Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/18
Outputs Target Audience:People who cook regularly for family and friends focusing particularly on Mexican-Americans. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Several experiments manipulating aspects of character vulnerability including two longitudinal panel studies comparing Whites and Mexican-Americans--examined the effects of narrative autobiographical accounts of contracting foodborne illness (salmonella or listeria) because of careless food preparation. Studies found that identification increased audience members' behavioral intention to perform safe food handling practices, even controlling for prior beliefs in the longitudinal studies. Counter arguing may mediate this effect. However, in the longitudinal study ethnicity had complex effects on the relationships between identification and egocentric projection and behavioral intention and risk perception. Analysis of the data also indicatedan association between higher strength of ethnic identity and lower reports of personally experiencing foodborne illness and seeing a medical professional for treatment, but the associations with close other's experience of foodborne illness is weaker. These findings combined support prior work indicating that ethnic identity can have a positive influence on individual health outcomes. Analysis of the longitudinal data is ongoing.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Zhou, S.,Shapiro, M. A., Cannon, J & Seipel, M. Effects of Egocentric Projection, Identification, and Ethnicity on Narrative Persuasion in Food Safety Messages
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2019
Citation:
Cannon, J, Zhou, S., & Shapiro, M.A. Strong Ethnic Identification May Predict Illness:A study of foodborne illness in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs Target Audience:The research is aimed at improving health and reducing foodborne illness in the Mexican-American community by creating effective first person narrative messages aimed at Mexican-Americans who cook regularly for their families. We identified Mexican-American victims of Foodborne illness to tell their stories in Ithaca, NY, New York City and San Antonio, TX. Several experiments were conducted aimed at testing the effectiveness of various forms of first person narratives to explore the effectiveness of a variety of message forms, in part based on the interviews with victims as well as drawing on other reports of foodborne illness. In particular, messages are aimed at those preparing meals at home for those at high risk of contracting foodborne illness, the elderly, pregnant woman and the very young. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Some results indicate that compared to motivation to protect themselves from foodborne illness, people may feel greater social pressure to avoid getting others sick, particularly those who are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness (elderly, pregnant women, infants and very young children). Several narratives about someone who prepared food that resulted in others contracting Listeriosis will be tested. Arrangements have been made to draw on a panel of Mexican-American participants to test whether ethnicity of the persons in the story influence perceptions by Mexican-Americans who cook for their families.
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Several studies examined the effects of narrative perspective (victim's vs. other's perspective) and potential victim vulnerability (elderly, pregnant women, neonates, and infants) in an autobiographical account of contracting foodborne illness (salmonella) because of careless preparation. Narrative perspective and character vulnerability did not directly influence audience members' risk perception or their intention to perform risk-reducing behaviors. However, participants were more likely to egocentrically project their own mental status into the character's mind and identify with the story character after reading the high-vulnerability victim's account. Identification with the character increased but egocentric projection decreased audience members' perceived seriousness of foodborne illness risk and their behavioral intention to perform safe food-handling practices. Results indicated that there may be important differences between perceptions of the likelihood of risk of foodborne illness and the seriousness of risk. Audience members may be more responsive to messages that change perceptions of the seriousness of the risk more than messages that change perceptions of the likelihood of risk.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Zhou, S., & Shapiro, M. A. (2017). Using First-person Narratives to Increase Risk Perception of Foodborne Illness and Promote Safe Food Handling Practices among Mexican-Americans. Paper presented at the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Zhou, S., & Shapiro, M. A. (2018 submitted). Manipulating Character Vulnerability and Victim/Other Perspective in First-Person Narratives of Foodborne Illness. Paper submitted to the International Communication Association.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Vimal, A. D. D., Won, A. S., & Shapiro, M. A. (2018 submitted). Virtual Reality and Opinions on Public Health Policy. Paper submitted to the International Communication Association.
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs Target Audience:The proposed research is aimed at improving health and reducing foodborne illness in the Mexican-American community by creating effective first person narrative messages aimed at Mexican-Americans who cook regularly for their families. Currently we are identifying Mexican-American victims of Foodborne illness and having them tell their stories. We have interviewed victims in New York City and in San Antonio, TX. The project is also conducting experiments investigating the effectiveness of various forms of first person narrative messages. Changes/Problems:Identifying and interviewing Mexican-American victims of foodborne illness has proven more difficult than we anticipated.In the original proposal,groups that represent victims of foodborne illness and lawyers who represent victims agreed tohelp us identify victims. However, for various reasons, these groups have been unable to identify victims we can interview.Considerable effort to contact potential victims through Cooperative Extension programsin New York have so far yielded only one victim in New York. Health officials in New York and other states have been contacted, but have been unable to help for a varied of reasons including patient privacy concerns. We are currently usingmedia reports of foodborne illness outbreaks that seem likely to have involved Mexican-American victims to try to identify and contact victims. We have shifted some of our effort to conducting studies investigating the effectiveness of first person narrative messages using panels of Mexican-Americans that are available through major survey research organizations. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Efforts to identify and interview Mexican-American victims of foodborne illness will continue through extension contacts and identifying victims of foodborne illness outbreaks and contacting them. Several experiments using on-line panels of Mexican-Americans and others will be conducted to further investigate how to best use first person narratives about foodborne illness to create effective messages to encourage safe food practices in the Mexican American community.
