Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The purpose of this project was to extend the concept and application of carrying capacity to parks and related forest areas. This was accomplished through work on the following project objectives. First, indicators and standards of quality were developed for a number of park and recreation areas, including Acadia National Park, Denali National Park, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, mountain summits in the Northern Forest, and Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge. Second, indicators and standards of quality at many park and forest areas were compiled and published. Third, tests of several conceptual and empirical issues regarding measurement of indicators and standards of quality were conducted, including norm congruence, question format and wording, visual simulations, and norm crystallization. Fourth, normative standards were developed for ecologically-oriented issues and variable such as trail and campsite deterioration. Fifth, alternative methods for conceptualizing and measuring carrying capacity and indicators and standards of quality were developed and applied, including indifference curves, conjoint analysis, and computer simulation modeling. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator was Robert Manning. The following graduate students worked on the project as research assistants: Carena Van Riper, Kelly Goonan, Jeffrey Hallo, Megha Budruk. The following individuals worked on the project as research staff: William Valliere, Laura Anderson. The following organizations and individuals collaborated on projects: The New York Department of Environmental Conservation, The Green Mountain Club, The Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Acadia National Park, The Lake Champlain Committee TARGET AUDIENCES: This project is designed to help scientists develop and apply a variety of research methods to study carrying capacity in parks and related forest recreation areas. It is also designed to help managers and planners of parks and related forest recreation areas by providing them with information about issues related to carrying capacity. The primary method for diseminating this information is through publications in peer-reviewed journals, participation in and presentations at professional conferences, and study completion reports. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This program of research is helping scientists develop and apply a variety of research approaches to measure and manage carrying capacity, and is helping to inform planners and managers of parks and related forest recreation areas.
Publications
- Manning, R. 2009. Parks and People: Managing Outdoor Recreation at Acadia National Park Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England.
- Manning, R. 2007. Parks and Carrying Capacity: Commons Without Tragedy. Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 313 pages.
- Lawson, S., J. Hallo, and R. Manning. 2008. Measuring, Monitoring, and Managing Visitor Use in Parks and Protected Areas Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling. Monitoring, Simulation, and Management of Visitor Landscapes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 175-188.
- Pilcher, E., P. Newman, and R. Manning. 2008. Understanding and Managing Experiential Aspects of Soundscapes at Muir Woods National Monument. Environmental Management 43: 425-435.
- Park, L., R. Manning, J. Marion, S. Lawson, and C. Jacobi. 2008. Managing Visitor Impacts in Parks: A Multi-Method Study of the Effectiveness of Alternative Management Practices. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26: 97-121.
- Kuentzel, W., D. Laven, R. Manning, and W. Valliere. 2008. When Do Normative Standards Matter Most Understanding the Role of Norm Strength at Multiple National Park Settings. Leisure Sciences, 30:127-142.
- Vaske, J. and R. Manning. 2008. Analysis of Multiple Data Sets in Outdoor Recreation Research. Leisure Sciences 30:93-95.
- Abbe, D. and R. Manning. 2007. Wilderness Day Use: Patterns, Impacts, and Management. International Journal of Wilderness 13:21-25, 38.
- Smyth, R., M. Watzin, and R. Manning. 2007. Defining Acceptable Levels for Indicators: An Approach for Considering Social Values. Environmental Management 39:301-315.
- Manning, R., C. Jacobi, and J. Marion. 2006. Recreation Monitoring at Acadia National Park. The George Wright Forum 23:59-72.
- Lawson, S., R. Itami, R. Gimblett, and R. Manning. 2006. Benefits and Challenges of Computer Stimulation Modeling of Backcountry Recreation Use in the Desolation Lake Area of the John Muir Wilderness. Journal of Leisure Research 38:187-203.
- Manning, R., Y. Leung, and M. Budruk. 2005. Research to Support Management of Visitor Carrying Capacity at Boston Harbor Islands. Northeastern Naturalist 12:201-220.
- Manning, R., S. Lawson, and J. Morrissey. 2005. Whats Behind the Numbers Qualitative Insights Into Normative Research in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 27: 205-224.
- Newman, P., R. Manning, and D. Dennis. 2005. Informing Carry Capacity Decision Making in Yosemite National Park, USA Using Stated Choice Modeling. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 23(1): 75-89.
- Vande Kamp, M., D. Johnson, and R. Manning. 2005. Managing Exit Glaciers Popularity: Social Science Looks at Visitor Experiences. Alaska Park Science 3(2): 28-33.
