Progress 10/01/03 to 10/01/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Shellfish farmers, aquaculturists, shellfish researchers, biologists, geneticists, educators, students, people who are interested in marine environment Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? We provided training opportunity and research experiences for over 12 undergraduate summer interns, 5 graduate students and 9 postdoctoral associates. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Research results have published in peer-reviewed journals, in book chapters and articles for general audiences. The have also been communicated to the shellfish aquaculture industry through presentations at regional, national and international conferences such as the Milford Aquaculture Seminar, the National Shellfish Association's annual meetings, Plant and Animal Genome Conference, and the International Conference of Genomics. Rutgers disease-resistant strains, both diploids and tetraploids, have been distributed to the oyster culture industry for commercial production. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We conducted research in several areas of shellfish genetics and breeding in supporting our goal of developing superior shellfish varieties for aquaculture, and achieved the following. First, we continued selective breeding of eastern oysters. Rutgers University has maintained an oyster breeding program since 1960. Strains developed at Rutgers had shown strong resistance to MSX, but they did not grow well and did notshow much resistance to Dermo. We continued our oyster selection program with added attention to improved Dermo resistance and fast growth. We carried the selection program forward for four more generations from 2004 and 2013. As a result, Rutgers strains have shown significant improvement in both disease resistance and growth. In a recent comparison, Rutgers strains outperformed all other strains in NJ and some other culture sites in New England area. Second, we developed and improved superior triploid eastern oysters from Rutgers disease-resistant strains, and released them for aquaculture production. Triploids contain three sets of chromosomes. They don't contain any foreign genes and are not considered as GMOs. Most agriculture crops such as wheat and rice are natural polyploids. Triploid oysters are ideal for aquaculture because of their sterility, superior growth and improved summer meat quality. Triploid oysters have become an important part of the oyster aquaculture industry. Triploid oysters are produced by mating normal diploids and tetraploids that have four sets of chromosomes. We produced and selectively bred tetraploid eastern oysters for seven generations. Triploid oysters produced from Rutgers tetraploids combine the superior growth of triploids and disease resistance that was developed over 50+ years of selective breeding. They grew faster, survived better and yielded 82 - 192% more meat than normal diploids. Diploids and triploids from Rutgers strains have become popular stocks for aquaculture in NJ and the New England area. Third, to advance our breeding program in the molecular age, we conducted genetic and genomic research trying to understand the oyster genome and identify genes that control economically important traits such as growth, reproduction and disease resistance. The goal was to identify genes and markers responsible for disease resistance, which can be used for marker-assisted selection. We developed a large number of mapping families, genetic markers and genetic maps. We identified over 20 genes or markers related to disease resistance in the eastern oyster. These markers are being validated and used for marker-assisted selection. They may greatly improve the efficiency of our selection program. We are one of the leading groups of the international oyster genome project that sequenced the genome of the Pacific oyster for the first time. Research on oyster genomics has provided not only new tools for oyster breeding, but also novel insights to basic biology of molluscs, as exemplified by the publication of the oyster genome in Nature. In addition to research on oysters, we also conducted basic and applied research on other economically important shellfish species such as clams, scallops, pearl oysters and abalone in collaboration with international partners. These studies broadened our knowledge on a wide range of shellfish species and may have broad impact on shellfish aquaculture. Over the course of this project, our team has published 76 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals and 4 book chapters. We made over 30 presentations at professional conferences. Genetically improved oyster strains, both in diploid and tetraploid forms, have been distributed to the oyster aquaculture industry. Triploid oysters produced from Rutgers disease resistant strains not only grow fast but also show improved survival due to their disease resistance. Improved diploid and triploid oysters have made a significant contribution to oyster farming in NJ and beyond.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Fellous, A., P. Favrel, X. Guo and G. Riviere. 2014. The Jumonji gene family in Crassostrea gigas suggests evolutionary conservation of Jmj-C histone demethylases orthologues in the oyster gametogenesis and development. Gene 538: 164-175.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Yang, H., Y. Wang, X. Guo and T.R. Tiersch. 2014. Production of inbred larvae through self-fertilization using oocytes and cryopreserved sperm from the same individuals after sex reversal in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Aquaculture Research, doi:10.1111/are.12371.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bao, Y., Q. Wang, X. Guo and Z. Lin. 2013. Structure and immune expression analysis of hemoglobin genes from the blood clam Tegillarca granosa. Genetics and molecular research, 12(3):3110-23.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