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
Two victims of foodborne illness were identified and interviewed (New York City; San Antonio, TX). Efforts are continuing to identify more victims willing to tell their stories. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of narrative voice (first or third-person) and story character's ethnicity (White or Mexican-American) on audience perceived risk, intention to follow safe food handling practices, and support for public policies to prevent foodborne illness. 3 conference papers and one publication was generated.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Lee, T. K., & Shapiro, M. A. (2017). White participants response to characters ethnicity in a foodborne illness story. Paper presented at the Western States Communication Association, Salt Lake City.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Kim, H. K., & Shapiro, M. A. (2016). When bad things happen to a protagonist like you: The role of self in resistance to negatively framed health narratives. Journal of Health Communication, 1227-1235 doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1240268
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Zhou, S., & Shapiro, M. A. (2016--submitted). Measuring Actor-Observer Perspective Taking in Narrative Processing. Paper submitted to the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Zhou, S., & Shapiro, M. A. (2016--submitted). Using First-person Narratives to Increase Risk Perception of Foodborne Illness and Promote Safe Food Handling Practices among Mexican-Americans. Paper submitted to the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs Target Audience:Mexican-Americans who cook for their families and for others in the home. Changes/Problems:Many of the agencies that agreed to provide us with the names of Mexican-American victims have found this to be even more difficult than anticipated. We have also contacted a large number of other individuals and agencies to overcome this problem. One substantial barrier to identifyingMexican-American victims offoodborne illnesshas been victim confidentiality. For understandable reasons, many agencies that investigate foodborne illnesses and have access to the victim's contact information will not share it with us unless the victim gives prior approval. Unfortunately these agencies also lack time and resources to contact the victims to seek permission to share their information. We successfully identified and interviewed one victim in the New York City area and are now translating the interview before editing it. We continue to follow leads to identify additional victims of foodborne illness who would be willing to share their illness experiences to prevent others from becoming ill. In the meantime we have moved ahead with message testing experiments based on stories we constructed. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to use the resources we have already used and others to identify victims and gather their stories.We will also conduct a series of experiments to explore factors involved in creating effective first-person narrative messages. We have created several audio narratives and developed a series of measures. Several experiments have been approved by the IRB and are scheduled to be conducted in early 2016.One set of experiments is aimed at exploring how how taking the perspective of the victim/identification with the victim and ethnic identification of both the story character and the viewer can influence risk perception, intention to follow safe practices, intent to discuss the message with others, and belief in the ability to act to avoid the threat of foodborne illness. A second set of experiments is designed to explore the role of unconscious goal activation in influencing the effectiveness of foodborne illness messages. Previous work (Lee and Shapiro, 2015) indicates that story characters who pursue a goal and continue to pursue a goal can unconciously activate that goal in audience members in a way that is different from, but somewhat complementary to the ways that more conscious considerations influence narrative audience members. Lee, T. K., & Shapiro, M. A. (2015). Effects of a story character's goal achievement: modeling a story character's diet behaviors and activating/deactivating a character's diet goal. Communication Research. doi:10.1177/0093650215608236
Impacts What was accomplished under these goals?
This project called for the investigators to 1. Identify victims and gather their stories. 2. Conduct experiments to test the messages for effectiveness. 3. Report findings to the scholarly community, the extension community and to others involved in home foods safety with the Mexican-American community. To Identify victims of foodborne illness in the Mexican-American community willing to be video-recorded telling their story, we have contacted persons and organizations in New York State and throughout the country.These included a wide variety of individuals and organizations who work with victims of foodborne illnesses, including food safety specialists, microbiologists, epidemiologists, attorneys, physicians and food professionals in state Health Departments, State Departments of Agriculture, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), advocacy groups such as Stop Foodborne Illness (STOP), law firms who represent victims of foodborne illness, as well as other organizations. Focusing on those working in Mexican-American Communities, we also contacted a variety of Extension offices and workers, churches, health clinics, and groups representing Mexican-American physicians, farmworkers, and students, the Health Affairs section of the Mexican Consulate, and other organizations and individuals working with this community. Unfortunately this has been a more difficult task than we or the organizations that agreed to help us anticipated. One substantial barrier has been victim confidentiality. For understandable reasons, many agencies that investigate foodborne illnesses and have access to the victim's contact information will not share it with us unless the victim gives prior approval. Unfortunately these agencies also lack time and resources to contact the victims to seek permission to share their information. We successfully identified and interviewed one victim in the New York City area and are now translating the interview before editing it. We continue to follow leads to identify additional victims of foodborne illness who would be willing to share their illness experiences to prevent others from becoming ill. In the meantime we have moved forward with the goal of conducting experiments to test messages for ability to increase perceived risk of foodborne illness (identified in an earlier survey as an issue) and intent to improve home food preparation practices, and to determine the factors involved in creating effective first-person narrative messages. We have created several audio narratives and developed a series of measures. Several experiments are scheduled to be conducted in early 2016.
Publications
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