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| Accession Number | Type | Grantee Name | Title | Keywords | Most Recent Progress | Most Recent Impact | Most Recent Publications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT | IND-CALIFORNIA | Cold Batter Mixing For Low-Sodium And Low-Fat Processed Meats | Show Chilling~education media~processing efficiency~safety~saline at subzero temperatures | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
USDA INHOUSE | ARS-GEORGIA | SUSTAINING PEANUT CROPPING SYSTEMS COMPETITIVENESS | Show ECONOMICS ORGANIC PEANUTS IRRIGATION CONSERVATION TILLAGE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROCESSING EFFICIENCY ORGANIC COTTON ORGANIC CORN PEANUT | Show 23-JAN-09 to 31-DEC-13
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1. Compare the productivity, profitability, energy self-sufficiency, and environmental impact (water and carbon) of a southeast peanut-based production system. 1.A. Determine the optimal Southeastern states irrigation strategies for specific peanut rotation sequences that minimize soil-borne disease pressure. 2. Develop improved irrigation and tillage strategies for peanut-based rotation systems. 2.A. Develop handling and processing strategies for peanuts produced for biodiesel. 2.B. Quantify the costs/benefits and economies-of-scale and size required for processing peanuts as biodiesel for on-farm use. 2.C. Examine the value-added opportunities for the co-products from peanut feedstocks used for biodiesel. 3. Develop a sustainable, on-farm fuel production and processing system using peanut as a biodiesel feedstock. 3.A. Develop economic whole-system transition and management strategies for irrigated and non-irrigated organic peanut-cotton-corn production. 3.B. Determine the added identity preservation costs to handle, process, and market organic crops, and develop methods to reduce added costs. 3.C. Determine post-harvest quality attributes of organically produced crops. 4. Develop dedicated organic peanut-cotton-corn production, transition, and management systems for the Southeast. Approach (from AD-416): For each of the objectives, a comprehensive cost and return analysis will be conducted. Representative case farms will be constructed in a whole farm planning system (WholeFarm) framework to compare the feasibility of each objective individually, and to compare the options against each other. The overall goal is to determine how the system components will economically and technically integrate into an individual farm operation by evaluating changes in net farm income, crop and livestock production, energy use, and natural resources. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the results from the objectives on whole farm net income utilizing representative case farms that will be specified to encompass a wide variety of farm structures and sizes to address the needs of peanut producers. Comprehensive post-harvest quality evaluations will be conducted to study the impact on the post-harvest handling and processing segments of the industry to ensure that farm level decisions will not ultimately lead to the reduced competitiveness of U.S. peanuts and peanut products. Central to this research is technology transfer. As this research is being conducted, there will be a parallel effort in the development and validation of expert systems designed to improve management decisions to expedite technology transfer and industry adoption. The overall goal of this research is to conduct systems research related to irrigation, tillage, crop rotation sequences, on-farm generation of biodiesel, and organic production of peanut, cotton, and corn. The impacts of this research will be examined on the entire agricultural production system and not limited to one aspect of production management or one segment of the peanut industry. A holistic view of this research will be taken from the individual objectives to provide relevant information and management strategies for producers, handlers, processors, and related industry and governmental agencies. This is the final report for project 6604-64000-007-00D to be replaced by 6604-13210-005-00D. Studies were conducted focusing on southeast peanut- based production systems profitability, productivity, and sustainability. Within this production system, corn and cotton, are also included. At each location soil, environment, and plant monitoring equipment was installed and production inputs were tracked for economic analysis in the Farm Suite model. Significant data and information that will sustain peanut competitiveness was obtained focusing on reduced per unit cost of production, and improved water use efficiency of cropping systems. Peanut rotation sequencing demonstrated significant yield increases resulting for 4 year (3 years out) peanut rotations. The economic net returns for longer peanut rotations hinge of commodity prices for peanuts and crops incorporated in the rotation sequence. A new breakeven cross-commodity price matrix has been incorporated into WholeFarm to calculate the price change for a specific commodity that is required to equal profitability in other commodities. The matrix can be used to directly calculate the price changes that would be required to justify changing peanut-based rotation sequences. Evaluation of 40 cultivars for peanut biodiesel production resulted in identification of five cultivars which are best suited for use in a biodiesel system. Research on organic peanut, corn, and cotton showed that under certain yield and price combinations, organic production could provide economically feasible alternatives. A new research project was initiated to study the effect of flowering interruption (chemically and manually) at prescribed times on peanut yield, grade, processing characteristics, flavor, and aflatoxin. Significant progress was made at research sites in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi showing improvements in peanut yields, grades, and maturity distributions. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: 1. Conducted workshops for �Young Farmer Associations� in several counties demonstrating Farm Suite (3 - various dates). 2. Conducted Farm Service Agency workshops on use of the USDA-ARS Farm Suite model to improve farm and financial planning (3 - various dates). 3. Hosted tours for local school groups discussing National Peanut Research Laboratory research and the benefits of science oriented curriculums. 4. Presented at 21 stakeholders meetings on technology to improve production, economic efficiency and sustainability. Accomplishments 01 Long term peanut, corn, and cotton yield and quality with differing irrigation rates with overhead sprinkler irrigation. The long term impact of differing irrigation rates in peanut, corn, and cotton is not known for the Southeast in terms of yield, economic returns, and water use efficiency. An irrigation study was initiated in 2002 and is still ongoing to address this. The soil was Greenville fine sandy loam and irrigation rates of 100, 66, 33%, and a non-irrigated control were incorporated across five rotation sequences such that peanut, corn, and cotton were present during each year of the study. Irrigation was managed by Irrigator Pro for Peanuts, Corn, and Cotton. Over the 12 years of this study, peanut yields averaged 5130, 4905, 4301, and 2890 lbs a-1, in the 100, 66, 33%, and non-irrigated plots. Water use efficiency from irrigation did not differ in the 100 and 66% treatments and both were higher than the 33% treatment. Comparing yields in the 100% vs non-irrigated treatments, peanut yield was increased 9 of 12 years and net returns increased 8 of 12 years. Corn yields averaged 211, 169, 121, and 71 bu a-1 for the respective treatments. Water use efficiency from irrigation was significantly different across treatments with the highest in the 100%. In the 100% vs non-irrigated, corn yield was increase 11 of 12 years and net returns 10 of 12 years. Cotton lint yields averaged 1323, 1107, 903, and 539 lb a-1 for the respective treatments. Water use efficiency from irrigation did not differ in the 100 and 66% treatments and both were higher than the 33%. In the 100% vs non-irrigated, cotton yield was increased 10 of 12 years and net returns 8 of 12 years. The study demonstrates the need for adequate irrigation to stabilize yields and economic returns. 02 Peanut rotation research. Sustainable peanut-based rotation sequencing has re-emerged in importance for producers due to the introduction of �generic bases�. Understanding the agronomic and economic implications of changing rotation sequences is prerequisite for producer decision- making. A long term study was conducted to address peanut yields across five different rotation sequences in both irrigated and non-irrigated practices. For irrigated production, peanut yields averaged 3395, 4404, 5342, and 5792 lb a-1 in continuous peanuts, 1 year out, 2 years out, and 3 years out of peanuts, respectively. Non-irrigated peanut yields averaged 2492, 2952, 3298, and 3553 lb a-1 across the same sequences, respectively. At current market prices and cost of production for peanuts, corn, and cotton, the WholeFarm planning system results showed that there is no economic benefit to shortening peanut rotations from 3 years out to 2 and significant economic losses would occur in shortening rotations to 1 year. The system is continually updated and presented to producers as crop prices, cost of production, and yields change. 03 Peanut biodiesel. In excess of 40 peanut cultivars have been evaluated for potential as a biodiesel feedstock. Field evaluations have been expanded beyond National Peanut Research Laboratory to include locations in Florida, Alabama, Oklahoma, North Carolina, and two additional Georgia locations for a total of 8 sites. Construction of a peanut biodiesel refinery was completed to allow cultivar analysis for peanut biodiesel and by-product output. Five peanut cultivars with superior production performance and oil characteristics were identified. Prior, no data existed on cultivar selection to assist producers interested in peanut biodiesel production. While this project was not completed in its entirety, data that was obtained will provide producers information on cultivar selection and management intensity that will encourage on-farm biodiesel production. 04 Organic production. An organic crop production study in irrigated and non-irrigated peanut, cotton, and corn was completed. An objective of this project was to develop improved methods for managing organic production as well as defining the required price for organic commodities that make them equal in profitability with conventionally produced crops. Studies concluded that under certain yield and price combinations, organic crop production could offer economically feasible alternatives. Manuscript and technical bulletins will be prepared to document these findings. | N/A | Show 01-OCT-12 to 30-SEP-13
Chen, C.Y., Rowland, D., Nuti, R.C., Faircloth, W.H., Lamb, M.C., Harvey, E. 2013. Heritability and genetic relationships for drought-related traits in peanut. Crop Science. 53(4):1392-1402.