He, Y.A., Jouaux, S.E., Ford, C. Lelong, P. Sourdaine and X. Guo, 2014 Transcriptome response of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to Ostreid herpesvirus infection. J. Shellfish Res. 33(2): 615.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Liu, M. and X. Guo. 2014. Characterization of an alternative oxidase gene in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) and its response to air exposure. J. Shellfish Res., 33(2):628.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Rawson, P., S. Lindell, X. Guo and I. Sunila. 2014. Breeding a better oyster for New England. J. Shellfish Res., 33(2):644-645.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Biologists, researchers and shellfish breeders, oyster farmers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? We provided training opportunity for three undergraduate summer interns, two graduate students and one postdoctoral associate. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results of our research have been published in papers, or presented to oyster growers. More presentations are scheduled at Milford Aqquaculture Seminar in Febuary 2014 and at the National Shellfish Association's meeting in March 2014. Rutgers NEH disease-resistant stocks, both diploid and tetraploids, have been distributed to oyster hatcheries for commercial production. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue to evaluate and improve our disease-resistant lines. We will improve the survival and stability of our tetraploid lines so that they can satisfy the need of industry for triploid production. We will conduct association studies trying to validate disease-resistance markers and use them for marker-assisted selection.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
In 2013, we conducted the following research under support from USDA/NRAC and USDA ARS: 1) we continued selective breeding of disease-resistant eastern oysters and performed field evaluations; 2) we provided the latest disease-resistant tetraploid eastern oysters to the industry for triploid production; 3) we identified disease-resistance genes in the Pacific and eastern oysters; 4) we participated in the international oyster genome project, which completed the sequencing of the Pacific oyster genome. In selective breeding, we produced a new generation of Rutgers NEH disease-resistant lines. The new lines were deployed for field evaluation. We also evaluated 6 eastern oyster lines developed by various institutions including Rutgers University, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, University of Rhode Island and University of Maine. Our results show that the Rutgers NEH line outperformed all other lines at Cape Shore in Delaware Bay, New Jersey. We provided Rutgers NEH disease-resistant stock to hatcheries for commercial production. We also provide tetraploid NEH stocks to the industry for the production of triploid oysters. For identifying disease-resistance genes, we sequenced the transcriptome of the eastern oyster and identified 657 genes related to immune response. Many key genes related to innate immunity are expanded in the eastern oyster revealing a complex defense system in the eastern oyster probably in adaptation to filter-feeding in a pathogen-rich environment. This gene set provides a valuable database for future studies on disease resistance in the eastern oyster.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Zhang, L., L. Li, Y. Zhu, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2013. Transcriptome analysis reveals a rich gene set related to innate immunity in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Marine Biotechnology, 10.1007/s10126-013-9526-z.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Yang, H., J. Supan, X. Guo and T.R. Tiersch. 2013. Nonlethal sperm collection and cryopreservation in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. J. Shellfish Res., 32(2):429-437.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Wang, H., L. Qian, A. Wang and X. Guo. 2013. Occurrence and distribution of Crassostrea sikamea (Amemiya 1928) in China. J. Shellfish Res., 32(2):439-446.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Guevelou, E., A. Huvet, R. Sussarellu, M. Milan, X. Guo, L. Li, G. Zhang, V. Quillien, J.-Y. Daniel, C. Quere, P. Boudry, and C. Corporeau. 2013. Regulation of a truncated isoform of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPK alpha) in response to hypoxia in the muscle of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 183:597-611.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Molluscan shellfish are important marine resources, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to conduct research in shellfish genetics and breeding to support the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the genetic mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2012, we conducted the following research under support from USDA/NRAC and NSF: 1) we continued selective breeding of disease-resistant eastern oysters and performed field evaluations; 2) we provided the latest disease-resistant tetraploid eastern oysters to the industry for triploid production; 3) we identified disease-resistance genes in the eastern oyster; 4) we studied population genetics of oysters in Delaware Bay; and 5) we participated in the international oyster genome project, which completed the sequencing of the Pacific oyster genome. The outputs were published and/or presented to the shellfish research and culture community at meetings including the annual meetings of the National Shellfisheries Association and the Milford Aquaculture Seminar. PARTICIPANTS: Guofan Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yan He and Yuehuan Zhang, Ocean University of China; Eric Powell, Susan Ford and David Bushek, Rutgers University; Paul Rawson, University of Maine. TARGET AUDIENCES: Shellfish researchers, breeders and farmers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The disease-resistant eastern oysters developed from our research program have become valuable stocks for oyster farming along the northeastern coast. We distributed disease-resistant broodstock in both diploid and tetraploid forms. The tetraploids are used to produce triploid oysters which grow significantly faster than diploids. The oyster genome has been published in a recent article in Nature, which is a significant milestone in oyster genomics and will enable a wide range of genetic research and analyses.
Publications
- Zhang, G., X. Fang, X. Guo, L. Li, R. Luo, F. Xu, P. Yang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Qi, Z. Xiong, H. Que, Y. Xie, P. W. H. Holland, J. Paps, Y. Zhu, F. Wu, Y. Chen, J. Wang, C. Peng, J. Meng, L. Yang, J. Liu, B. Wen, N. Zhang, Z. Huang, Q. Zhu, Y. Feng, A. Mount, D. Hedgecock, Z. Xu, Y. Liu, T. Domazet-Loso, Y. Du, X. Sun, S. Zhang, B. Liu, P. Cheng, X. Jiang, J. Li, D. Fan, W. Wang, W. Fu, T. Wang, B. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Peng, Y. Li, N. Li, J. Wang, M. Chen, Y. He, F. Tan, X. Song, Q. Zheng, R. Huang, H. Yang, X. Du, L. Chen, M. Yang, P. M. Gaffney, S. Wang, L. Luo, Z. She, Y. Ming, W. Huang, S. Zhang, B. Huang, Y. Zhang, T. Qu, P. Ni, G. Miao, J. Wang, Q. Wang, C. E. W. Steinberg, H. Wang, N. Li, L. Qian, G. Zhang, Y. Li, H. Yang, X. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Yin & J. Wang. 2012. The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation. Nature, 490:49-54.
- He, Y., D. Bushek, S.E. Ford, Z. Bao and X. Guo. 2012. Effective population size of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) populations from Delaware Bay. J. Mar. Res., 70:357-379.
