DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES AND ANIMAL HEALTH CONTROL OF UNIVERSITY HERDS

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
311	3999	1160	90%
313	3999	1160	10%

Progress 07/01/34 to 02/03/22

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The Veterinary Diagnostic Lab is no longer affiliated with the College of Agriculture & Life Sciences.

Publications

Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project includes pet and livestock owners, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, veterinarians, zoos, wildlife parks, and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The AzVDL has provided professional development for the Quality Assurance Officer through support of her attendance at the annual conference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, AzVDL pathologists hosted and participated in weekly slide sessions through the DoD's Joint Pathology Center.The director and one of the staff pathologists have also served as preceptors for clinical and anatomic pathology rotations for 4th year veterinary medical students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of foreign animal disease and state regulatory disease testing are sent to the state animal health official (state veterinarian) and to the USDA. We produce written reports of all of our other diagnostic test results, which are sent to the submitting agency, veterinarian, and/or animal owner. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue providing diagnostic and consultation services to stakeholders and clients. Continue supporting the NAHLN and the AZ Department of Agriculture as a Level 2 laboratory for monitoring of foreign animal and other regulated diseases in Arizona.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory received 7,122 accessions and performed 11,049 laboratory tests during the period. The types of tests included molecular diagnostic tests for infectious agents, bacterial and fungal cultures, serologic testing, necropsy examinations, histopathology (biopsy and necropsy), parasitology, and cytology examination of animal tissues and specimens. Our target audience used the test results to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets, and wildlife. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting laboratory testing directed at surveillance for zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible from animals to humans) such as rabies and brucellosis. The laboratory is a Level 2 laboratory in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network certified to perform diagnostic surveillance for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, virulent Newcastle Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease, African Swine Fever, and Classical Swine Fever. Laboratory technicians train and perform proficiency tests for the Foreign Animal Diseases listed above, as well as brucellosis and Equine Infectious Anemia under this network, in order to prepare for both foreign animal disease and regulated disease outbreaks in the state.This year, the laboratory performed 2 real time PCR tests for Avian Influenza and virulent Newcastle Disease viruses as part of a surveillance response to poultry die-offs. The laboratory has automated electronic messaging to the USDA National Veterinary Service Laboratory for all six foreign animal diseases tested. Additionally, Tritrichomonas foetus continues to be a significant cause of reproductive loss in Arizona cattle herds. We conducted 974 real-time PCR tests for this disease during the year. Test results allowed cattlemen and their veterinarians to manage this venereal disease in their herds.

Publications

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project includes pet and livestock owners, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, veterinarians, zoos, wildlife parks, and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The AzVDL has provided professional developmentfor the Quality Assurance Officer through support of her attendance at the annual conference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians. The director has also served as a preceptor for clinical pathology rotations for 4th year veterinary medical students. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results of foreign animal disease and state regulatory disease testing are sent to the state animal health official (state veterinarian)and to the USDA. We produce written reports of all of our other diagnostic test results, which are sent to the submitting agency, veterinarian, and/or animal owner. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue providing diagnostic and consultation services to stakeholders and clients. Continue supporting the NAHLN and the AZ Department of Agriculture as a level 2 laboratory for monitoring of foreign animal and other regulateddiseases in Arizona.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory received 8,253 accessions and performed 12,787 laboratory tests during the period. The types of tests included molecular diagnostic tests for infectious agents, bacterial and fungal cultures, serologic testing, necropsy examinations, histopathology (biopsy and necropsy), parasitology, and cytology examination of animals tissues and specimens. Our target audience used the test results to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets and wildlife. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting laboratory testing directed at surveillance for zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible from animals to humans) such as rabies, West Nile virus, and brucellosis. The laboratory is a Level 2 laboratory in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network certified to perform diagnostic surveillance for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, virulent Newcastle Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease, African Swine Fever, and Classical Swine Fever. Laboratory technicians train and perform proficiency tests for the Foreign Animal Diseases listed above, as well as brucellosis and Equine Infectious Anemia under this network in order to prepare for both foreign animal disease and regulated disease outbreaks in the state. There was a positively identified case of virulent Newcastle Disease virus in Arizona poultry in April 2019, and the laboratory performed 280 real time PCR tests for this virus as part of the national and statewide surveillance response. Additionally, the laboratory performed 42 PCR tests for avian influenza virus during this time frame. Four animals were also tested for Foot and Mouth Disease virus in December 2018 to exclude the possibility of a potential outbreak of this disease in an Arizona cattle herd. The laboratory has automated electronic messaging to the USDA National Veterinary Service Laboratory for four of the five foreign animal diseases tested, and messaging capability for swine influenza is expected for 2020. Additionally, Tritrichomonas foetus continues to be a significant cause of reproductive loss in Arizona cattle herds. We conducted 1,184 real time PCR tests for this disease during the year. Test results allowed cattlemen and their veterinarians to manage this venereal disease in their herds.

Publications

Progress 10/01/17 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project includes pet and livestock owners, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, veterinarians, zoos, wildlife parks and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The AzVDL has provided professional development for the Quality Assurance Officer through attendance at the annual conference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, continuing education through a presentation by the Director to the Southern Arizona Veterinary Medical Association and participation on the SAVMA Board of Directors, and moderation by the director of 12 online education presentations through the American Society of Veterinary Pathology/European Society of Veterinary Pathology Online Rounds. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We produce written reports of our diagnostic test results which are sent to the submitting agency, veterinarians or animal owner. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue providing diagnostic and consultation services to stakeholders and clients. Continue supporting the NAHLN as a level 2 laboratory for monitoring of foreign animal diseases in Arizona.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory received 8201 accessions and performed 17991 laboratory tests during the period. The types of tests included molecular diagnostic tests for infectious agents, bacterial and fungal cultures, serologic testing, necropsy examinations, histopathology and cytology examination of animals tissues and specimens. Our target audience used the test results to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets and wildlife. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting laboratory testing directed at surveillance for zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible from animals to humans) such as rabies, tularemia, plague, West Nile virus and brucellosis. The laboratory is a Level 2 laboratory in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network certified to perform diagnostic and surveillance for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, virulent Newcastle Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease, and Classical Swine Fever. Implementation of testing for African Swine Fever is expected for 2019. Laboratory technicians train and perform proficiency tests for the Foreign Animal Diseases listed as well as Brucellosis, and Equine Infectious Anemia under this network in order to prepare if both foreign animal disease and regulated disease outbreaks in the state. The laboratory has automated messaging to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory for four of the five diseases tested. The laboratory has Tritrichomonas fetus continues to be a significant cause of reproductive loss in Arizona Cattle herds. We conducted 1100 real time PCR tests for this disease during the year. Test results allowed cattlemen and their veterinarians to manage this venereal disease in their herds.

Publications

Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project includes pet and livestock owners, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, veterinarians, zoos, wildlife parks and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The AzVDL has provided professional development for the Quality Assurance Officer through attendance at the annual conference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, continuing education through a presentation by the Director to the Southern Arizona Veteirnary Medical Association and participation on the SAVMA Board of Directors, and moderation by the director of 12 online education presentations throught the American Society of Veterinary Pathology/European Society of Veterinary Pathology Online Rounds. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We produce written reports of our diagnostic test results which are sent to the submitting agency, veterinarians or animal owner. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Continue providing diagnostic and consultation services to stakeholders and clients. Continue supporting the NAHLN as a level 2 laboratory for monitoring of foreign animal diseases in Arizona.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory received 7,165 accessions and performed 10,579 laboratory tests during the period. The types of tests included molecular diagnostic tests for infectious agents, bacterial and fungal cultures, serologic testing, necropsy examinations, histopathology and cytology examination of animals tissues and specimens. Our target audience used the test results to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets and wildlife. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting laboratory testing directed at surveillance for zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible from animals to humans) such as rabies, tularemia, plague, West Nile virus and brucellosis. The laboratory is a Level 2 laboratory in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network certified to perform diagnostic and surveillance for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, virulent Newcastle Disease, Foot and Mouth Disease, and Classical Swine Fever. Laboratory technicians train and perform proficiency tests for the Foreign Animal Diseases listed as well as Brucellosis, and Equine Infectious Anemia under this network in order to prepare if both foreign animal disease and regulated disease outbreaks in the state. The laboratory has automated messaging to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory for four of the five diseases tested. The laboratory has Tritrichomonas fetus continues to be a significant cause of reproductive loss in Arizona Cattle herds. We conducted 1,294 real time PCR tests for this disease during the year. Test results allowed cattlemen and their veterinarians to manage this venereal disease in their herds.

Publications

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project includes pet and livestock owner, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, veterinarians, zoos, wildlife parks and law enforcement Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We produce written reports of our diagnostic test results which are sent to the submitting agency, veterinarians or animal owner. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to focus on the diagnosis of animal diseases by using modern laboratory methods and disseminating results to laboratory users via reports of laboratory findings.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory conducted approximately 12000 laboratory tests during the period. The types of tests included molecular diagnostic tests for infectious agents, bacterial and fungal cultures, serologic testing, necropsy examinations, histopathology and cytology examination of animals tissues and specimens. Our target audience used the test results to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets and wildlife. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting laboratory testing directed at surveillance for zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible from animals to humans) such as rabies, tularemia, plague, West Nile virus and brucellosis. The laboratory is a Level 2 laboratory in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Laboratory technicians train and perform proficiency tests under this network in order to prepare if a foreign animal disease breaks out in the state. Tritrichomonas fetus continues to be a significant cause of reproductive loss in Arizona Cattle herds. We conducted 1200 real time PCR tests for this disease during the year. Test results allowed cattlemen and their veterinarians to manage this venereal disease in their herds.