Oakes, A.J., White, B.L., Lamb, M.C., Sobolev, V., Sanders, T.H., Davis, J. P. 2012. Process Development for Spray Drying a Value-Added Extract from Aflatoxin Contaminated Peanut Meal. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 48:58-66. | |
HATCH | SAES - IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY | Marketing and Delivery of Quality Grains and BioProcess Coproducts | Show grain quality analytics~near infrared spectroscopy~chemometrics~processing efficiency~quality management systems~iso 9000~iso 22005~traceability~fractionation~distillers grains~biosecurity training~grain storage~food versus fuel~supply chain management | Show 01-OCT-08 to 30-SEP-13
Target Audience: Participants in the grain production, processing and distribution chain; scientists supporting and training in this industry sector. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Methods and results were disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed papers, abstracts and on-line industry reports, and presentations at scientific meetings and to individual stakeholders. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
| Show 01-OCT-08 to 30-SEP-13
What was accomplished under these goals?
Whole soybean calibrations for four near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) brands were developed to measure linolenic acid and total saturated fats. In one case, the standard error of prediction was less than 0.5% pts for each factor, which meant that discrimination to the nearest whole percentage (e.g. 1% vs 2%) was possible. Oil rancidity factors were measureable by NIRS using a simple, disposable sample cup placed under the beam of a reflectance NIRS spectrometer. Free fatty acids (FFA), total polar materials (TPM), and conjugated dienoic acids (CDA), were analyzed in daily oil aliquots taken from soybean oils with different linolenic acid concentrations used to fry French fries. The coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.973 for FFA, 0.984 for TPM, and 0.902 for CDA. Calibrations for reflectance NIRS units allowed feed clients to monitor soybean meal composition guarantees more effectively. A single calibration for the various forms of soymeal created uniformity while reducing analytical support costs. NIRS calibrations were developed for moisture, protein, oil, and crude fiber in distillers grains, over 5 instrument brands and including 10 ethanol plants. Lysine and methionine NIRS whole-corn calibrations had R2 in validation of 0.73 - 0.84, significantly higher than the correlation of each amino acid to the total protein. Advanced chemometric methods have made the combination of spectra across NIRS brands possible. Across-brand calibrations can be more accurate than the individual brand calibrations, and will allow the use of multiple models in a trading network without loss of accuracy or reproducibility. The 10-year soybean protein and oil database of Iowa State University was used to quantify the progressive increase in overall variation among units on individual samples as more brands and configurations of NIRS are introduced to a system. Standard errors increased from 0.30 and 0.25 percentage points (for protein and oil, respectively) when only one transmission NIRS model was used to 0.90 and 0.80 percentage points when three transmission and three reflection instrument models were used. Subsequently a network with Foss Infratecs (1229 and 1241) and Bruins OmegAnalyzer G’s. achieved the following results over all the network instruments (moisture: r2 = 0.987, SEP = 0.278; protein: r2 = 0.963, SEP = 0.518) These were as good as calibrations developed using traditional optical correction techniques (r2 = 0.988, SEP = 0.279; protein: r2 = 0.958, SEP = 0.561). The calibration transfer study determined that multiple brands and models of NIRS units could be cross calibrated such that the variability across a group of different instruments would be not greater than the variability across a group of the same brand/model instrument. The effectiveness of the various methods was instrument, parameter, and validation set dependent. In many situations, transferred models performed as well as if a model had been developed on the unit itself. In some situations, there were no differences between master and secondary unit predictions. Local methods were the weakest methods due to over-fitting (specialization) of the calibration set. Based on the development of a triticale protein calibration over four years, several validation scenarios were evaluated (cross validation, a validation set coming from the calibration set with two sizes (10 and 25%) and a validation set containing only next year samples) performed by two regression methods. Only the next year validation method provided the real accuracy of the calibration; relative performance determinant (RPD) values were half those of same year calibration. Three production cycles (years) were required to obtain a stable calibration that was not likely to change in the following cycle. Ethanol yield per bushel of corn can be estimated rapidly and at low cost using NIRS-predicted constituent values. The ethanol-yield component model gave consistent results with the best combination being protein, oil and density with an SEP=0.044 and a R2= 0.88. The standard deviation of ethanol yield across typical corn samples was 0.1 gal/bu, which would represent $5-8 million variation in revenue to a 100 million gallon per year dry grind ethanol plant. Corn quality can create important differences in the ethanol and coproduct production per bushel of corn. Front end fractionation (separation of corn before the fermentation process begins) can yield gross returns of 20-50 cents per bushel in addition to reducing energy and water use, which therefore also improves the carbon balance of corn-to-ethanol production. Fractionation products are better suited to livestock feed, because