- Powell, E.N., J.M. Klinck, X. Guo, E.E. Hofmann, S.E. Ford and David Bushek. 2012. Can oysters Crassostrea virginica develop resistance to dermo disease in the field: The impediment posed by climate cycles. J. Mar. Res., 70:309-355.
- Zhang, Y., Z. Wang, X. Yan, R. Yu, J. Kong, J. Liu, X. Li, Y. Li and X. Guo. 2012. Laboratory hybridization between two oysters: Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea hongkongensis. J. Shellfish Res., 31(3):619-625.
- He, Y., H. Yu, Z. Bao, Q. Zhang and X. Guo. 2012. Mutation in promoter region of a serine protease inhibitor confers Perkinsus marinus resistance in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 33: 411-417.
- Guo, X. 2012. Production and breeding of tetraploid eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. J. Shellfish Res., 31(1):292.
- Guo, X., C. Milbury, Y. Wang, Y. He, L. Zhang, D. Bushek and S. Ford. 2012. Genetic structure of eastern oyster populations in Delaware Bay and selection by diseases. J. Shellfish Res., 31(1):292.
- Surier, A., R. Karney, X. Guo and Y. Wang. 2012. Challenges to creating a tetraploid broodtsock for the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. J. Shellfish Res., 31(1):352.
- Sunila, I., S. Lindell, X. Guo and P. Rawson. 2012. Field trials for cross-bred disease-resistant eastern oysters in New England. J. Shellfish Res., 31(1):227.
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Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Molluscan shellfish are important marine resources, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to conduct research in shellfish genetics and breeding to support the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the genetic mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2011, we conducted the following research under support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant and NSF: 1) we continued selective breeding of disease-resistant eastern oysters and performed field evaluations; 2) we provided the latest disease-resistant tetraploid eastern oysters to the industry for triploid production; 3) we identified and mapped disease-resistance genes in the eastern oyster; and 4) we participated in the international oyster genome project. The outputs were published and/or presented to the shellfish research and culture community at meetings including the annual meetings of the National Shellfisheries Association, and Plant and Animal Genome Conference. PARTICIPANTS: Ximing Guo, Principal Investigator; Shan Wang, graduate student; Yan He, graduate student; Daniel Bradbury, undergraduate student; Susan Ford, collaborator, Rutgers University; Eric Powell, collaborator, Rutgers University; Amandine Surier, Martha's Vineyard Shellfish Group, MA; Dennis Hedgecock, University of Southern California, CA. Yongbo Bao, collaborator, Wanli University, China; Guofan Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. TARGET AUDIENCES: Researcher, shellfish farmers, fishery managers and policy makers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
The disease-resistant eastern oysters developed from our research program have become valuable stocks for oyster farming along the northeastern coast. We distributed disease-resistant broodstock in both diploid and tetraploid forms. The tetraploids are used to produce triploid oysters, which grow significantly faster than diploids. Because of the recent outbreak of MSX disease in Maine, our MSX-resistant stocks have become the most desired stock for oyster farmers in the region.
Publications
- Bao, Y., Z. Lin and X. Guo. 2011. Cloning, characterization of glutamine synthetase gene from bloody clam Tegillarca granosa. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):485-485. (abstract)
- Hedgecock, D., P.M. Gaffney, X. Guo, G. Shin, A. Gracey, H. Qi, L. Li, G. Zhang, M.P. Samanta. 2011. GIGASNP: integrating genetic, physical and cytogenetic maps of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):515-151. (abstract)
- Wang, H., L. Qian, X. Liu, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2011. Taxonomic status of a common oyster from southern China. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):560-560. (abstract)
- Wang, S., P.M. Gaffney, D. Hedgecock, Z. Bao and X. Guo. 2011. Construction of a cytogenetic map for the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):561-561. (abstract)
- Yu. H., H. Yan, X. Wang, Q. Zhang, Z. Bao and X. Guo. 2011. Association between the serine protease inhibitor gene and disease resistance in the eastern oyster. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):565-565. (abstract)
- Bao, Y., Ford, S. Bushek, D. and X. Guo. 2011. Genetic analysis of Haplosporidium nelsoni from four US populations with internal transcribed spacer sequences. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):485-485. (abstract)
- Hofmann, E.E., J.M. Klinck, D. Bushek, S.E. Ford, X. Guo, E.N. Powell, D.B. Haidvogel and J. Winkin. 2011. Delaware Bay ecology of infectious disease project overview. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):516-516.
- Powell, E.N., J.M. Klinck, X. Guo, E.E. Hofmann, S.E. Ford, D. Bushek. 2011. Can oysters develop resistance to Dermo disease: evaluation using a gene-based population dynamics model. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):544-544.
- Surier, A., R. Karney, X. Guo, Y. Wang, E. Green-Beach. 2011. Challenges to creating a tetraploid broodstock for the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):556-556.
- Powell, E.N., J.M. Klinck, X. Guo, S.E. Ford and D. Bushek. 2011. The potential for oysters, Crassostrea virginica, to develop resistance to Dermo disease in the field: evaluation using a gene-based population dynamics model. J. Shellfish Res., 30(3):685-712.