Publications

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience of the project includes private veterinarians, pet and livestock owners, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, zoos, wildlife parks and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Written reports of diagnostic investigations are sent to the submitter for each investigation. All diagnoses of reportable diseases are communicated to the appropriate state animal health official and the Assistant District Director for our area. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The laboratory will continue to focus on the diagnosis of animal diseases by using modern laboratory test methods and disseminating the results to laboratory clients in the form of written reports.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory conducted nearly 12,000 diagnostic tests for animal disease during the reporting period. The types of tests included molecular methods, bacterial/fungal cultures and parasitology examsfor detection of animal pathogens, serologic tests, necropsy, histopathology and cytology exams for diseases of animals. The test results were used by our target audience to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets and wildlife. We collaborated with the state public health agency in conducting surveillance for diseases transmissible from animals to humans including rabies, tularemia, plague, West Nile Virus and brucellosis. The laboratory is a member of the National Animal Health Laboratory network and conducted surveillance for high consequence animal diseases such as Classical Swine Fever and Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus. Trichomoniasis continues to be a problem in Arizona beef herds and we conducted over 1400 tests for this disease. We collaborated with the Arizona Livestock Incident Response Team to investigate unusual and high consequence disease outbreaks of livestock during the year.

Publications

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience includes private veterinarians, pet and livestock owners, public health agencies, animal health regulatory agencies, zoos, wildlife parks and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Written reports of diagnostic investigations are sent to the owner and veterinarian for eachsubmission. The laboratory produces a quarterly newsletter to highlight the major diseases diagnosed during the period. The laboratory also publishes an annual report of laboratory activities that is disseminated to veterinarians, extension specialists and producers. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? The laboratory will continue to focus on the diagnosis of animal diseases by using modern laboratory methods and disseminating the results to users via written reports.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The laboratory conducted nearly 18,000 diagnostic tests during the year. Test types including molecular diagnostics for infectious agents, bacterial and fungal cultures, serology, necropsy, histopathology and cytology examination of animal tissues and specimens. The test results were used by our target audience to control and prevent animal diseases in Arizona herds, zoos, pets and wildlife. We also collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services in conducting surveillance for disease transmissible from animals humans including rabies, tularemia, plague, West Nile virus and brucellosis. The laboratory is a core member of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network and conducted surveillance testing for classical swine fever and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus during the year. Tritrichomonas fetus continues to be a cause of infertility in Arizona beef herds and we conducted over 1600 test for this venereal disease during the year. We collaborated with the Arizona Livestock Incident Response Team to investigate unusual and high consequence outbreaks of livestock diseases during the year. As in years past, poisonous plants have continued as a significant cause of rangelivestock morbidity and mortality.

Publications

Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience reached during this reporting period includes veterinarians, livestock producers, pet owners, public health agencies, zoos and wildlife parks, state and federal wildlife and livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcement. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of laboratory testing and surveillance are reported to the owner, veterinarian or agencies contracting for the work by written reports via mail,fax, email or phone contact. We publish periodic newsletters describing diseases encountered in laboratory investigations that are posted to our website and distributed via email to a list of laboratory clients, extension and regulatory personnel. The newsletters are also posted to our laboratory website at cals.arizona.edu/vdl and can be viewed thereby the general public. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue to conduct and report the results of our laboratory testing activities aimed at identifying animal disease trends and new or emerging diseases of animals.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory conducted over 10,000 individual laboratory tests during the year. The types of tests included bacterial and fungal cultures, serology, necropsy, parasitology, histopathology, cytology, polymerase chain reaction and toxicology. The results were used to treat or prevent animal disease in Arizona by veterinarians and livestock producers. The AZVDL is a member of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network and maintained readiness to conduct testing for high consequence livestock pathogens during an outbreak and conducted surveillance testing for Classical Swine Fever and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting surveillance testing for West Nile Virus, rabies, brucellosis, tularemia and plague amon other zoonotic diseases. Tritrichomonas infection continues to cause infertility and embryonic loss in Arizona cattle herds. We conducted a large number of PCR tests on preputial samples from range bulls to aid in elimination of this venereal transmitted agents. We collaborated with the Arizona Livestock Incident Response Team in investigations of unusual livestock disease throughout the year.

Publications

Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Swenson J and Bradley G. 2013. Suspected cholecalciferol toxicity in an avian collection at a zoological institution. J Avian Med Surg 127(2):136-147
Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2013 Citation: Steffen DJ, Topliff CL, Schmitz , Kammeman JA, HenningsonJR, Eskridge KM and Kelling CL. Distribution of lymphoid depletion and viral antigen in alpacas experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1. J Vet Diagn Invest, In press.
Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Thivierge K, Cotton S, Schaefer DA, Riggs MW, To J, Lund ME, Robinson MW, Dalton JP and Donnelly S. 2013. Cathelicidin-like helmith defence molecules (HDMs): absence of cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antiprotozoan activities imply a specific adaptation to immune modulation. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7(7):1-14.

Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: We provided information to veterinarians in Arizona regarding current animal disease incidence through periodic newsletters, our website and reports of laboratory examinations. Animal owners learned about animal diseases affecting their herds and pets via laboratory reports to them or to their veterinarian. This information was used to treat and prevent animal disease throughout Arizona. We conducted surveillance testing for high consequence livestock disease through cooperative agreements with USDA and collaborated with the Arizona Public Health Laboratory for surveillance of zoonotic diseases. We kept the State Veterinarian apprised of animal diseases in Arizona through monthly reports. The target audience includes veterinarians, livestock producers, pet owners, zoos, wildlife agencies, regulatory agencies and law enforcement that used our test results to mitigate, monitor, treat and control or regulate animal disease. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience includes veterinarians, livestock producers, pet owners, public health genicies, zoos and wildlife parks, state and federal wildlife and livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcement agencies. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The AZVDL conducted over 11000 individual tests during the year. The types of tests included bacterial and fungal cultures, serology, necropsy, parasitology, histopathology, cytology, polymerase chain reaction and toxicology. The test results were used by veterinarians to treat or prevent animal diseases in Arizona throughout the year. The AZVDL is a member of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network and maintained readiness to conduct testing for high consequence livestock pathogens during an outbreak and conducted surveillance testing for Classical Swine Fever, Swine Influenza and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza on appropriate animal specimens during the year. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducting surveillance testing for West Nile Virus, rabies, brucellosis, tularemia and plague among other zoonotic diseases. Tritrichomonas infection continues as a cause of infertility and embryonic loss in cattle in Arizona. We conducted a large number of PCR tests for on preputial samples from range bulls to aid in elimination of this venereal transmitted agent. We conducted several investigations of range cattle death loss during the year. Causes of the losses included poor range conditions combined with burroweed poisoning, whorled milkweed poisoning, Dallis grass poisoning, blue-green algae poisoning and coccidiosis.

Publications

Swenson J., Orr K., Bradley G. Hemorrhagic and necrotizing hepatitis associated with administration of a modified live canine adenovirus-2 vaccine in a maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus. J Zoo Wild Med. 2012 Jun; 43(2):375-83

Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: We informed veterinarians in Arizona about current animal disease incidence through periodic newsletters, our website and reports of laboratory examinations. Animal owners learned about animal diseases affecting their herds and pets via laboratory reports to them or their veterinarian. This information was used to treat and prevent animal disease throughout Arizona. We conducted surveillance testing for high consequence livestock disease through cooperative agreements with USDA and collaborated with the Public Health Laboratory in Arizona for surveillance of zoonotic disease. We kept the State Veterinarian appraised of animal diseases in Arizona through monthly reports. The target audience is veterinarians, livestock producers, pet owners, zoos, wildlife agencies, regulatory agencies and law enforcement that used test results we produced to mitigate, monitor, treat and control or regulate animal disease. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience includes veterinarians, livestock producers, pet owners, public health agencies, zoos and wildlife parks, state and federal widlife and livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcemtn PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
The AZVDL conducted 13363 individual laboratory tests during teh year. The types of tests included cultures, serology, necropsy, parasitology, histopathology, cytology, microbiology and toxicology. The test results were used by veterinarians to treat or prevent animal diseases in Arizona throughout the year. Our laboratory is a member of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network and maintained readiness to conduct testing for high consequence livestock pathogens. We collaborated with the Arizona Departrmente of Health Services by conducted surveillance for West Nile Virus, rabies, brucellosis, tularemia and plague among other zoonotic diseases. Tritrichomonas infection is a continuing problem in range bulls in the state and we conducted a large number of tests for this disease by either culture or PCR. Poisoning by toxic range plants including Astragalus sp. and Happlopappus sp. each caused a large scale problem for producers in the state during the year.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Veterinarians in Arizona and other states are kept informed of current animal disease incidence through reports of laboratory examinations and quarterly laboratory newsletters. Animal owners learn about animal diseases affecting their herds or pets through reports of laboratory results either directly from the laboratory or through their veterinarian. Veterinarians and producers used laboratory results to treat and prevent animal diseases throughout Arizona. The laboratory maintained readiness to conduct testing and engaged in surveillance testing for foreign animal disease such as Classical Swine Fever, Foot and Mouth Disease, Exotic Newcastle Disease and Highly Pathogenic Influenza. We collaborated with the Public Health Laboratory in the state in conducting surveillance for zoonotic diseases such as rabies, brucellosis, plague, tularemia and West Nile Virus. The State and Federal animal health authorities received monthly reports about the status of animals diseases in Arizona. The target audience includes veterinarians, livestock and pet owners, zoos, wildlife agencies, state and federal regulatory agenicies and law enforcement that use test results to monitor, mitigate, treat, control or regulate animal disease. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project includes veterinarians, livestock and pet owners, public health authorities, zoos, wildlife agencies, state and federal livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcement that use diagnostic test results to monitor, mitigate, treat, control or regulate animal diseases or their impacts on pubic health. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Our laboratory conducted 14,126 tests on animals or samples from animals during the year. The tests included necropsy examinations, bacterial cultures, serologic tests of various types (ELISA, SN, AGID etc.), parasitology, histopathology, cytology and molecular diagnostics (PCR). The results of the tests were used by practicing veterinarians to treat and prevent animal disease in Arizona during the year. As a member of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, the laboratory maintained readiness to conduct testing by training and proficiency testing technicians, maintaining equipment and performing surveillance testing for foreign animal diseases. We collaborated with the Arizona Department of Health Services by conducted surveillance testing for West Nile Virus, rabies, brucellosis, tularemia and plague among other zoonotic diseases. Tritrichomonas continues to be a problem for cattle growers in the state and we conducted a large number of culture and PCR tests for this agent during the year thereby helping producers eradicate the disease from the herds.

Publications

McDaniel MD, Collins JK, Duff, GC, Cuneo SP and Glock RD. A survey of Southern Arizona calves for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. The Bovine practiitioner 44:88-92, 2010.

Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Veterinary practitioners in Arizona and other states receive continual updating in their knowledge of animal diseases through the laboratory reports and quarterly laboratory newsletters. Likewise, animal owners learn about individual animal diseases and overviews about animal disease status in the state and region. State and federal animal health officials receive monthly reports about the status of animal diseases in Arizona, along with assurance that surveillance for exotic/foreign animal diseases is continuously on-going. The target audience for this project include veterinarians, livestock and pet owners, zoos, wildlife agencies, state and federal livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcement agencies that use diagnostic test results to monitor, mitigate, treat, control or regulate animal diseases. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project include veterinarians, livestock and pet owners, zoos, wildlife agencies, state and federal livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcement agencies that use diagnostic test results to monitor, mitigate, treat, control or regulate animal diseases. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AzVDL) conducted 29,462 individual diagnostic tests during the year. These tests included post-mortem examinations, histopathology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, cytology, serology and molecular diagnostics for agents of animal disease. The AzVDL test results were used by referring veterinarians and producers to identify, treat and prevent animal diseases in Arizona. Surveillance for foreign animal disease was conducted through our membership in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Testing included 214 samples for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. A total of 161 from swine were tested for Classical Swine Fever. We continued collaboration with the Arizona Department of Health Services in conducting West Nile Virus surveillance in the state. The Arizona Department of Health Services used our data to track West Nile Virus activity in animals as a means of providing early warning information to human health officials regarding WNV activity and threats to human health in the state. We established sentinel chicken flocks at 10 sites throughout southern Arizona and performed bimonthly blood draws for WNV IFA testing. A total of 893 IFA tests were performed. Titrichomonas fetus infection, a cause of bovine infertility has continued to be a problem for Arizona beef producers. We conducted 2601 culture tests for the infection during the year. Laboratory clients used the test results to eliminate infected bulls and improve reproductive performance in their herds. The lab tested 255 ear notches from beef steers for bovine viral diarrhea virus by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Cattle owners used the results to control this infection in their herds.

Publications

Topliff CL, DR Smith, Sl Clowser, EM Becker, DJ Steffen, JN Henningson, BW Broderson, D Benedice, RJ Callan, C Reggiardo, KL Kurth, CL Kelling. Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in alpacas in the United States. JAVMA 2009. 234:519-29.

Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AzVDL) conducts laboratory tests for the purpose of addressing animal health conditions in Arizona and the surrounding region, especially as a surveillance resource with the Mexican border. Individual laboratory test results are provided to directly to the veterinarians, animal owners, animal control agencies, wildlife agencies, and governmental animal health and public health officials that ordered the tests. Summaries of AzVDL animal disease diagnostic and surveillance activities are provided to Arizona and USDA animal health and public health agencies. Summaries of laboratory activities are provided to the Arizona Department of Agriculture and the USDA Veterinary Services. Monthly reports of animal disease diagnoses are provided to the Arizona state veterinarian, as a part of the state report that is submitted to the USDA National Animal Health Report System. TARGET AUDIENCES: Veterinary practitioners in Arizona and other states receive continual updating in their knowledge of animal diseases through the laboratory reports and quarterly laboratory newsletters. Likewise, animal owners learn about individual animal diseases and overviews about animal disease status in the state and region. State and federal animal health officials receive monthly reports about the status of animal diseases in Arizona, along with assurance that surveillance for exotic/foreign animal diseases is continuously on-going. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project include veterinarians, livestock and pet owners, zoos, wildlife agencies, state and federal livestock regulatory agencies and law enforcement agencies that use diagnostic test results to monitor, mitigate, treat, control or regulate animal diseases. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AzVDL) conducted 25,168 individual diagnostic tests during the year. These tests included post-mortem examinations, histopathology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, cytology, serology and molecular diagnostics for agents of animal disease. The AzVDL test results were used by referring veterinarians and producers to identify, treat and prevent animal diseases in Arizona. Surveillance for foreign animal disease was conducted through our membership in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Testing included 620 samples from wild waterfowl and shorebirds for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and 76 samples from backyard poultry for Exotic Newcastle Disease. No positive samples were identified. A total of 158 tonsillar samples from slaughter swine were test for Classical Swine Fever, all were negative. We continued collaboration with the Arizona Department of Health Services in conducting West Nile Virus surveillance in the state. The Arizona Department of Health Services used our data to track West Nile Virus activity in animals as a means of providing early warning information to human health officials regarding WNV activity and threats to human health in the state. We established sentinel chicken flocks at 10 sites throughout southern Arizona and performed bimonthly blood draws for WNV and SLE IFA testing. A total of 1473 IFA tests were performed. One hundred nine birds seroconverted to WNV during the test season that extended from April 1, 2008 to November 1, 2008. One of 37 equine serum samples tested by IgM ELISA were positive. Titrichomonas fetus infection, a cause of bovine infertility has continued to be a problem for Arizona beef producers. We conducted 2829 tests for the infection during the year and identified 64 positive bulls. Laboratory clients used the test results to eliminate infected bulls and improve reproductive performance in their herds. The lab tested 2671 ear notches from feedlot steers for bovine viral diarrhea virus by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. A total of 58 positive samples were detected. The laboratory was a member of the Laboratory Response Network last year and will cooperated with the Centers for Disease Control and the Arizona Department of Health Services Laboratory in conducting surveillance testing for zoonotic agents of disease with the potential for use as bioterrorism agents.

Publications

Shubitz, LF, SM Dial, R Perrill R Casement, JN Galgiani. Vaccine-induced cellular immune responses differ from innate responses in susceptible and resistant strains of mice infected with Coccidioides posadasii. 2008 Infect Immun 76(12):5553-64.
Graupman-Kuzma, A, BA Valentine, LF Shubitz, SM Dial, B Watrous, S Tornquist. Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats: a review. 2008 J Am An Hosp Assoc 44(5): 226-235.

Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AzVDL) conducts laboratory tests for the purpose of addressing animal health conditions in Arizona and the surrounding region, especially as a surveillance resource with the Mexican border. Individual laboratory test results are provided to directly to the veterinarians, animal owners, animal control agencies, wildlife agencies, and governmental animal health and public health officials that ordered the tests. Summaries of AzVDL animal disease diagnostic and surveillance activities are provided to Arizona and USDA animal health and public health agencies. Summaries of laboratory activities are provided to the Arizona Department of Agriculture and the USDA Veterinary Services. Monthly reports of animal disease diagnoses are provided to the Arizona state veterinarian, as a part of the state report that is submitted to the USDA National Animal Health Report System. TARGET AUDIENCES: Veterinary practitioners in Arizona and other states receive continual updating in their knowledge of animal diseases through the laboratory reports. Likewise, animal owners learn about individual animal diseases and overviews about animal disease status in the state and region. State and federal animal health officials receive monthly reports about the status of animal diseases in Arizona, along with assurance that surveillance for exotic/foreign animal diseases is continuously on-going. The AzVDL also provided educational experiences for 16 veterinary medical students, visiting from the college of veterinary medicine at Western University during 2007.