- Cole, D., R. Manning, and D. Lime. 2005. Putting Numbers in Their Place: Addressing the Visitor Capacity of Parks and Rivers. Parks and Recreation 40(3): 8-12.
- Laven, D., R. Manning, and D. Krymkowski. 2005. The Relationship Between Visitor-based Standards of Quality and Existing Conditions in Parks and Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 27(2): 157-173.
- Dennis, D., P. Newman, and R. Manning. 2008. Analysis of Strength-of-Preference Measures in Dichotomous Choice Models. Proceedings of the 2007 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-P-23: 240-243.
- Manning, R., W. Valliere, J. Hallo, P. Newman, E. Pilcher, M. Savidge, and D. Dugan. 2007. From Landscapes to Soundscapes: Understanding the Managing Natural Quiet in the National Parks. Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NRS-P-14, pp. 601-606.
- Kyle, G., A. Graefe, and R. Manning. 2005. Spatial Variation in Level of Place Attachment Proceedings of the 2004 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-326, pp. 14-19.
- Manning, R., R. Itami, D. Cole, and R. Gimblett. 2005. Overview of Computer Simulation Modeling Approaches and Methods. Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-143, pp. 11-16.
- Lawson, R., R. Itami, R. Gimblett, and R. Manning. 2005. John Muir Wilderness: Describing the Spatial Distribution of Backpacking Use on a System of Trails and Campsites. Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-143, pp. 31-35.
- Manning, R., W. Valliere, B. Wang, S. Lawson, and P. Newman. 2005. Frontcountry Trails and Attraction Sites in Yosemite National Park: Estimating the Maximum Use that Can be Accommodated Without Violating Standards of Quality. Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-143, pp. 36-38.
- Manning, R. 2005. The Limits of Tourism in Parks and Protected Areas: Managing Carrying Capacity In the U.S. National Parks. Taking Tourism to the Limits: Issues, Concepts and Management Perspectives. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 129-139.
- Hallo, J., R. Manning, and P. Stokowski. 2009. Understanding and Managing the Off-Road Vehicle Experience: Indicators of Quality. Managing Leisure.
- Hallo, J. and R. Manning. 2009. Understanding and Managing the Off-Road Vehicle Experience: Standards of Quality. Managing Leisure.
- Krymkowski, D., R. Manning, and W. Valliere. 2009. Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis. Leisure Sciences.
- Hallo, J., and R. Manning. 2009. Analysis of Social Carrying Capacity of a National Park Scenic Road. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
- Manning, R., S. Lawson, and W. Valliere. 2009. Multiple Manifestations of Crowding in Outdoor Recreation: A Study of the Relative Importance of Crowding-Related Indicators Using Indifference Curve Analysis. Leisure/Loisir.
- Hallo, J. and R. Manning. 2009. Transportation and Recreation: A Case Study of Visitors Driving for Pleasure at Acadia National Park. Journal of Transport Geography.
- Smyth, R., M. Watzin, and R. Manning. 2009. Investigating Public Preference for Managing Lake Champlain Using a Choice Experiment. Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 615-623.
- Valliere, W., R. Manning, and B. Wang. 2005. Alcatraz Island: Estimating the Maximum Use That Can be Accommodated Without Violating Standards of Quality. Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-143, pp. 39-41.
- Lawson, S., R. Manning, and A. Keily. 2005. Isle Royale National Park: Estimating the Effectiveness of Alternatives for Managing Crowding at Wilderness Campsites. Computer Simulation Modeling of Recreation Use: Current Status, Case Studies, and Future Directions USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-143, pp. 47-49.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall purpose of this study is to further extend the concept and application of carrying capacity to parks and related forest areas. Progress was made on several specific study objectives as follows. First, research on indicators and standards of quality for outdoor recreation was conducted at several parks and forest recreation areas, including Acadia National Park, Denali National Park, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the Northern Forest, and Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge. Second, this research has extended the application of carrying capacity to new recreation-related issues, including transportation and human-caused noise. Third, a variety of conceptual and empirical methods to help analyze and manage carrying capacity have been developed and applied, including qualitative and quantitative surveys, normative theory and methods, visual research techniques, stated choice modeling, and computer simulation modeling. All work has contributed to advances in research approaches and has supported the application of carrying capacity to the managment of parks and related forest recreation areas. PARTICIPANTS: The primary investigator was Robert Manning The following graduate students worked on the project as research assistants: Carena Van Riper Kelly Goonan The following individuals worked on the project as research staff: William Valliere Laura Anderson The following organizations and individuals collaborated on projects: The New York Department of Environmental Conservation The Green Mountain Club The Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation Acadia National Park The Lake Champlain Committee TARGET AUDIENCES: This project is designed to help scientists develop and apply a variety of research methods to study carrying capacity in parks and related forest recration areas. It is also designed to help managers and planners of parks and related forest recration areas by providing them with information about issues related to carrying capacity. The primary method for diseminating this information is through publications in peer-reviewed journals, participation in and presentations at professional conferences, and study completion reports. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This program of research is helping scientists develop and apply a variety of research approaches to measure and manage carrying capacity, and is helping to inform planners and managers of parks and related forest recreation areas.