- Zhang, G., X. Guo, L. Li, F. Xu, X. Wang. H. Qi, L. Zhang, H. Que, H. Wu, S. Wang, D. Hedgecock, P.M. Gaffney, R. Luo, X. Fang and J. Wang. 2011. The oyster genome project: an update on assembly and annotation. J. Shellfish Res., 30(2):567-567. (abstract)
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Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Molluscan shellfish are important marine resources, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to conduct research in shellfish genetics and breeding to support the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the genetic mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2010, research was conducted in all three areas under support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant and NSF. The following is a brief summary of outputs: 1) we produced a new generation of disease-resistant eastern oyster line and deployed them for field evaluation, including two new lines; 2) we created inbred lines for testing and purging of recessive lethal genes; 3) we studied genetic resources of Crassostrea oysters from Asia; 4) we provided the latest disease-resistant tetraploid eastern oysters to the industry for triploid production; 5) we identified and mapped 20 disease-resistance loci in the eastern oyster, and these loci have been used in modeling the development of disease resistance; 6) we developed genetic markers, genotyping technique and EST resources for the eastern oyster; 7) we participated in the international oyster genome project. The outputs were published and/or presented to the shellfish research and culture community at meetings including the annual meetings of the National Shellfisheries Association, Plant and Animal Genome Conference, and the International Conference of Genomics. PARTICIPANTS: Ximing Guo, Principle Investigator; Yongping Wang, Research Associate; Shan Wang, graduate student; Yan He, graduate student; Daniel Bradbury, undergraduate student; Susan Ford, collaborator, Rutgers University; Paul Rawson, collaborator, University of Maine; Marta Gomez-Chiarri, collaborator, University of Rhode Island TARGET AUDIENCES: Shellfish aquaculture industry and the research community PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None
Impacts
Our genetics and breeding program has produced useful genetic resources such as markers, EST sequences and genetic maps for the research community. It has also produced valuable stocks for the shellfish aquaculture industry. The disease-resistant stocks and tetraploid oysters developed from our research program have been used for commercial production of oysters. Triploid oysters produced from disease-resistant tetraploids are 100% pure, grow significantly faster and have greatly improved survival under MSX than normal diploids. The disease-resistant triploid oysters provide a valuable product to the oyster culture industry. The genetic markers and maps we developed are being used to map economically important traits and manage genetic resources. They provided useful tools for oyster genetics and breeding.
Publications
- Yu, H., Y. He, X. Wang, Q. Zhang, Z. Bao and X. Guo. 2011. Polymorphism in a serine protease inhibitor gene and its association with disease resistance in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, in press.
- Beck, M.W., R.D. Brumbaugh, L. Airoldi, A. Carranza, L.D. Coen, C. Crawford, O. Defeo, G.J. Edgar, B. Hancock, M.C. Kay, H.S. Lenihan, M.W. Luckenbach, C.L. Toropova, G. Zhang, and X. Guo. 2011. Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration, and management. BioScience, 61(2):107-116.
- Ren, J., X. Liu, F. Jiang, X. Guo and B Liu. 2010. Unusual conservation of mitochondrial gene order in Crassostrea oysters: evidence for recent speciation in Asia. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10:394.
- Wang, H., L. Qian, X. Liu, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2010. Classification of a common cupped oyster from southern China. J. Shellfish Res., 29(4):857-866.
- Wang S, Peatman E, Liu H, Bushek D, Ford SE, Kucuktas H, Quilang J, Li P, Wallace R, Wang Y, Guo X, Liu Z. 2010. Microarray analysis of gene expression in eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reveals a novel combination of antimicrobial and oxidative stress host responses after dermo (Perkinsus marinus) challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 29: 921-929.
- Wang, A., Y. Wang, Z. Gu, S. Li, Y. Shi, and X. Guo. 2010. Development of expressed sequence tags from the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii Dunker. Marine Biotechnology, in press.
- Wang, Y., X. Wang, A. Wang and X. Guo. 2010. A 16-microsatellite multiplex assay for parentage assignment in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Aquaculture, 308:S28-S33.
- Zhang, L. and X. Guo. 2010. Development and validation of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin by mining ESTs and resequencing. Aquaculture, 302:124-129.
- Wang, Y., A. Wang, X. Guo. 2010. Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758). J. Shellfish Res., 29(1):77-88.
- Xiao, J., J.F. Cordes, H. Wang, X. Guo and K.S. Reece. 2010. Population genetics of Crassostrea ariakensis in Asia inferred from microsatellite markers. Marine Biology, 157:1767-1781.
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Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Molluscan shellfish are important marine resources, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to conduct research in shellfish genetics and breeding to support the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the genetic mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2009, research was conducted in all three areas under support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant and NSF. The following is a brief summary of outputs: 1) we evaluated intraspecific hybrids of the eastern oysters among different strains and for disease-resistance and fast growth; 2) we produced the sixth generation of tetraploid and disease-resistant eastern oysters for triploid production; 3) we developed co-dominant genetic markers for the eastern oyster and mapped them to existing genetic maps. The current genetic map for the eastern oyster has a marker density of about 1 cM; and 4) we developed genetic markers for several commercially important shellfish species including clams and scallops for genomic and genetic analyses. The outputs were published and/or presented to the shellfish research and culture community at meetings including the annual meetings of the National Shellfisheries Association and the USDA Western Region Committee on Shellfish Broodstock Management. PARTICIPANTS: Ximing Guo, Principle Investigator; Yongping Wang, Research Associate; Liusuo Zhang, Postdoctoral Associate; Yan Wang, Research Scientist; Hong Yu, graduate student; Haiyang Yu, graduate student; Gail Bradbury, undergraduate student; Paul Rawson, collaborator, University of Maine; Marta Gomez-Chiarri, collaborator, University of Rhode Island TARGET AUDIENCES: Shellfish farmers and breeders; Shellfish research community PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Tetraploid oysters developed from our research program have been used for commercial production of triploids. Triploid oysters produced from tetraploids are 100% pure and grow significantly faster than normal diploids. Triploid eastern oysters have become increasingly popular for the oyster culture industry on the east coast of the US. The genetic markers and maps we developed are being used to map economically important traits and manage genetic resources. They provided useful tools for oyster genetics and breeding.