Impacts
The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AzVDL) conducted 32,512 individual diagnostic tests during the year. These tests included post-mortem examinations, histopathology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, cytology, serology and molecular diagnostics for agents of animal disease. The AzVDL test results were used by referring veterinarians and producers to identify, treat and prevent animal diseases in Arizona. Surveillance for foreign animal disease was conducted through our membership in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Testing included 487 samples from wild waterfowl and shorebirds for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and 79 samples from backyard poultry for Exotic Newcastle Disease. No positive samples were identified. Laboratory technicians completed training and proficiency testing for Foot and Mouth Disease testing in anticipation of a nationwide surveillance program. We continued collaboration with the Arizona Department of Health Services in conducting West Nile Virus surveillance in the state. The Arizona Department of Health Services used our data to track West Nile Virus activity in animals as a means of providing early warning information to human health officials regarding WNV activity and threats to human health in the state. We established sentinel chicken flocks at 10 sites throughout southern Arizona and performed bimonthly blood draws for WNV and SLE IFA testing. A total of 855 IFA tests were performed. Eighty-three birds seroconverted to WNV during the test season that extended from April 1, 2006 to November 1, 2006. We also performed necropsy and WNV immunohistochemistry tests on dead birds submitted from county health departments. There were only seven positive tests from 82 wild birds tested. This is the third consecutive year of low incidence in the wild avian population. Ten of 49 equine serum samples tested by IgM ELISA were positive. Titrichomonas fetus infection, a cause of bovine infertility has continued to be a problem for Arizona beef producers. We conducted 2264 tests for the infection during the year and identified 38 positive bulls. Laboratory clients used the test results to eliminate infected bulls and improve reproductive performance in their herds. The lab tested 8527 ear notches from feedlot steers for bovine viral diarrhea virus by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. A total of 96 positive samples were detected. The laboratory was granted membership in the Laboratory Response Network last year and will cooperate with the Centers for Disease Control and the Arizona Department of Health Services Laboratory in conducting surveillance testing for zoonotic agents of disease with the potential for use as bioterrorism agents.

Publications

Characterization of the MUC1.Tg/MIN transgenic mouse as a model for studying antigen-specific immunotherapy of adenomas Akporiaye ET, Bradley-Dunlop D, Gendler SJ, Mukherjee P, Madsen CS, Hahn T, Besselsen DG, Dial SM, Cui H, Trevor K. Characterization of the MUC1.Tg/MIN transgenic mouse as a model for studying antigen-specific immunotherapy of adenomas. Vaccine. 2007 Sep 28;25(39-40):6965-74. Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Recovered from Diseased Animals. S.Zhao,PF McDermott, DG White, S. Quaiyumi, SL Friedman, JWAbbot, A. Glenn, SL Ayers, KW Post, WH Fales, RB Wilson, C. Reggiardo and RD Walker. Veterinary Microbiology, 123: 122-132 (2007). A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis. Hammit MC, Bueschel DM, Keel MK, Glock RD, Cuneo P, DeYoung DW, Reggiardo C, Trinh HT, Songer JG. Vet. Microbiol.(2007),doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.09.002 Factors Associated with Practice Decisions of Nebraska Veterinarians Regarding Type of Practice and Community Si

Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic laboratory conducted approximately 28,000 individual diagnostic tests for animal diseases during the year. This was approximately equal to the numbers from the prior year. The test results were used by referring veterinarians and producers to identify, treat and prevent animal diseases in Arizona. Surveillance for foreign animal disease was conducted through our membership in the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Testing included 222 samples from feral swine for Classical Swine Fever and approximately 1200 samples from wild waterfowl and shorebirds for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus. No positive samples were identified. We continued collaboration with the Arizona Department of Health Services in conducting West Nile Virus surveillance in the state. We established sentinel chicken flocks at seven sites throughout southern Arizona and performed bimonthly blood draws for IFA testing. A total of 53 birds seroconverted during the test season that extended from April 1, 2006 to November 1, 2006. We also performed necropsy and WNV immunohistochemistry tests on dead birds submitted from county health departments. There were only two positive tests from 117 wild birds were detected this year which is the second consecutive year of low incidence in the wild avian population. Similarly only 13 of 101 equine samples tested positive. The Arizona Department of Health Services used our data to track West Nile Virus activity in animals as a means of providing early warning information to human health officials regarding WNV activity and threats to human health in the state. Titrichomonas fetus infection, a cause of bovine infertility has continued to be a problem for Arizona beef producers. We conducted 3502 tests for the infection during the year and identified 119 positive bulls. Laboratory clients used the test results to eliminate infected bulls and improve reproductive performance in their herds. The laboratory cooperated with the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), FDA in a study involving the typing, genetic characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identification of antimicrobial resistance genes and investigation of mechanisms of multiple antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates from food animals through submission of field isolates to primary investigators at CVM. Antibiotic resistance in microbes infecting food animals is a potential threat to the human food supply and the data gathered from this work is important for working on ways to mitigate the threat. The laboratory completed a study using ear notches from 3000 Holstein and 1500 beef calves stained by immunohistochemistry for evidence of bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVD) persistent infection (PI). An incidence of 0.5 percent positives was found and matches published incidence for other regions. The data demonstrated that BVD PI's are present in Arizona beef and dairy herds and that appropriate control methods need to be implemented by producers.

Impacts
Surveillance and research efforts resulted in important disease related information for animal owners in Arizona that will be used to mitigate the public health and economic impact of animal disease. Surveillance testing for foreign animal disease under the NAHLN system strengthens foreign animal disease surveillance in Arizona and the USA.

Publications

Effects of a long-acting, trace mineral, reticulorumen bolus on range cow productivity and trace mineral profiles. J Anim Sci. 2006 Jun;84(6):1439-53.

Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
A BSL-3laboratory was constructed and commissioned in late 2005. This will allow for safe handling and confinement of hazardous infectious agents. We particpated in national surveillance for Exotic Newcastle Disease and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a part of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. One technician attended the "train the trainer" program and is training additional laboratory personnel in END, AI, CSF and FMD testing. Surveillance for Classical Swine Fever is slated to begin early in 2006. Two training programs for veterinarians were conducted at the laboratory. Seventeen private veterinarians were trained as first responders to severe animal death loss incidents. This training was supported by the Arizona Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the AZVDL under the Arizona Livestock Incident Response Team program. A project evaluating the incidence of persistent BVD infection in dairy and beef calves utilizing immunohistochemistry on ear notches is nearing completion with a final completion date in the spring of 2006. Routine surveillance for animal disease was conducted on 8,000 submissions and totalled over 29,000 individual laboratory tests.

Impacts
Surveillance and research efforts resulted in important disease related information for animal owners in Arizona. The ALIRT system has been activated twice this year and provided a quick response and good diagnostic quality specimen allowing for rapid identification of the problem. Surveillance testing for foreign animal disease under the NAHLN system strengthens foreign animal disease surveillance in Arizona and the USA.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Renovations of the AZVDL necropsy and laboratory facilities that are part of the labs committment to the National Animal Health Laboratory Network neared completion. Necropsy renovations were completed and the BSL-3 laboratory is slated to finish in mid-summer 2005. Two laboratory technicians were trained and passed proficiency tests in Real-time PCR methodology for AI, END, VS, CSF and FMD. We are currently collaborating in the nationwide surveillance effort for AI and END. We are approaching 50% of our agreed quota for testing of non-commercial poultry under this program. Laboratory personnel were engaged in a cooperative effort with livestock producers and the Arizona Department of Agriculture to set in place and emergency response network of private veterinarians for unexpected animal losses (Arizona Livestock Incident Response Network-ALIRT). Emphasis is on foreign animal disease outbreaks. Funding has been provided by the Arizona legislature through the Arizona Department of Agriculture for training and equiping veterinarians, providing a communications network and diagnostic testing at AZVDL. Diagnostic laboratory personnel will provide two all-day training programs this spring for veterinarians participating in this project. A project investigating the incidence of trichomoniasis in bulls at sale barns is in progress. The results will aid in providing extension personnel with sound recommendations on bovine reproduction management practices in Arizona. A project investigating the incidence of cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhea virus is also ongoing. Persistent infection with BVDV results in significant negative economic impact for cattle produces. Investigations into enteric diseases of swine (Clostridium difficle and Campylobacter) are currently in progress in cooperation with campus faculty. Enteric disease in swine has significant economic impact on swine production. Clostridium difficile infection is a recently recognized cause of enteric disease in piglets. The effects of long acting trace mineral rumen boluses on range cow and calf trace mineral profiles were investigated. Trace mineral deficiency is well recognized in Arizona beef herds and effective methods of delivering supplementation are needed.

Impacts
Surveillance and research efforts resulted in important disease related information for animal owners in Arizona. The ALIRT system when fully implemented will improve our ability to respond to severe animal disease issues in remote locations. Surveillance testing as part of the NAHLN system siginificantly strenthens foreign animal disease surveillance in Arizona and the U.S.A.

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/03 to 12/31/03

Outputs
Diagnostic services are provided to Arizona animal owners and veterinarians. Disease surveillance capabilities have been enhanced over the prior year as a result of the diagnostic lab's designation as a satellite laboratory of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. Real-time PCR methodology for Foot and Mouth Disease, Classical Swine Fever, Exotic Newcastles Disease, and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza was brought on-line. The number of accessions remained virtually unchanged from last year. Investigations included large numbers of cattle deaths resulting from whorled milkweed poisoning, an outbreak of botulism Type B in a horse herd, collaborative research into coccidiodomyocis with campus research groups, and continued investigations into muscle lesions in Holstein calves that result in economic loss via excessive carcass trim.

