identified. A physical way to separate seeds that will develop into male-sterile plants would significantly increase the efficiency of field production of F1 hybrid seeds. Most crop plant research is conducted on above-ground plant organs. Below ground roots are neglected because of the difficulty of observing and harvesting them. Grain yield is positively affected by root size and other root characters that affect positively water and nutrient uptake, but affect negatively fertilizer pollution. Since many US common beans have small root systems, one way to increase seed yield may be to breed for increased root size and other root characters.
Publications
- Ehdaie B and Waines JG. 2008. Larger root system increases water-nitrogen uptake and grain yield in bread wheat. In R. Apels (ed.) Proc. 11 Int. Wheat Genetics Symposium, 2008. Brisbane, Qld. Australia. Vol. 2, 659-661.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: A field experiment to monitor carpenter-bee pollination of 5-593 male sterile spindly branch homozygous recessive plants by male fertile 'California Nichols' dark red kidney plants was conducted in October 2008. The population of carpenter bees was small and few cross pollinated hybrid seeds were set. A small grey-blue butterfly (Lyaenidae) was seen to also visit bean flowers. The experiment should be repeated earlier in the late summer-fall or in spring. As male-sterile spindly branch bean plants have significantly lower above-ground biomass than male-fertile plants, a possible way to differentiate seeds that will develop into male sterile plants is to separate seeds on seed weight. An experiment was performed to test if homozygous recessive seeds had lower seed weight relative to male fertile seeds. Initial seed weight appeared to be independent of the genotype of the plant that developed from the embryo. However, the experiment will be run for a second year. PARTICIPANTS: Paul Gepts is the bean geneticist at UC Davis who also has an interest in pollination biology of common bean. Mark Bassett (retired Florida) is available for consultation. Dhru Patel is an undergraduate research student who worked on the project in Fall 2008. TARGET AUDIENCES: Common bean breeders and farmers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Monitor more closely when native populations of carpenter bees, other bees and insects are active on salvias and other flowering garden plants. It may be necessary to move the bean cross-pollination experiments to areas of the experiment station where there are salvia and other flowers that are host to a variety of insects. Growing the beans in an isolated field surrounded by bare soil does not readily attract pollinating insects.
Impacts
Carpenter bees and small grey-blue butterflies (Lyaenidae) appear to pollinate common bean plants in October in Southern California. Separation of of seeds into low and high biomass appeared not to be correlated with whether the seeds develop into male sterile and male fertile plants in a spindly branch population.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Gene transfer for genetic male-sterility systems from exotic tropical germplasm to California field-adapted common bean germplasm continued. Systems include Spindly branch Sb/sb; Male sterile MS/ms-1; MS/ms-8; and anther indehiscent Ai/ai, where the anthers do not dehisce, or rarely so, but pollen is fertile. California adapted cultivars include dark red kidney "UC Nichols" and light red kidney "UCD9830". Field test with segregating F2 Sb/sb population in 2007 demonstrated few (1) seed set on a sb/sb plant out of 200 in the absence of honeybee hives, or visits by bumble or carpenter bees.
PARTICIPANTS: J.G. Waines, David Nah (undergraduate).
TARGET AUDIENCES: Agricultural and horticultural common bean farmers
PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Project Modifications. The Spindly branch (sb/sb) male sterility system is almost 100% effective in the absence of an appropriate pollinator. European honey bee is not a good pollinator of common bean. In 2008 I shall encourage bumble bees or carpenter bees into the bean field, or grow male sterile female plants and male fertile pollen plants near known bumble bee/carpenter bee habitats.
Impacts
Common beans tend to outcross in the wild. Domestication removed the crop from their native pollinating insects in Mexico and forced inbreeding, which leads to inbreeding depression and decreased seed yield. Development of a field based, commercial F1 hybrid seed production system would use known hybrid vigor in common bean and may lead to yield improvement. The various male sterility systems need to be in germplasm adapted to field conditions in California and other production states. We need to develop an appropriate pollinator system.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Transfer of genes for genetic male sterility systems from exotic tropical common bean germplasm to California adapted germplasm continued. Systems include Spindly branch Sb/sb;Male sterileMS/ms-1; MS/ms-8; and Anther indehiscent Ai/ai, where anthers do not dehisce, or rarely so, but pollen is fertile. California adapted cultivars include dark red kidney UC Nichols and light red kidney UCD 9830. Field test with segregating F2 Sb/sb population demonstrated no seed set on ms sb/sb plants in the absence of honey or bumble bees.
Impacts
Wild common bean tends to outcross. Domestication removed beans from their pollinating insects and forced inbreeding which leads to inbreeding depression and decreased seed yield. Development of a commercial F1 hybrid seed production system would use known hybrid vigor in common bean and may lead to yield improvement. The male sterility systems need to be in germplasm adapted to field conditions with an appropriate pollinator.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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