Publications
- Guo, X. 2009. Use and exchange of genetic resources in molluscan aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture 1:251-259.
- Guo, X., Y. Wang, Z. Xu and H. Yang. 2009. Chromosome set manipulation in shellfish. Pp 165-195 in: New Technologies in Aquaculture: Improving Production Efficiency, Quality and Environmental management, G. Burnell and G. Allan (eds). Woodhead Publishing.
- Kucuktas, H., S. Wang, S, P. Li, C. He, P. Xu, Z. Sha, H. Liu, Y. Jiang, P. Baoprasertkul, B. Somridhivej, Y. Wang, J. Abernathy, X. Guo, L. Liu, W. Muir & Z. Liu. 2009. Construction of genetic linkage maps and comparative genome analysis of catfish using gene-associated markers. Genetics 181: 1649-1660.
- Wang, L, L. Song, J. Zhao, L. Qiu, H. Zhang, W. Xu, H. Li, C. Li, L. Wu, and X. Guo. 2009. Expressed sequence tags from the zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri): Discovery and annotation of host-defense genes. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 26: 744-750.
- Wang, Y., A. Wang and X. Guo. 2009. Development and characterization of 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817). Mol. Ecol. Res., 9(4):1264-1267.
- Shi, Y., H. Kui, X. Guo, Z. Gu, Y. Wang and A. Wang. 2009. Genetic linkage map of the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii (Dunker). Aqua. Res. 41:35-44.
- Wang, Y., Y. Shi and X. Guo. 2009. Identification and characterization of 66 EST-SSR markers in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). J. Shellfish Res., 28(2):227-234.
- Liu, X., F. Wu, H. Zhao, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2009. A novel shell color variant of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino subject to genetic control and dietary influence. J. Shellfish Res., 28(2):419-424.
- Xu, F. G. Zhang, X. Liu, S. Zhang, B. Shi and X. Guo. 2009. Laboratory hybridization between Crassostrea ariakensis and C. sikamea. J. Shellfish Res., 28(3):453-458.
- Ren, J., X. Liu, G. Zhang, B. Liu and X. Guo. 2009. "Tandem duplication-random loss" is not a real feature of oyster mitochondrial genomes. BMC Genomics, 10:84.
- Shi, Y., Y. Wang, K. Hong, Z. Hou, A. Wang and X. Guo. 2009. Characterization of 31 EST-derived microsatellite markers for the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii (Dunker). Mol. Ecol. Res., 9:177-179.
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Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Molluscan shellfish are important marine resources, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to conduct research in shellfish genetics and breeding to support the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the genetic mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2008, research was conducted in all three areas under support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant and NSF. The following is a brief summary of outputs: 1) we produced and tested hybrid eastern oysters between different selected strains and continued selection for disease-resistance and fast growth; 2) we produced the fifth generation of tetraploid and disease-resistant eastern oysters for triploid production; 3) we developed genetic maps based on co-dominant genetic markers and identified more genetic markers linked to disease-resistance genes in the eastern oyster; and 4) we developed genetic markers for the identification of oysters from Asia. The outputs were published and/or presented to the shellfish research and culture community at meetings including the annual meetings of the National Shellfisheries Association and the USDA Western Region Committee on Shellfish Broodstock Management. PARTICIPANTS: Dr. Ximing Guo, principal investigator; Dr. Yongping Wang, research associate; Dr. Liusuo Zhang, postdoctoral associate; Gregory Debrosse, facility manager; Gail Bradbury, undergradate student; Takane Okimoto, rearch scientist; Hong Yu, graduate student; Haiyang Yu, graduate student; Dr. David bushek, collaborator; Dr. Susan Ford, collaborator TARGET AUDIENCES: Shellfish aquaculture community; Shellfish research community; Undergraduate and graduate students PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.
Impacts
Tetraploid oysters developed from our research program have been used for commercial production of triploids. Triploid oysters produced from tetraploids are 100% pure and grow significantly faster than normal diploids. Triploid oysters have become an important product of the oyster culture industry. The genetic markers we developed are being used to identify and manage oyster resources. They provided useful tools for oyster genetics and breeding.
Publications
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo. 2008. ITS length polymorphism in oysters and its potential use in species identification. J. Shellfish Res., 27(3):489-493.
- Bushek, D., A. Kornbluh, H. Wang, X. Guo, G. DeBrosse, J. Quinlan. 2008. Fertilization interference between Crassostrea ariakensis and Crassostrea virginica: a gamete sink J. Shellfish Res., 27(3):593-600.