Impacts
Surveillance efforts resulted in important disease related information for animal owners in Arizona

Publications

Keel MK, Patterson JG, Noon TH, Bradley GA, Collins JK. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003 Mar;15(2):179-83. Caprine herpesvirus-2 in association with naturally occurring malignant catarrhal fever in captive sika deer (Cervus nippon).
Noon TH, Heffelfinger JR, Olding RJ, Wesche SL, Reggiardo C.J Wildl Dis. 2003 Jan;39(1):221-3. Serologic survey for antibodies to canine distemper virus in collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) populations in Arizona.

Progress 01/01/02 to 12/31/02

Outputs
This project provides veterinary diagnostic services and livestock disease surveillance for the state of Arizona. Multiple species are monitored and any unusual disease observations are reported to and coordinated with state and federal regulatory officials. We are actively participating in Homeland Security and foreign animal disease surveillance. Tests for foot and mouth disease, exotic Newcastle disease and West Nile Virus are being or have been developed and are used in our surveillance mission. Additional tests are being added as they become available from USDA so our agroterrorism/foreign disease monitoring can be enhanced. We are also cooperating with agencies associated with bioterrorism surveillance coordinated by the Arizona Department of Health Services. Investigations specifically involve micronutrient deficiency diseases which are common in this area, bluetongue surveillance in multiple species, ruminant physiology research, sudden death investigations in cattle on alpine pastures, and Coccidioides immitus epidemiology. Johne's Disease epidemiology studies have been initiated with a focus on the desert environment. Projects are beginning to study lesions resulting in trim and economic loss in Holstein steer carcasses. Additional collaborative projects include interaction with multiple University of Arizona Faculty doing infectious disease research. Remodeling will improve biosecurity and the laboratory will become a part of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network.

Impacts
Impacts include continued development of information pertinent to the well-being of Arizona livestock and better understanding of animal health problems in our region.

Publications

Hemorrhagic disease in bighorn sheep in Arizona Noon TH, Wesche SL, Cagi D, Mead DG, Bicknell EJ, Bradley GA, Riplog-Peterson S, Edsall D, Reggiardo C. 2002. Hemorrhagic diseases in bighorn sheep in Arizona. J Wildl Dis 38:177-81. Published. (10
Hemorrhagic disease in deer in Arizona Noon TH, Wessche SL, Heffelfinger J, Fuller A, Bradley GA, Reggiardo C.2002. Hemorrhagic disease in deer in Arizona. J Wildl Dis 38:206-12. Published. (10 pct ).
Splanchnic and Mammary Nitrogen Metabolism by Dairy Cows Fed Steam-Rolled or Stem-Flaked Corn. Delgaso-Elorduy, A., Theurer, C.B., Huber, J.T., Alio, A., Lozaon, O., Sadik, M., Cuneo, S.P., DeYoung, D.W., Simas, J., Santos, J.E.P., Nussio, L., Nussio, C., Tagari, H.: Splanchnic and Mammary Nitrogen Metabolism by Dairy Cows Fed Steam-Rolled or Steam-Flaked Sorghun Grain. Jnl of Dairy Sci, 85:148-159 2002 Published. (100 pct ).
Splanchnic and Mammary Nitrogen Metabolism by Dairy Cows Fed Dry-Rolled or Steam-Flaked Sorghum Grain Delgado-Elorduy, A., Theurer, C.B., Huber, J.T., Alio, A., Lozaon, O., Sadik, M., Cuneo, S.P., DeYound, D.W., Simas, J., Santos, J.E.P., Nussio, L., Nussio, C., Tagari, H.: Splanchnic and Mammary Nitrogen Metabolism by Dairy Cows Fed Dry-Rolled or Steam-Flaked Sorghum Grain. Jnl of Dairy Sci, 85:148-159 2002 Published. (100 pct ).

Progress 01/01/00 to 12/31/00

Outputs
The type of submissions to the Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory remained basically unchanged, but the number increased approximately 38%in 2000. Significant projects begun or continued during the year include: (1) The state maintains stage V pseudorabies status with no positive cases detected by serology. (2) Cooperation with Arizona Game and Fish continues with initiation of a cooperative project on the role of water sources in disease spread. (3) Studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis in Arizona Leopard frogs (Rana yavapiensis and Rana chiricahuensis) are conducted in cooperation with Arizona Game and Fish with publication of results continuing. This information may be applied to the understanding of frog die-offs around the world. (40 Botulism continues to be identified in horses and birds. (5) Cooperative projects are aimed at studying Clostridial enteritis in cattle and young pigs. (6) Trace mineral studies focused on deficiencies in forage and livestock. Results of cooperative studies with Cooperative Extension and Animal Science are partially published. (7) Serologic results were positive on relatively small numbers of dairly cattle surveyed for serologic evidence of infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Impacts
The laboratory provided surveillance for emerging animal disease problems and produced new and useful animal disease information (see above).

Publications

Alio, A, Theurer, C.B., Lozano, O., Huber, J.T., Swingle, R.S., Delgado-Elorduy, A., Cuneo, S. P., Deyoung, D.W., Webb, Jr., K.E.: Splanchnic Nitrogen Metabolism by Growing Beef Steers Fed Diets Containing Sorghum Grain Flaked at Different Densities. Journal of Animal Sicence, 28(5); 1355-1363, 2000.
Lozano, O., Theurer, C.B., Alio, A., Huber, J.T., Delgado-Elorduy, A., Cuneo, S. P., Sadik,M., Swingle, R.S.: Net Absorption and Hepatic Metabolism of Glucose, L-Lactate and Volatile Fatty Acids by Steers Fed Diets Containing Sorghum Grain Processed as Dry-Rolled or Stearm-Flaked at Different Densities. Jounral of Animal Science, 28(5): 1364-1371, 2000
Marchello, E.V., Scourge, W.A., Marchello, J.T., Cuneo, S.P.: Changes in Lipoprotein Composition in Horses Fed a Fat-Supplemented Diet. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 20(7); 453-458, 2000
Delgado-Elorduy, A., Theurer, C.B., Huber, J.T., Alio, A., Lozano, O., Sadik, M., Cuneo, S.P., DeYoung, D.W., Sigmas, J., Santos, J.E.P., Nussio, L., Nussio, C., Tagari, H.: Splanchnic and Mammary Nitrogen Metabolism by Dairy Cows Fed Dry-Rolled or Stear-Flaked Sorghum Grain, Journal of Dairy Science, 2000

Progress 01/01/99 to 12/31/99

Outputs
The number and type of submissions to the Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory remained basically unchanged in 1999. Significant projects begun or continued during the year include: (1) The state maintains stage V pseudorabies status with no positive cases detected by serology. (2) A survey of brains from 210 deer and elk produced no positive cases of chronic wasting disease but preliminary studies suggest some incidence of mild encephalitis may be the result of infection with blue tongue virus. (3) Studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis in Arizona Leopard frogs (Rana yavapiensis and Rana chiricahuensis) are conducted in cooperation with Arizona Game and Fish with publication of results continuing. This information may be applied to the understanding of frog die-offs around the world. (4) Botulism continues to be identified in horses and birds. Birds are generally found in wetland or small lake environments. One outbreak in horses was traced to organisms and toxins carried from dead animals to horse feed facilities by ravens. (5) The laboratory participated in a sow mortality study that included complete diagnostic workups on sows from across the United States. Sow mortality rates on many farms have increased in the past few years and results may be applicable in reducing losses. (6) Trace mineral studies focused on deficiencies in forage and livestock. Results of cooperative studies with Cooperative Extension and Animal Science are partially published. (7) Serologic results were positive on relatively small numbers of dairy cattle surveyed for serologic evidence of infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Impacts
The laboratory provided surveillance for emerging animal disease problems and produced new and useful animal disease information (see above).