higher quality proteins and oils are isolated. The corn Grade factor Total Damage did not affect average ethanol yield, but did increase the sample to sample variability of ethanol yield, which represents a risk factor for an ethanol plant. The ethanol model based on NIRS-measured constituents predicted ethanol yield to +/- 0.03 gal/bu. This method could be used to optimize corn buying and evaluate agronomic practices in ethanol plant trade areas; a gain of 0.1 gal/bu represents over $8MM/year (gross revenue) to the typical Iowa dry grind plant. There are immediate needs for training of employees, managers and auditors in food safety-quality management systems (FS/QMS) applied to bulk material industries. Closer contact, communication and trust among supervisors and employees have simultaneous benefits in worker safety and product quality. Documentation of the connection between occupational safety climate and product quality management climate revealed efficiency potential in compliance and grain operations, by combining procedures-based activities. Training programs for regulatory officials that recognize operating realities of industry will improve enforcement and will create better acceptance of food safety standards within the bulk grain and grain product supply chain. Two such training classes have been held. There are now 150 FDA inspectors that better understand much better the reality and the potential food safety risks associated with feed production. Course reviews indicated that about 50% of the material could be made distance education, with a wider distribution than onsite education will allow. Grain and grain processing firms are beginning to consider how food safety might apply to bulk grain and grain products. Iowa State materials are providing assistance in this effort. As of July 1, 2012, there were at least 50 Iowa grain firms that have been trained in the potential requirements and initial actions that could be taken in preparation. There is a checklist of food safety preparedness on the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative website. The Grain Quality Initiative and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship responded jointly to two grain marketing challenges in 2011; flooded grain in Western Iowa, and the lack of Chinese approval for the biotech trait Viptera, estimated to have been planted on 2-3% of Iowa acres in 2011. Analysis of grain quality data from the 2009-2012 growing seasons showed that weather variations outside the scope of our previous experiences may be creating changes not predictable from current knowledge. If weather extremes become more frequent, we will need more weather-crop interaction studies. End users, such as soybean processors and ethanol plants, are significantly affected by weather-driven quality changes. The aflatoxin levels in the 2012 crop, while significant, were lower than expected; our preharvest sampling and education program significantly reduced public fears and trade distortions expected from preharvest predictions. Producers and the grain industry were better able to optimize the use of drought-affected grains. Data and concepts for crop modeling and forecasting were generated. | Show 01-OCT-08 to 30-SEP-13
Type = Journal Articles / Status = Published / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = Esteve Agelet, Lidia, Paul R. Armstrong, Jasper G. Tallada, Charles R. Hurburgh. 2013. Discrimination of Conventional and Roundup Ready Soybean Seeds. Differences between conventional and glyphosate tolerant soybeans and moisture effect in their discrimination by near infrared spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 141:1895�190.
Type = Conference Papers and Presentations / Status = Other / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = Cao, N., Rippke, G., Hurburgh, C. R. 2013. Effect of calibration subsets on standardization in NIR spectroscopy. Oral Presentation for the 16th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, La Grande-Motte (France), Jun. 2-7, 2013.
Type = Conference Papers and Presentations / Status = Other / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = Hurburgh, C. R. Economic considerations of NIR Spectroscopy. Oral Presentation for the 16th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, La Grande-Motte (France), Jun. 2-7, 2013.
Type = Journal Articles / Status = Accepted / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = Lidia Esteve Agelet and Charles R. Hurburgh. 2013. Limitations and Current Applications of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Single Seed Analysis. Talanta. (acc).
Type = Journal Articles / Status = Accepted / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = Jelena Medic, Christine Atkinson, and Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. 2013. Current knowledge in soybean composition. JAOCS (acc.)
Type = Journal Articles / Status = Published / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = G. A. Mosher, N. Keren, C.R. Hurburgh. 2013. Employee Trust and Its Influence on Quality Climate at Two Administration Levels. The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (JTMAE) 29(1) (January through March 2013).
Type = Journal Articles / Status = Published / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = Mosher, G.A., N. Keren and C.R. Hurburgh. 2013. Development of a quality decision-making scenario to measure how employees handle out-of-condition grain. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 29(5):807-814.
Type = Journal Articles / Status = Published / Year Published = 2013 / Citation = G. A. Mosher, N. Keren, S. A. Freeman, C. R. Hurburgh Jr. 2013. Measurement of Worker Perceptions of Trust and Safety Climate in Managers and Supervisors at Commercial Grain Elevators. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 19(2):125-134. |
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