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo. 2008. Chromosomal mapping of the major ribosomal RNA genes in the Dwarf Surfclam (Mulinia lateralis Say). J. Shellfish Res., 27(2):307-311.
- Guo, X., Y. Wang, L. Wang and J-H Lee. 2008. Oysters. Pp 161-175 in: Genome Mapping and Genomics in Fishes and Aquatic Animals, Thomas D. Kocher & Chittaranjan Kole (Eds), Springer, Berlin.
- Guo, X., Y. Wang, G. DeBrosse, D. Bushek and S. E. Ford. 2008. Building a superior oyster for aquaculture. The Jersey Shoreline, 25(1):7-9.
- Zheng, H., G. Zhang, X. Guo and X. Liu. 2008. Inbreeding depression from various traits in two cultured populations of the American bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck (1819) introduced into China. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 364:42-47.
- Wang, H., G. Zhang, X. Liu and X. Guo. 2008. Classification of common oysters from North China. J. Shellfish Res., 27(3):495-503.
- Wang, H. and X. Guo. 2008. Identification of Crassostrea ariakensis and related oysters by multiplex species-specific PCR. J. Shellfish Res., 27(3):481-487.
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Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Molluscan shellfish is an important marine resource, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to develop a shellfish genetics and breeding program using both traditional and biotechnical approaches. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the genetic mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2007, research was conducted in all three areas under grant support from USDA and NOAA Sea Grant. The following is a brief summary of major outputs: 1) we produced the sixth generation of disease-resistance eastern oysters after continued selection for disease-resistance and fast
growth; 2) we demonstrated that triploid and disease-resistant eastern oysters can yield 82-192% more meat than diploids; 3) we developed 200+ co-dominant genetic markers and added them to genetic maps; 4) we identified co-dominant markers linked to disease-resistance QTLs in the eastern oyster; 5) we developed expressed sequences tags for the eastern oyster in collaboration with John Liu's group at Auburn and a microarray in collaboration with Greg Warr's group at MUSC; 6) we published genetic maps for the bay scallops and mapped QTLs related to growth in collaboration with colleague in China.
PARTICIPANTS: Ximing Guo, Principal investigator, Rutgers University Yongping Wang, Research Associate, Rutgers University Liusuo Zhang, Postdoctoral Associate, Rutgers University Coren Milbury, Postdoctoral Associate, Rutgers University Rick Karney, collaborator, Martha's Vineyard Shellfish Group Daniel Cohen, Collaborator, Atlantic Cape Fisheries Gregory DeBrosse, Facility Manager, Rutgers University Susan Ford, Collaborator, Rutgers University David Bushek, Collaborator, Rutgers University John Liu, Collaborator, Auburn University Greg Warr, Collaborator, Medical University of South Carolina
TARGET AUDIENCES: The shellfish farming and research community
Impacts
The finding that triploids can increase yield by up to 192% is highly significant. It suggests that triploids can bring great benefits to oyster farmers by reducing culture duration and exposure to diseases in the field. Farmers are starting to evaluate and use the triploid oysters for commercial production.
Publications
- Guo, X., Y. Wang and Z. Xu. 2007. Genomic analyses using fluorescent in situ hybridization. In: Aquaculture Genome Technologies, Zhanjiang (John) Liu (ed), Blackwell Publishing, Ames, pp. 289-311.
- Jenny, M. J., R. W. Chapman, A. Mancia, Y.A. Chen, D. J. McKillen, H. Trent, P. Lang, J.-M. Escoubas, E. Bachere, V. Boulo, Z. J. Liu, P. S. Gross, C. Cunningham, P. M. Cupit, A. Tanguy, X. Guo, D. Moraga, I. Boutet, A. Huvet, S. D. Guise, J. S. Almeida, G. W. Warr. 2007. A cDNA microarray for Crassostrea virginica and C. gigas. Marine Biotechnology, 9, 577-591.
- Qin, Y., X. Liu, H. Zhang, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2007. Genetic mapping of size-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) using AFLP and microsatellite markers. Aquaculture, 272:281-290.
- Wang, L., H. Zhang, L. Song and X. Guo. 2007. Loss of allele diversity in introduced populations of the hermaphroditic bay scallop Argopecten irradians. Aquaculture, 271:252-259.
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo. 2007. Development and characterization of EST-SSR markers in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Marine Biotechnology, 9, 500-511.
- Quilang, J., S. Wang, P. Li, J. Abernathy, E. Peatman, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Shi, R. Wallace, X. Guo, and Z. Liu. 2007. Generation and analysis of ESTs from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin and identification of microsatellite and SNP markers. BMC Genomics, 8:157.
- Wang, L., L. Song, H. Zhang, Q. Gao and X. Guo. 2007. Genetic linkage map of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819). Aquaculture Research 38 (4):409-419.
- Qin, Y., X. Liu, H. Zhang, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2007. Identification and mapping of AFLP markers linked to shell color in bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819). Marine Biotechnology, 9:66-73.
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo. 2007. Chromosomal mapping of major ribosomal rRNA genes in the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Marine Biology, 150:1183-1189.
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Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06
Outputs
Molluscan shellfish is an important marine resource, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. The goal of this project is to develop a shellfish genetics and breeding program using both traditional and biotechnical approaches. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2006, research was conducted in all three areas under grant support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant, and New Jersey Commission of Science and Technology. The following is a brief summary of major work conducted in our lab in 2006: 1) we studied polyploid induction in two species of clam
and found that heat shock was highly effective; 2) we evaluated triploid and disease-resistant eastern oysters and discovered remarkable improvements (by 82 - 192%) in yield at some locations; 3) we studied heterosis and selection response in bay scallops; 4) we conducted QTL mapping and identified 12 putative QTLs related to Dermo/summer mortality resistance in the eastern oyster; 5) we published a preliminary genetic map for the Pacific abalone; 6) we developed molecular markers for oyster identification; 7) we developed a set of microsatellite markers from expressed sequence tags for the eastern oyster.
Impacts
The finding that triploids can increase yield by up to 192% is highly significant. It suggests that triploids can bring great benefits to oyster farmers by reducing culture duration and hence exposure to diseases in the field. We expect that triploids will make oyster farming significantly more profitable in many environments.
Publications
- Liu, X., X. Liu, X. Guo, Q. Gao and G. Zhang. 2006. A preliminary genetic linkage map of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Marine Biotechnology, 8:386-397.
- Song, L., W. Xu, C. Li, H. Li, L. Wu, J. Xiang and X. Guo. 2006. Development of expressed sequence tags from the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians. Marine Biotechnology, 8(2):161-169. (Coverpage)
- Yang, H. and X. Guo. 2006. Tetraploid induction by inhibiting mitosis I with heat shock, cold shock and nocodazole in the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758). Marine Biotechnol., 8:501-510.
- Yang, H. and X. Guo. 2006. Polyploid induction by heat shock-induced meiosis and mitosis inhibition in the dwarf surfclam Mulinia lateralis Say. Aquaculture, 252:171-182.
- Yu, Z. and X. Guo. 2006. Identification and mapping of disease-resistance QTL in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. Aquaculture, 254:160-170.
- Zheng, H., G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2006. Heterosis between two stocks of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck (1819). J. Shellfish Res., 25(3):807-812.
- Zheng, H., G. Zhang, X. Liu and X. Guo. 2006. Sustained response to selection in an introduced population of the hermaphroditic bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck (1819). Aquaculture, 255:579-585.
- Guo, X., Y. Wang, Z. Yu, L. Wang and J.H. Lee. 2006. Genome mapping in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin). J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):733-734. (abstract)
- Lee, J.H. and X. Guo. 2006. Mining EST database for single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):748-749. (abstract)
- Wang, Y., and X. Guo. 2006. Identification of Crassostrea ariakensis using ITS length polymorphism. J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):790-791. (abstract)
- Wang, H., and X. Guo. 2006. Identification of Crassostrea species from China using SNP-based markers. J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):789. (abstract)
- Wang, L., H. Zhang, L. Song and X. Guo. 2006. Loss of allele diversity in an introduced population of the hermaphroditic bay scallop Argopecten irradians. J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):790. (abstract)
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo. 2006. Development and characterization of EST-SSR markers in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):790. (abstract)
- Wang, Y., X. Guo, G. DeBrosse, R. Karney, P. Bagnall, J. Blake, S.E. Ford and D. Bushek. 2006. Superior growth of triploid eastern oyster depends on culture environment. J. Shellfish Res., 25(2):675-676. (abstract)
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Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05
Outputs
Molluscan shellfish is an important marine resource, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetics can be part of the solution. This project is designed to develop a genetics and breeding program using both traditional and biotechnical approaches. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2005, research was conducted in all three areas under grant support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant, and New Jersey Commission of Science and Technology. In selective breeding, we produced a set of 10 F3 families from selected F2 backcrosses. These families are being evaluated for field performance,
and some of them showed significantly higher growth rate than others. They will be used for the mapping of economically important QTL. In polyploid research, we created triploid hybrids between Rutgers disease-resistant strains and a commercial strain known for superior growth. The triploid hybrids and their diploid and triploid controls were deployed in New Jersey and Massachusetts for field evaluation. At 3 - 4 months of age, triploids were significantly bigger than diploids at both sites, but the increase in body size in triploid is much greater in MA (49 - 50% in shell height and 165 - 180% in whole body weight) than in NJ (11 - 18% in shell height and 30 - 66% in whole body weight). Our finding suggests that the superior growth of triploid is dependent on environment and triploids can growth significantly faster than normal diploids in some environments. In genomic research, we continued the development of molecular markers and the mapping of disease-resistance QTL. In 2005, 63
new microsatellite and over 100 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed in our lab. We have identified and mapped 12 putative disease-resistance QTL in the eastern oyster.
Impacts
The finding that triploids can grow 50% faster in shell height and 180% faster in whole weight at some environments is significant. It suggests that triploids can bring great benefits to oyster farmers by reducing culture duration and hence exposure to diseases in the field. We expect that triploids will make oyster farming significantly more profitable in many environments.
Publications
- Yu, Z. and X. Guo. 2005. Identification and mapping of disease-resistance QTLs in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. J. Shellfish Res., 24(2):685.
- Wang, Y., Z. Xu and X. Guo. 2005. Chromosomal mapping of 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J. Shellfish Res., 24(4):959-964.
- Xiao, J., S.E. Ford, H. Yang, G. Zhang, F. Zhang and X. Guo. 2005. Studies on mass summer mortality of cultured zhikong scallops (Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston) in China. Aquaculture, 250:602-615.