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/98 to 12/31/98

Outputs
The number and type of submissions received by the Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory remained basically unchanged during 1998. The following are the most significant diagnostic findings/results of applied investigation during the year: 1) Pseudorrabies control: no seropositive swine were detected in Arizona during 1998. The state maintains the Stage V status. 2)Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) survey: Arizona Game and Fish submitted almost 300 heads of deer and elk killed by hunters during the fall and early winter throughout the state.The purpose of the submissions was to survey the deer and elk populations in Arizona for brain lesions consistent with CWD. The histologic examination of 193 deer and 99 elk brains (specifically brain stem at the obex) failed to detect any lesions compatible with CWD. 3)Chytridiomycosis was diagnosed in native Arizona Leopard frogs (Rana yavapiensis and Rana chiricahuensis). The infection, which produces a chronic, hyperplastic dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and intracorneal fungal organisms, is believed to be responsible for the large die-offs observed in adult frogs of these species. The factors (environment, stress, toxic) that lead to infection with these organisms has not been identified, but this infection is producing amphibian die-offs throughout the world. This is the first time that chytrid fungus infections are diagnosed in wild amphibian populations in the USA. 4)Enterotoxigenic Colibacillosis was identified as the cause of death of several captive Black Footed ferrets. These ferrets had been brought from Wyoming for release in Arizona, where the species is now extinct.The infection was diagnosed in two different sites, and it was believed to originate in raw rabbit meat fed to the ferrets. The isolates had non typable "O" and "H" antigens but produced heat stable enterotoxins (STa and STb). 5)Botulism is increasingly associated with animal losses in Arizona. In addition to the periodic cases of Botulism in waterfowl, Cl. botulinum type C has been associated with death losses in farmed quail, horses, cattle and in one dog. 6)Leptospirosis was diagnosed in feedlot steers from several different premises. The diagnosis was based on the observation of leptospires in sections of the kidney of one animal and some moderately elevated titers to L. pomona (up to 1:1600) in unvaccinated animals. The syndrome involved almost exclusively Holsteins and was characterized by icterus, yellow livers and red urine. We were unable to identify leptospires in mailed-in urine by culture or direct microscopy. It seems that the number of organisms in these animals must be quite low making them relatively undetectable. Serum titers were not consistently elevated. Clinical use of vaccines appears to have helped reduce losses.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/97 to 12/31/97

Outputs
The nature of the diagnostic services provided by AzVDL remained basically unchanged during 1997, although the number of submissions increased by 27% for the year. The following are the most significant diagnostic findings/results of applied research during the year: 1)Pseudorabies control: no seropositive swine were detected in Arizona during 1997. The state has returned to stage V (free) as of 4/1/97. 2) Trace Mineral Deficiencies: Alfalfa and Bermuda grass samples grown in Arizona are uniformly low in Selenium (ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 ppm in the samples we tested). As a result, selenium deficiencies are widespread in unsupplemented Arizona horses fed only hay. The average whole blood selenium in 23 unsupplemented horses with gait problems and/or lameness was 0.096 ppm, with a arange of 0.07 to 0.12 ppm, all below the "adequate" range of 0.17 to 0.25 ppm reported in the literature (R.Puls, 1995). Selenium and copper deficiencies are probably also widespread in Arizona wildlife. In a survey of copper and selenium levels in 100 Pronghorn antelope liver samples collected by hunters, the average liver selenium was 0.17 ppm, with a range of 0.04-0.8 ppm (ww). Sixty six percent of the samples had selenium levels under 0.2 ppm, usually in the low end of the "adequate" range in most ruminant species, wild or domestic. The average liver copper was 8.3 ppm with a range 1.1-36 ppm (ww). Ninety seven percent of the liver copper levels were below 20 ppm, the low end of the "adequate" copper liver range in most ruminants. 3) Calf Salmonellosis: The intensive rearing of neonatal dairy calves for beef production in the so called "Calf Ranches" is a growing industry in Arizona. Salmonellosis is one of the main causes of disease in these operations. Culture samples were collected from calf feces and environmental samples in one calf ranch experiencing high morbidity and mortality due to Salmonellosis in a effort to identify the main source of infection. No fecal shedding of the agent could be demonstrated during the first 3 days after the arrival of the calves. But by day 6 post-arrival, 42% of the fecal samples were positive. The rate of shedding was not related to the source of origin of the calves, or to their subsequent rates of morbidity and mortality. Salmonella spp. (mostly S. typhimurium) were isolated from 40% of the samples of house flies collected at the hutches and in the feed mixing area; from 18% of milk replacer samples; and from 33% of floor scrapings from hutches recently vacated (4 days). It is believed that excessive environmental contamination is the main source of infection to susceptible calves. Differences in morbidity and mortality in calves from different sources are much more likely related to the degree of passive immunity in the group than to the prevalence of infection in the original herd or the number of carriers among the calves.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

No publications reported this period

Progress 01/01/95 to 12/30/95

Outputs
1) Pseudorabies Control: Depopulation of the sole infected herd in Arizona was completed early in the year. A return to Stage V (free) is expected soon since no other reactors have been detected in the surveillance samples tested at AzVDL. 2) Several cases of copper toxicity in dairy cows were reported in 1994, presumably resulting from excessive levels of copper supplementation (up to 45 to 60ppm). A survey of copper levels in dairy cow livers collected at slaughter was completed in 1995. From 270 adult cow liver analyzed, 89% had adequate (25-100ppm) or higher levels of copper, including 7.4% of the samples with potentially toxic levels (>250ppm). Only 11% of the samples were considered marginal or deficient (<25ppm). In contrast, when Zn was analyzed in 214 samples, 27% of the livers were considered to have marginal or deficient Zn levels (<40ppm), with the rest of the samples having adequate (40-100ppm) or slightly higher Zn levels.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/94 to 12/30/94

Outputs
Pseudorabies was again diagnosed in one Arizona herd in 1994, through the surveillance testing conducted by AZVDL on samples collected by the State Veterinarian's office. Testing has now intensified and depopulation of the infected herd is expected soon. Copper deficiencies are widespread in Arizona dairy herds. Most deficiencies seem to be secondary, originating from the interaction of copper and other minerals with an antagonistic effect on copper absorption (particularly Molybdenum). Copper supplementation of the feed at higher than normal levels is therefore common in the state. Several cases of copper toxicity in dairy cows were diagnosed in 1994, resulting from excessive levels of copper supplementation (45 to 60 ppm), and/or low levels of Molybdenum in local alfalfa hay. A survey of copper levels from liver samples collected at slaughter is being conducted with the State Veterinarian's office to determine the situation state-wide. The number of ratite submissions has remained high as the ratite industry continues to grow in Arizona. A few infectious diseases such as Salmonellosis, Enteric Spirochetosis, Collibacillosis and Megabacteriosis have been identified as significant in the state, but in general nutritional and management problems continue to be the most common primary problem.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/93 to 12/30/93

Outputs
1) There has been a tremendous increase in the number of ratite producers in Arizona, and in the number of diagnostic submissions of ostrich, rhea and emu specimens in 1993. Most health problems appear to affect incubation and hatching; and survival of juvenile birds, particularly in the 1-3 month stage. Although a number of infectious diseases have been identified, management problems, stress and nutritional deficiencies appear to be by far the most common causes of disease. A few specific deficiencies such as Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin E have been identified, but basic protein-caloric deficiencies related to inadequate diets and management are much more prevalent. 2) EHD virus was confirmed for the first time in Arizona by virus isolation. It was isolated from affected deer in southern Pima county, close to the Mexican border. Subsequent serological surveys revealed many reactors to EHD type 2 and several Bluetongue serotypes. Typing of the isolate is now under way at NVSL. 3) Arizona has reached Pseudorabies stage V status (free of the disease) in 1993, based on the surveillance testing conducted by AzVDL on samples collected by the State Veterinarian's office.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/92 to 12/30/92

Outputs
Trace Mineral Deficiencies in Arizona livestock have been the focus of our diagnostic efforts during 1992. Copper and Selenium deficiencies are widespread throughout the state, and suspected to be the single most important factor in the production of reproductive losses in cattle. Of over three hundred bovine sera from cow-calf herds throughout the state, on only 11% were deemed to have "adequate" levels of copper (/>=/ 0.8 ppm), and only 18% were deemed to have "adequate" levels of Selenium (/>=/ 0.08 ppm). A similar situation may be present in dairy and feedlot cattle although serum copper and selenium tests are of less diagnostic value in supplemented animals. "Adequate" levels of serum copper were detected in only 41% of 320 feedlot sera and 34% of 235 dairy sera. "Adequate" levels of serum selenium were detected in only 30% of 381 feedlot sera and 49%of 193 dairy sera. Low serum copper was also detected in wild antelopes in northern Arizona, and low blood and liver selenium was detected in wild bighorn sheep in southern Arizona. Several trials in underway to determine optimal supplementation programs. There have been no cases recorded in Arizona of Selenium toxicity in either wildlife or domestic, supplemented or non-supplemented livestock.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/91 to 12/30/91

Outputs
The total case load of the Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory increased by10% in 1991. A full scope of services were provided for the diagnosis of disease in a wide range of animal species (food and companion animals, exotics, wildlife). Most of the disease investigation/test development efforts were dedicated to the study of trace element deficiencies in Arizona livestock, rapidly emerging as the main cause of production loss in the state: 1) copper deficiencies (in the form of reproductive disorders, poor performance, increased susceptibility to infections, etc.) were identified in dairy cattle, feed lot calves, some beef herds, and in small ruminants. Although low copper levels were found in the feed in some cases, most copper deficiencies appear to be originating from the interaction with other minerals in the diet which have an antagonistic effect on copper absorption. Most of the samples of hay grown throughout the state were found to be high in molybdenum (in most cases resulting in Cu:Mo ratios of less than 2:1), and very often high in total sulfur (>0.2%) and/or iron (>250ppm). We have recently initiated tests for manganese as well in cases of infertility, although no deficient levels have been encountered yet. 2) Selenium deficiencies have been encountered associated with abortions, stillborn and weak calves throughout the state. In these cases, serum Se of aborting cows is often in the 20-40 ppb range. Trials are underway to study the efficacy of specific supplementation.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/90 to 12/30/90

Outputs
The new location of the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in the West Campus Agricultural Center has resulted in easier access from agricultural areas and an 18% increased in food animal submissions, mostly beef (19% increase) and swine (44% increase). Diagnostic efforts/applied research in these species have been concentrated on: 1) Diagnosis of Vitamin E deficiency in lightweight feeder calves and in feeder swine, and especially its assocation with increased incidence and severity of respiratory disease in both categories; 2) a serological survey on Arizona Swine conducted by VDL in collaboration with the State Veterinarian's Office, indicated Arizona is now free of Pseudorabies. The state has applied for PRV-free classification; 3) Fumonisin B(1), mycotoxin has been diagnosed in locally grown corn, and identified as responsible for death losses in Arizona swine; 4) tests have been developed for the detection of tremetones in blood of cattle poisoned by Haplopappus sp. (burroweed and Jimmy-weed). Other areas of emphasis have been the identification of Canine Distemper virus as the causative agent of encephalitis in Javelina (in collaboration with Cornell University and Az. Game & Fish); and the continuing work toward the establishment of "normal" parameters in the incidence of infectious diseases and nutritional indicators (vitamin and mineral blood levels) in wild ruminants in the State (in collaboration with Az. Game & Fish).