Publications
- Marion, J., R. Dvorak, and R. Manning. 2008. Wildlife Feeding in Parks: Methods for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Educational Interventions and Wildlife Food Attraction Behaviors. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 13: 429-442.
- Smyth, R., M. Watzin, and R. Manning. 2008. Investigating Public Preferences for Managing Lake Champlain Using a Choice Experiment. Journal of Environmental Management 90: 615-623.
- Lawson, S., J. Hallo, and R. Manning. 2008. Measuring, Monitoring, and Managing Visitor Use in Parks and Protected Areas. Monitoring, Simulation, and Management of Visitor Landscapes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 175-188.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: The overall purpose of this study is to further extend the concept and application of carrying capacity to parks and related forest recreation areas. Progress was made on several specific study objectives as follows. First, research on indicators and standards of quality for outdoor recreation was conducted at several parks and forest recreation areas, including Acadia National Park, Denali National Park, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge. Second, this research has extended the application of carrying capacity to new recreation-related issuse, including transportation and human-caused noise. Third, a variety of conceptual and empirical methods to help analyze and manage carrying capacity have been developed and applied, including qualitative and quantitative surveys, normative theory and methods, visual research techniques, and computer simulation modeling. All of this work has contributed to advances in research approaches and has supported the application of carrying capacity to the management of parks and related forest recreation areas. PARTICIPANTS: This study has involved a number of participants engaged in both research and management. With regard to the former, graduate students Rebecca Stanfield McCown, Carena van Riper, and Kelly Goonan and research staff William Valliere and Laura Anderson have helped plan and conduct field studies. With regard to the latter, planners and managers at four study sites have been directly involved in study planning and management. TARGET AUDIENCES: Primary target audiences include the educational, research, and management communities. The textbook, Parks and Carrying Capacity: Commons without Tragedy, serves the needs of all three of these audiences. The scholarly papers noted above are aimed primarily at the research community, including academics and graduate students. In addition, the Principle Investigator, graduate students, and research staff have presented papers on this study at several academic and professional conferences. Finally, site-related data forthcoming from this study is being used by park and forest recreation planners and managers. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
This program of research is helping scientists develop and apply a variety of research approaches to measure and manage carrying capacity, and is helping to inform planners and managers of parks and related forest recreation areas.
Publications
- Vaske, J. and R. Manning. 2008. Analysis of Multiple Data Sets in Outdoor Recreation Research. Leisure Sciences, 30: 93-95.
- Kuentzel, W., D. Laven, R. Manning, and W. Valliere. 2008. When Do Normative Standards Matter Most Understanding the Role of Norm Strength at Multiple National Park Settings. Leisure Sciences, 30: 127-142.
- Park, L, R. Manning, J. Marion, S. Lawson, and C. Jacobi. 2008. Managing Visitor Impacts in Parks: A Multi-Method Study of the Effectiveness of Alternative Management Practices. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26: 97-121.
- Manning, R. 2007. Parks and Carrying Capacity: Commons Without Tragedy. Washington, DC: Island Press.
- Abbe, J. and R. Manning. 2007. Wilderness Day Use: Patterns, Impacts, and Management. International Journal of Wilderness, 13(2): 21-25, 38.
- Smyth, R., M. Watzin, and R. Manning. 2007. Defining Acceptable Levels for Ecological Indicators: An Approach for Considering Social Values. Environmental Management, 39:301-315.
- Manning, R., C. Jacobi, and J. Marion. 2006. Recreation Monitoring at Acadia National Park. The George Wright Forum, 23: 59-72.
- Lawson, S., R. Itami, R. Gimblett, and R. Manning. 2006. Benefits and Challenges of Computer Simulation Modeling of Backcountry Recreation Use in the Desolation Lake Area of the John Muir Wilderness. Journal of Leisure Research, 38: 187-203.
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