- Deng, Y., X. Liu, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2005. Inbreeding depression and maternal effects on early performance of Pacific abalone. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 67:231-236.
- Hedgecock, D. P.M. Gaffney, P. Goulletquer, X. Guo, K. Reece and G. Warr. 2005. A case for sequencing the Pacific oyster genome. J. Shellfish Res., 24(2):429-441.
- Wang, Y., Z. Xu. J.C. Pierce and X. Guo. 2005. Characterization of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization with bacteriophage P1 clones. Marine Biotechnology, 7:207-214.
- Yu, Z. and X. Guo. 2005. Genetic analysis of selected strains of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) using AFLP and microsatellite markers. Marine Biotechnology, 6:575-586.
- Wang, L., L. Song, Y. Chang, W. Xu, D. Ni and X. Guo. 2005. A preliminary genetic map of zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri, Jones et Preston 1904). Aquaculture Research, 36:643-653.
- Landau, B.J. and X. Guo. 2005. Natural aneuploidy in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. J. Shellfish Res., 24(2):663.
- Wang, H., X. Guo, G. Zhang, and F. Zhang. 2005. Crassostrea ariakensis and related species in China. J. Shellfish Res., 24(2):682.
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo. 2005. Chromosomal location of major ribosomal RNA genes in three species of Ostreidae (Bivalvia, Mollusca). J. Shellfish Res., 24(2):681-682.
- Saout, C. and X. Guo. 2005. Cross-species amplification of expressed sequence tags in three species of Crassostrea. J. Shellfish Res., 24(2):674.
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Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04
Outputs
Molluscan shellfish is an important marine resource, supporting major aquaculture and fishery industries in the US and around the world. There are a number of problems and challenges facing the shellfish aquaculture industry, where genetic improvement can be part of the solution. This project is designed to develop a comprehensive breeding program using both traditional and biotechnical approaches. Specifically, we aim to: 1) develop disease-resistant and fast-growing strains by hybridization and selective breeding; 2) develop sterile and superior stocks using the triploid-tetraploid technology; 3) develop molecular tools for the mapping and improvement of commercially important traits. In 2004, research was conducted in all three areas under grant support from USDA, NOAA Sea Grant and New Jersey Commission of Science and Technology. In selective breeding, we identified the hybrids between the Rutgers disease-resistant strain (NEH) and a commercial stock from the FM
Flower Oyster Company (FMF) as the best performing stock for growth and survival. Backcrosses were created and deployed for field evaluation. We also created F1 hybrids between Rutgers disease-resistance strain and a Gulf stock that resists to Dermo. In polyploid research, we continued field evaluation of all-triploid eastern oysters produced from the tetraploid and disease-resistance stocks. Triploids produced 34% more meat than diploids. Tetraploids were also provided to the industry for their independent evaluation. In genomic research, we constructed and published an AFLP-based genetic map for the Pacific oyster. We also identified 170 oyster genes that are up-regulated after challenge with Perkinsus marinus, an oyster pathogen. Some of these genes may be important to defense against diseases. In other studies, we found some evidence that chromosomal changes may be important for reproductive isolation, and genome duplication has occurred during the evolution of bivalve molluscs.
Impacts
Two of our findings are important for the oyster aquaculture industry. The confirmation that triploid oysters produced from tetraploids grow significantly faster than diploids is great news to the oyster farming industry. The finding that triploid oysters are not completely sterile, suggests that triploids cannot offer 100% containment of non-native or genetically modified stocks. Nevertheless, triploids have greatly reduced reproductive potential compared with diploids.
Publications
- Wang, Y. and X. Guo, 2004. Chromosomal rearrangement in Pectinidae revealed by rRNA loci and implications for bivalve evolution. Biol. Bull., 207:247-256.
- Wang, H. X. Guo, G. Zhang and F. Zhang. 2004. Classification of jinjiang oysters Crassostrea rivularis (Gould, 1861) from China, based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Aquaculture, 242:137-155.
- Zheng, H., G. Zhang, X. Liu, F. Zhang, and X. Guo. 2004. Different responses to selection in two stocks of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck (1819). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 313:213-223.
- Tanguy, A., X. Guo and S.E. Ford. 2004. Discovery of genes expressed in response to Perkinsus marinus challenge in eastern (Crassostrea virginica) and Pacific (C. gigas) oysters. Gene, 338:121-131.
- Gong, N., H. Yang, G. Zhang, B.J. Landau and X. Guo. 2004. Chromosome inheritance in autotriploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Heredity, 93:408-415.
- Yang, H. and X. Guo. 2004. Tetraploid induction by meiosis inhibition in the dwarf surfclam Mulinia lateralis: effects of cytochalasin B duration. Aquaculture Res., 35:1187-1194.
- Li, L. and X. Guo. 2004. AFLP-based genetic linkage maps of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Marine Biotechnology 6:26-36.
- Wang, Y., Z. Xu and X. Guo. 2004. Differences in the rDNA-bearing chromosome divide the Asian-Pacific and Atlantic species of Crassostrea (Bivalvia, Mollusca). Biol. Bull., 206:46-54.
- Xiao, J., X. Liu, G. Zhang and X. Guo. 2004. Studies on segregation of RAPD markers in a F1 hybrid family and parents of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. ACTA Oceanologia Sinica, 26(6):124-132.
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