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/89 to 12/30/89

Outputs
The Laboratory has moved to the West Campus Agricultural Center and has added anaquaculture section that specializes in diagnosis and field investigations of shrimp diseases throughout the world. Studies are continuing on calf diseases and serological surveys of swine for pseudorabies. Collaborative studies have been initiated with Arizona Game and Fish officials on a distemper-like disease of javelinas and with both California and Arizona Game Departments on disease and death loss in Desert tortoises. Other wildlife disease surveillance is ongoing in Desert Bighorn sheep and White-tailed deer.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/88 to 12/30/88

Outputs
The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Lab again experienced increased accessions andfield trips. Studies on Selenium and Vitamin E in Chlamydial-infected dairy calves, microbial species in vaginal mucus and preputial washings, and disease surveillance in range cattle and wild species continue. Trichomonas infections were diagnosed in several range herds. New studies were initiated on lead toxicosis on mine tailings. parasite studies in riparian areas, and Johne's disease. The lab developed several programs of health management and surveillance on the Apache and Navajo Reservations, with tribal veterinarians. Several publications are in the press in the November 1988 issue of the new refereed Journal Veterinariay Diagnostic Invests.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/87 to 12/30/87

Outputs
The Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (AVDL) experienced an increase in submissions, specimens and examinations by approximately ten percent from 1986. Over 60 field investigations have been made by diagnostic/extension personnel. An Extension project of five years' duration titled "Integrated Range Livestock Management" has been initiated utilizing the AVDL and extention/diagnostic personnel. Serology and clinical pathology profile of range livestock and wildlife species are being accumulted for future predictive utilization. Applied correlative studies have been initiated to evaluate the impact of marginal selenium levels on the incidence of diseases in newborn dairy calves and swine. Chlamydial organisms are still of great interest in numerous species.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/86 to 12/30/86

Outputs
The branch diagnostic laboratory at Mesa was closed in June, 1985. In spite of this, the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Arizona, did have a 5% increase in submissions for a total of 3256. The species distribution was similar to last year with 44% pets (dogs, cats), 27% livestock (cattle, horses, swine, goats, sheep), and 29% other species (avian, lab animals, wild animals, and other). The courier service which connects the Maricopa County extension Service with the U. of Az has not been satisfactory for many situations. When the laboratory is back to its full complement of technicians, other transportation alternatives will be sent to veterinary practitioners and extension agents. We trust this will assist in the transfer of specimens into the laboratory, which is one of the most often received complaints. The diagnostic laboratory offers unique services and assistance to veterinarians and animal owners. Besides the variety of test procedures conducted by laboratory personnel, diagnosticians have participated in several field investigations to assist veterinary practitioners with complex animal health problems. In one such case of occasional death of range cattle, suspicions were levied toward poisonous plants, infectious dieases, and/or protein supplements. Coordinated studies finally indicated a range stocking problem and losses from complications of energy depletion.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/84 to 12/30/84

Outputs
The submissions to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories increased overall 176%(the Tucson lab increased 200%) for a 1984 total of 3101. Livestock (cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and horses) comprised 32%; dogs and cats, 41%; avian, 15%; wild animals (excluding avial), 4% and laboratory animals, 5%. Approximately one-third of the submissions are complete necropsies which is a high percentage compared with other laboratories. Other activities have included an increase in technical assistance to other college and university researchers, particularly in analytical chemistry, as well as in microbiology and histopathology.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/83 to 12/30/83

Outputs
1983 was the first full year of operation for the new Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. During this year the laboratory was established in new premises, and seven new staff members were hired. The case load increased slightly over the previous year with a total of 1766 accessions. Cattle and dogs accounted for 57% of the accessions, birds were 11%, pigs 7%, cats and wild animals 6% each, horses 5%, goats and laboratory animals 3% each, and sheep; 1%. A considerable increase in case load is expected in the coming year since the laboratory is now staffed, equipped and fully operational. The department continued to provide health services for the college livestock herds. A total of 2054 examinations were made. These included 40 surgical procedures, 31 cases of infectious disease, 863 obstetrical or gynecological procedures, 837 vaccinations, 11 necropsies, 67 health examinations and 205 other miscellaneous medical procedures.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/82 to 12/30/82

Outputs
The diagnostic services offered by the department continue to be supported from this project, but under an appropriately expanded budget. In 1982, there were 1,694 diagnostic assessions which included 555 necropsies, 6,119 specimens and a total of 13,319 laboratory tests. The department continued to provide health services for the college livestock herds. A total of 2,684 examinations were made, an increase of 1,000 over the previous year. The examinations included 24 surgical procedures, 64 cases of infectious diseases, 846 obstetrical and gynecological procedures, 724 immunizations, 14 necropsies and 1,008 miscellaneous medical and health exaiminations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/81 to 12/30/81

Outputs
Several polot investigations were initiated under this project during the past year. A study on pituitary feedback mechanisms of thryroid hormones in chickens recently got underway, as did a study on thyroid dysfunction in obese mice. A survey of bluetongue antibodies in Arizona range cattle and in bighorn sheep and anatelope in contact with the cattle has been initiated. The diagnostic services offered by the department continue to be supported from this project. In 1981 there were 1,614 diagnostic accessions, which included 704 necropsies, 7,016 specimens and a total of 15,422 laboratory tests. The department continued to provide health services for the college livestock herds. A total of 1,686 examinations were made. These included 33 with surgical intervention, 64 cases of infectious disease, 566 obstetrical and gynecological procedures, 673 immunizations, 20 necropsies and 330 other miscellaneous medical and health examinations.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/80 to 12/30/80

Outputs
Several pilot investigations were initiated under this project in the past year. One of these, a study on the prevalence and importance of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tracts of feedlot cattle, has produced interesting results. There is already a clear indication that M. bovis and probably M. bovirhinis play a significant role in the feedlot syndrome referred to as 'shipping fever". The diagnostic services offered by the department continue to be supported from this project. In 1980, there were 1,400 diagnostic accessions, which included 705 necropsies, 5,613 specimens and a total of 12,433 laboratory tests. The department continued to provide health services for the college livestock held on four university farms. A total of 1,513 examinations were made. These included 52 which required surgical intervention, 84 cases of infectious disease, 532 obstetrical and gynecological procedures, 541 immunizations, 21 necropsies and 283 other miscellaneous medical examinations. A total of 36 emergency (night, weekend or holiday) calls were made.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/79 to 12/30/79

Outputs
Several small research projects were initiated under this project, and support for one larger project was continued. The goat mycoplasma pneumonia project which was initiated under the project last year has since been funded from another source. The Corynebacterium abscess (caseous lymphadenitis) study has progressed well, and a significant breakthrough has been made. A method has been developed for skin transmission of the causative agent, thus allowing more meaningful vaccination studies, since this mode of challenge infection more closely resembles natural challenge than do the methods previously used. Other support for the continuation of this study is being sought. The diagnostic services offered by the department continue to be supported under this project. In 1979, 1080 accessions were processed and reported out. This included a total of 4,893 specimens, requiring 8,923 laboratory tests. The department continued to provide health services for all the livestock held on four university farms. A total of 1,695 examinations were made. These include 80 which required surgical intervention, 105 cases of infectious disease, 518 obstetrical and gynecological procedures, 580 immunizations, 159 necropsies and disease control procedures, 33 health examinations and 220 miscellaneous medical examinations. A total of 34 emergency (night, weekend or holiday) calls were made.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/78 to 12/30/78

Outputs
Several research investigations have been initiated under this project which serves to support otherwise unfunded research efforts. The most important research project recently initiated is "Mycoplasma mycoides Infection of Goats and Cattle", which represents a study of the interrelationships between several goat mycoplasma isolates and the bovine mycoplasma causing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. It has been demonstrated that Arizona goat isolates are not M. mycoides subsp. capri, but M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. In a second project "Transmission Studies on Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in Goats" it has been shown that bacteria applied to intact skin reach the regional lymph nodes within 3 days. The diagnostic services offered by the department are an important part of this project. In 1978, 1,372 accessions yielding 4,153 specimens requiring 11,428 laboratory tests were processed. The department continued to provide health services for the livestock held on four university farms. A total of 2,153 examinations were made. These included 64 surgical procedures, 710 obstetric or gynecologic cases, 443 immunizations, 52 necropsies, 140 infectious disease investigations, 182 health examinations and 562 miscellaneous procedures.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/77 to 12/30/77

Outputs
A number of research investigations are supported under this project which also serves as the blanket for the animal disease diagnostic and herd health activities of the department. The two major research investigations are "The Control of Caprine Caseous Lymphadenitis", and "The Characterization of the Causastive Agents of Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever". In the caprine lymphadenitis study it has been shown that pathogenic strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis can pass through the intact skin to set up infections in local lymph nodes. In the Malignant Catarrhal Fever study, an MCF agent has been serially passaged in calves, and has also been adapted to serial passage in rabbits. An agent isolated in cell cultures is being assessed for its disease-producing capacity. The diagnostic services offered by the department remain an important and time-consuming activity, and in 1977, 1,605 accessions yielding 5,371 specimes requiring 12,135 tests were processed. The department continued to provide herd health services for the 1,425 head of livestock held on four university farms.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/76 to 12/30/76

Outputs
University herd health service, essentially a full-time job for 1 veterinarian, followed the pattern of previous years quite closely with 59 routine and experimental surgery cases, 259 medical cases, 197 instances of infectious disease, 584 obstetric and reproductive problems, 455 animal vaccinations, 35 necropsies and 337 health examinations for a total of 1,926 tasks, 168 less thanthe 1975 level of activity. There were 260 routine and 75 emergency trips to farms. Requests for animal disease diagnostic service have shown a steady decline over the past 4 years. The fluctuation is due in part to the gradual initiation of fees, in part to changes in personnel at the Mesa Laboratory and in part to the development of excellent diagnostic support by private laboratories. This department established fees for a few routine services such as check for parasite ova July 1, 1973. A minimum accession fee was establishedJuly 1, 1974. A year later fees were charged for all services but waived for state, educational, research or public service users. There has been no progress in the request for separate budget, facilities and staff for diagnosticservice that was first submitted with the 1975-76 request budget.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/75 to 12/30/75

Outputs
University herd health work consumes almost 1 scientist year. In 1975 there were 108 routine and experimental surgery cases, 239 medical cases, 373 instances of infectious disease, 526 obstetric and reproductive problems, 414 animal vaccinations, 33 necropasies and 401 health examinations, 2,094 total or almost 6 cases per day every day of the year. Round trips to farms approached 260, and there were 87 night, weekend or holiday calls. Animal disease diagnostic cases received from veterinarians, poultrymen, livestock owners, wildlife biologists, game wardens, meat inspectors, zoo curators, pet owners andothers totalled 2,504, which is 331 less than the number processed in 1974. Thisis a 11.7% drop. The 1974 total was 15% below the 1973 work load. The 2 year decline coincides with a period during which there was no professional supervision of the Mesa Laboratory and a shortage of faculty on campus. Also, service charges were initiated for some procedures in 1974 and for all services requested after July 1, 1975. The drop of accessions from 3,340 in 1973 to 2,504in 1975 has not relieved the competition that exists between service work, teaching and research. If the request for separate budget, facilities and personnel to support diagnosis is not approved reasonably soon, the service should be eliminated.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/74 to 12/30/74

Outputs
University herd health work was much the same as in previous years with respect to diagnosis and treatment of animal illness, routine prophylactic vaccinations,odd hour emergencies and so on, but a great many more man hours have been devoted to experimental surgery, preparing animals for use by project leaders inother departments. Animal disease diagnostic cases received from veterinarians,poultrymen, livestock owners, wildlife biologists, meat inspectors, zoo curators, pet owners and others totalled 2835 cases, 505 less than processed in 1973. This 15% drop represents the first since 1971 when requests were 4% lowerthan in the year before. In both years the department operated with less than afull professional staff. We have been short one diagnostician since September, 1973. A proposal to separate this service from the teaching and research responsibilities of the department was submitted to the higher administration inmidyear. The only solution to the encroachment on teaching and research time and resources made by herd health and animal disease diagnostic requests seems to be to obtain separate budget, staffing and facilities if possible. A charge was placed on a few of the services offered July 1, 1973. Starting July 1 of this year a minimum fee is being collected for all services except those provided to other University departments and governmental agencies.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/73 to 12/30/73

Outputs
University herd health services included 58 surgical, 86 medical, 264 infectious, 332 obstetrical and reproductive, 105 health and 19 postmortem examinations. There were 346 trips to University farms, 71 in response to emergency calls at night, on weekends or on holidays. An increased PMY investment in more intensive medical practice doesn't show in the above. This has won the approval of the departments served but at the cost of time for research. Animal disease diagnostic cases for the 12 month period 1-12-72 through 30-11-73 totalled 3,340 of which 1,183 were processed at the laboratory on the Mesa Farm. The 1972 requests were 697 for Mesa and 1,573 for the Tucson campus. Most of the increase at Mesa has occurred since May when the laboratorywas placed under new leadership. Due to resignations and sabbatical leave the department operated short 0.8 PMY in 1973. Animal disease diagnostic and university herd health services absorb more of the department's manpower than any other activity (3.9 professional and 2.3 supportive man years) and the largest portion of the appropriated budget. Historically, diagnostic service requests have increased each time new or replacement faculty arrived, but this year's 47% jump is unprecedented. It brings much closer the time of crisis whenan alternate way of filling this need must be worked out or the responsibility abandoned to another state agency or to the private sector.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/72 to 12/30/72

Outputs
University herd health services included 38 surgical, 100 medical, 329 infectious, 253 obstetrical and reproductive, 203 immunization and disease control and 253 health examinations and test procedures. There were 293 trips to the University farms, 48 in response to emergencies. There were 72 trips to various parts of the state for consultation and disease diagnosis that were separate from activities of the extension veterinarian. Animal disease diagnostic cases for the 12 month period 12-1-71 through 11-30-72 totalled 2270 of which 697 were processed at the Mesa Branch Station Laboratory and 1,573 on the Tucson campus. Since the 1971 report only covered the 11 momths from 1-1-71through 11-30-71, the 18.3% increase is not as significant as it looks. In the same 12 month interval the 1971 Tucson total (1,607) was actually 2% above that for this year.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/71 to 12/30/71

Outputs
University herd health services included 11 surgical, 121 medical, 147 infectious, 246 obstetrical and reproductive, 91 immunization and disease control and 1252 health examinations and test procedures. There were 262 trips to the University farms, 19 in response to emergencies. Aside from activity of the extension veterinarian there were 63 trips to various parts of the state forconsultation and diagnosis. Animal disease diagnostic accessions totalled, 1,854, down from 1925 in 1970, the first break in a steady annual increase that has lasted several years. Perhaps the second successive year with one of the professional staff on leave had its effect. The service, whatever its growth status, constitutes a burden of serious proportions encroaching on teaching and research responsibilities which should be assigned to a separate staff and provided proper facilities.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/70 to 12/30/70

Outputs
University herd health service included 20 surgical, 96 medical, 187 infectious,298 obstetrical and reproductive, 82 immunization and disease control and 1,477 health examination and test procedures. There were 262 trips to University farms, 41 in response to emergencies, and there were 85 trips to various parts of the state for consultation and diagnosis. Animal disease diagnostic service accessions increased from 1,757 in 1969 to 1,925 in 1970. This occurred even though 1 professional position has been inactive due to sabbatical leave for half the year. The nearly 9 percent increase in service requests and the slightincrease in herd health work were processed at the expense of time ordinarily assigned to teaching and research. Although the Arizona Veterinary Medical Association continues to work toward legislative approval of expanded animal disease diagnostic facilities, staff and budget, prospects for success appear tobe poor.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/69 to 12/30/69

Outputs
Efforts of the Arizona Livestock Sanitary Board to secure funds for additional support to animal disease diagnosis were again unsuccessful. The Arizona Veterinary Medical Association is now trying to obtain a direct legislative appropriation for facilities, staff and operating expense. The year's University herd health services included 22 surgical, 68 medical, 361 infectious, 313 obstetrical and reproductive, 136 immunization and disease control and 1,243 health examinations and test procedures. There were 270 tripsto University farms, 36 in response to emergencies, and there were 183 trips to various parts of the state for consultation and diagnosis. The 1,757 requests for diagnostic assistance represents a very slight increase over the previous year. However, the Mesa Laboratory has operated without one microbiologist since September, 1968.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 01/01/68 to 12/30/68

Outputs
The Arizona Livestock Sanitary Board, which in 1967 agreed to share the expense of animal disease diagnosis with the University of Arizona, was unable to obtaineither gubernatorial or legislative approval for its $65,000 request. The year's University herd health services included 74 surgical, 92 medical, 268 infections, 331 obstetrical and reproductive, 421 immunization and disease control and 1,527 health examinations and test procedures. There were 363 tripsto University farms, 86 in response to emergencies, and there were 238 trips to various parts of the state for consultation and diagnosis. This represents a marked increase in activity over 1967. Diagnostic accessions increased to 1,749over the 1,592 received in 1967, but total samples and tests decreased due to a drop in requests for pullorum, paratyphoid, paracolon and mycoplasma tests in turkeys. As in previous years, all of Arizona's 14 counties were sources of diagnostic specimens, with most coming from Maricopa and Pima. A few samples were processed for out of state diagnostic laboratories or animal owners.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications