Source: CLEMSON UNIVERSITY submitted to
BIOLOGY, IMPACT, AND MANAGEMENT OF SOYBEAN INSECT PESTS IN SOYBEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0233034
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
SC-1700470
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
S-1055
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Feb 1, 2013
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2018
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Greene, J.
Recipient Organization
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
CLEMSON,SC 29634
Performing Department
Agricultural & Environmental Sciences
Non Technical Summary
In soybeans in South Carolina, existing species, such as corn earworm, velvetbean caterpillar, soybean looper, and stink bugs, provide challenges for producers annually. New species, such as the kudzu bug, provide additional obstacles for farmers in producing a profitable crop. Continuous changes in production environments such as availability of new technologies, loss of efficacious pesticides, and introduction of new species require research programs to be responsive and as predictive as possible. The work proposed here will provide benefits to numerous stakeholder groups involved with cotton and soybean production in South Carolina.
Animal Health Component
0%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
25%
Applied
50%
Developmental
25%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
2113110113050%
2151820113025%
2163110113025%
Goals / Objectives
Characterize basic insect biology and ecology Develop coordinated applied best management practices Educate farmers, industry, colleagues, and agricultural professionals of research findings using traditional and innovative Extension toos and methods
Project Methods
Information collected from surveys and mapping efforts for incidence of the kudzu bug in soybeans and kudzu in unconfirmed counties in the Southeast will continue to be reported to a large group of stakeholders involved with soybeans. Dated maps will be disseminated and made available to all stakeholders (farmers, crop advisors, etc) regularly during the active project via numerous outlets, providing a temporal record of confirmed infestations and a predictive value for potential distribution and economic levels of kudzu bug for soybean producers in subsequent years. The maps will provide a quantifiable record of infested counties and states and will undoubtedly result in a successful process of alerting soybean producers and other stakeholders to the presence or upcoming presence of this expanding pest. In order to protect soybeans from losses due to the kudzu bug, development of sampling methods and treatment thresholds are paramount. Trials evaluating treatment thresholds will be established in multiple locations. Because little to no information exists about growth stage susceptibility of soybeans to the kudzu bug, we will conduct research to preserve and potentially improve soybean yields by quantifying susceptibility of soybean growth stages to the invasive species. Because little or no information exists about the effects of planting date and maturity group on infestations of kudzu bugs, we will establish research field trials at multiple locations in SC and with cooperating scientists in GA and NC to evaluate those factors. Planting date and maturity group (MG) of soybeans in aggressively protected and untreated environments will be evaluated as main effects and all combinations of treatments in a factorial arrangement. Because little or no information exists about the within-field spatial distribution of kudzu bugs in soybeans, data will be collected and used to develop sampling/scouting plans and maximize control tactics for the invasive species in the crop. Within field temporal and spatial patterns of kudzu bugs will be studied in soybean fields under a variety of weather and pest pressure situations to better understand pest distribution and spatial dynamics, as well as to establish sampling plans for population estimates. Because little or no published data exists to help explain how soybean yield loss is occurring in response to feeding injury by kudzu bugs, caging trials will be conducted to define the components of yield loss associated with infestations of kudzu bugs in the crop. Additionally, because yield and yield components are reduced under high kudzu bug densities, apparently due to plant stress resulting from feeding on the stems, we plan to study the characteristics of kudzu bug feeding behavior on soybeans. We plan to develop a protocol to monitor the feeding behavior of kudzu bug electronically using electrical penetration graph (EPG) technology, describe EPG waveforms produced by stylet penetration and feeding activities of adults and immatures of the species, and associate feeding waveforms with specific feeding activities performed using plant histological techniques.

Progress 02/01/13 to 09/30/18

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience included multiple groups, organizations, and stakeholders, such as producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Efforts in delivering science-based knowledge generated from this project included multiple outlets such as peer-reviewed journals, printed Extension recommendations, electronic delivery via newsletters or web-based information, presentations at meetings, trainings of Extension agents and consultants, and personal visits with producers or their consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided county agents, growers, industry representatives and university stakeholders opportunities for training via registering for Continuing Education Credits (as part of Certified Crop Advisor recertification) and Pesticide Applicator Credits as offered at several meeting venues as described in the following section: September 2018. Insect identification and management. Agronomic Row Crops Team In-service Training, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC (5 September). August 2018. In-field training for insect management in cotton and soybeans for consultants/scouts. Edisto REC in Blackville, SC (7 August). July 2018. In-field training for insect management in cotton and soybeans for consultants/scouts. Lake City/Scranton, SC (31 July). July 2018. In-field training for insect management in cotton and soybeans for consultants/scouts. Cameron, SC (18 July). November 2017. Use of mobile apps in agriculture. South Carolina Annual Certified Crop Advisor Training Session, Santee, SC (16 November). November 2017. Important insect pest issues in cotton and soybean in 2017. South Carolina Annual Certified Crop Advisor Training Session, Santee, SC (16 November). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All results werecommunicated to various communities of interest, such as organizations and individual stakeholders, including, but not limited to, producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Multiple outlets for information will include peer-reviewed journals, printed and electronic delivery of Extension recommendations, presentations at professional and informal meetings, and personal visits with stakeholders. September 2018. Cotton and soybean insect management. Row-Crop Tour at Clemson University Edisto Row Crop Field Day, Blackville, SC (6 September). August 2018. Insects important in soybeans. Clemson University Crops Field Day, Simpson Experiment Station, Pendleton, SC (23 August). February 2018. Management strategies for cotton insects in South Carolina. Regional Cotton Production Meeting, County Line Restaurant in Colleton/Hampton Counties, SC (23 February). February 2018. Important insects in cotton. Pee Dee Row Cotton Production Meeting, Florence, SC (22 February). February 2018. Insect control in soybeans. Upstate Row Crop Production Meeting, Anderson, SC (15 February). January 2018. Soybean insect control update. Corn and Soybean Production Meeting, Dillon, SC (31 January). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research results were obtained that addressed the goals of the project. Numerous projects were initiated and completed that addressed insect pests of soybeans. The major goal (Goal 1) of characterizing basic insect biology and ecology was addressed with research on Megacopta cribraria (the kudzu bug) as a large problem for soybean producers in South Carolina andthe southeastern USA. Basic research on the kudzu bug, including spatial distribution of thespecies in soybeans, aggregation and oviposition preferences on selected hosts, characterization of natural enemies (nematodes and fungi), and mouthpart morphology and feeding behavior, was conducted andpublished in peer-reviewed journals. The major goal(Goal 2) of developing coordinated applied best management practices was also addressed with applied research on M. cribraria that included multi-state (SC, NC, GA) research on soybean yield component analyses, efficacy of insecticides, development of sampling plans in soybeans, development of treatment thresholds in soybeans, effects of planting date and maturity group of soybeans, and detection of the species with an electronic olfactometer (E-nose). Recommendations from this specific research likely saved soybean producers in South Carolina and the region, millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses. Additional research addressing the applied goal was conductedand published on estimating soybean defoliation caused by insects using color image analyses. Also, during the life of the project,contributions were made to several book chapters that addressed insects importance in soybeans, and the book was published in the final year of the project. The major goal (Goal 3) of educating agricultural professionals was addressed with presentationsmade at professional meetings, throughpublications (listed in this report), and trainings offered broadly to stakeholders. Other accomplishments were related to research on strategies into monitoring and/or management of resistance development for podworm (a potential significant pest of soybeans) and overall efficacy and fit of Bt technologies for control of pestiferous insects in soybeans.

Publications

  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Eger, J., W. A. Gardner, J. K. Greene, T. M. Jenkins, P. M. Roberts, and D. R. Suiter. 2018. Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius), pp. 293-331, In J. E. McPherson (ed.), Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea): Biology, Higher Systematics, Semiochemistry, and Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 819 pp. + 24 color plates. (Co-author of various sections in chapter)
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Esquivel, J. F., D. L. Musolin, W. A. Jones, W. Rabitsch, J. K. Greene, M. D. Toews, C. F. Schwertner, J. Grazia, and R. M. McPherson. 2018. Nezara viridula, pp. 351-423, In J. E. McPherson (ed.), Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea): Biology, Higher Systematics, Semiochemistry, and Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 819 pp. + 24 color plates. (Co-author of various sections in chapter)
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Greene, J. K., J. Baum, E. P. Benson, C. S. Bundy, W. A. Jones, G. Kennedy, J. E. McPherson, F. R. Musser, F. Reay-Jones, M. D. Toews, and J. F. Walgenbach. 2018. General Insect Management, pp. 729-774, In J. E. McPherson (ed.), Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea): Biology, Higher Systematics, Semiochemistry, and Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 819 pp. + 24 color plates. (Chair of book chapter and author/co-author of various sections in chapter)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Wei-zhen Liang, Kendall R. Kirk, and Jeremy K. Greene. 2018. Estimation of soybean leaf area, edge, and defoliation using color image analysis. Journal of Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 150: 41-51. https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1WtGFcFCSBlIB or https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.03.021
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2018. Cotton/Soybean Insect Newsletter (Vol. 13, 19 Issues). Distributed weekly to various clientele (county agents, consultants, producers, etc.). Spring-Summer. http://www.clemson.edu//extension/agronomy/cotton1/newsletters.html
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Musser, F. R., A. L. Catchot, S. P. Conley, J. A. Davis, C. DiFonzo, J. Greene, G. M. Lorenz, D. Owens, T. Reed, D. D. Reisig, P. Roberts, T. Royer, N. J. Seiter, S. D. Stewart, S. Taylor, K. Tilmon, and M. O. Way. 2018. 2017 soybean insect losses in the United States. Midsouth Entomologist. http://midsouthentomologist.org.msstate.edu/pdfs/Vol11_1/ME18-001.pdf
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2018 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2018. Soybean Insect Control, In South Carolina Pest Management Handbook, pp. 259-268. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/agronomy/pest%20management%20handbook.html


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience includes multiple groups, organizations, and stakeholders, such as producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Efforts in delivering science-based knowledge generated from this project include multiple outlets such as peer-reviewed journals, printed Extension recommendations, electronic delivery via newsletters or web-based information, presentations atmeetings, trainings of Extension agents and consultants, and personal visits with producers or their consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has provided county agents, growers, industry representatives and university stakeholders opportunities for training via registering for Continuing Education Credits (as part of Certified Crop Advisor recertification) and Pesticide Applicator Credits as offered at several meeting venues as described in the following section: July 2017. In-field training for insect management in cotton and soybeans for consultants/scouts. Cameron, SC (19 July). November 2016. Insect pest species of consequence in cotton and soybean in 2016. South Carolina Annual Certified Crop Advisor Training Session, Santee, SC (15 November). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All results were and will continue to be communicated to various communities of interest, such as organizations and individual stakeholders, including, but not limited to, producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Multiple outlets for information will include peer-reviewed journals,printed and electronic delivery of Extension recommendations, presentations at professional and informal meetings, and personal visits with stakeholders. September 2017. In-field sampling and collection of insects in soybean to learn about field crop ecology. Provided site and assistance with specimen collection to 32 students/participants from Ecology and Environmental Science Courses at Claflin University. August 2017. Insects important in soybeans. Clemson University Crops Field Day, Simpson Experiment Station, Pendleton, SC (25 August). August 2017. Cotton and soybean insect management. Row-Crop Tour at Clemson University Edisto Row Crop Field Day, Blackville, SC (10 August). February 2017. Insect control in soybeans. Upstate Row Crop Production Meeting, Anderson, SC (13 February). January 2017. Spray technologies to save money while increasing efficiency and stewardship. 2017 SC AgriBiz and Farm Expo, Florence Civic Center, Florence, SC (11-12 January). October 2016. Insect control in cotton and soybeans in South Carolina during 2016. Southern Field Crops Pest Management Seminar (10-13 October), Tucson, Arizona. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Further experiments will be conducted regarding pest management in soybeans, with data being analyzed to include results for dissemination to interested stakeholders throughout SC and beyond.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research results were obtained that addressed the goals of the project. Numerous projects were initiated and completed that addressed insect pests of soybeans. Presentations were made at professional meetings, peer-reviewed publications were produced (listed in this report), and trainings were offered broadly to stakeholders. Many of the accomplishments for the reporting year were made from completion of applied research on Megacopta cribraria (the kudzu bug) as a large problem for soybean producers in South Carolina and a growing proportion of the southeastern USA. Recommendations from this specific research have likely saved soybean producers in South Carolina and the region millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses. Other accomplishments were related to research on strategies into monitoring and/or management of resistance development for corn earworm (a potential significant pest of soybeans) and overall efficacy and fit of Bt technologies for control of pestiferous insects in soybeans.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Stubbins, F. L., P. L. Mitchell, M.W. Turnbull, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2017. Mouthpart morphology and feeding behavior of the invasive kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). Invertebrate Biology 136(3): 309-320.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Lampson, B. D., A. Khalilian, J. K. Greene, Y. J. Han, and D. C. Degenhardt. 2017. Development of a Portable Electronic Sensor for Detection of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). Journal of Advances in Entomol. 5(3): 75-86. http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AE_2017060514581354.pdf
  • Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Astillo, P., J. Maja, and J. Greene. 2016. Development of a sensing device for detecting defoliation in soybean. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Precision Agriculture. Monticello, IL: International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPAG). https://www.ispag.org/proceedings/?action=abstract&id=2002


Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience includes multiple groups, organizations, and stakeholders, such as soybean producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Efforts in delivering science-based knowledge generated from this project include multiple outlets such as peer-reviewed journals, printed Extension recommendations, electronic delivery via newsletters or web-based information, presentations at meetings, trainings of Extension agents and consultants, and personal visits with soybean producers or their consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Various training opportunities were offered to various clientele groups during the reporting period. The listing below details some of those training sessions: July 2016. In-field training for insect management in cotton and soybeans for consultants/scouts. Cameron, SC (19 July). March 2016. Interactive insect identification quiz. Agronomic Row Crops Team In-service Training, Sand Hill Research and Education Center, Columbia, SC (22 March). November 2015. Management of insects in cotton and soybeans. South Carolina Annual Certified Crop Advisor Training Session, Santee, SC (19 November). Invited presentation How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All results were and will continue to be communicated to various communities of interest, such as organizations and individual stakeholders, including, but not limited to, producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Multiple outlets for information will include peer-reviewed journals, printed and electronic delivery of Extension recommendations, presentations at professional and informal meetings, and personal visits with stakeholders. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?I plan to continue to develop and refine strategies for managing insect pests of soybeans. Research will continue on electronic monitoring and detection methods for insects and/or population indices (i.e. plant injury by insects); control; and monitoring and/or management of resistance development, treatment thresholds, and overall fit of Bt technologies for lepidopterans. All methods used in and outputs generated from trials and experiments will be peer reviewed by collaborators and outside scientists for input and evaluation. All data will be subjected to appropriate analyses and critical review and presented at professional and producer-oriented meetings. Repeated preservation or elevation of crop yield as a result of using one or more of the strategies developed by this project will be considered a strategic success. All outputs will be communicated to soybean producers, crop consultants, county agents and other interested parties via peer-reviewed journals, web sites, meetings, and other information delivery methods. In cooperation with colleagues, stakeholders will be surveyed for adoption of recommendations and new tools generated by this research, providing a measure of documenting project impact.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research results were obtained that addressed the goals of the project. Numerous research trials were initiated and completed that addressed insect pests of soybeans. Presentations were made at professional meetings by the project PI and graduate students under his guidance, peer-reviewed publications were produced (listed in this report), and trainings were offered broadly to stakeholders. Many of those accomplishments were made from applied research on Megacopta cribraria (the kudzu bug) as a large problem for soybean producers in South Carolina and a growing proportion of the southeastern USA. Recommendations from this specific research have likely saved soybean producers in South Carolina and the region millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses. Other accomplishments were related to research on strategies into monitoring and/or management of resistance development, treatment thresholds, and overall fit of Bt technologies for control of pestiferous insects in soybeans.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Seiter, N. J., J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, P. M. Roberts, and J. N. All. 2015. Insecticidal control of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean. J. Entomol. Sci. 50(4): 263-283.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2015. Kudzu Bug, pp. 143-144, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Greene, J. K. and J. A. Davis. 2015. Stink Bugs, pp. 146-149, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Seiter, N. J., A. I. Del Pozo-Valdivia, J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, P. M. Roberts, and D. R. Reisig. 2015. Action thresholds for managing Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in soybean based on sweep-net sampling. J. Econ. Entomol. 108(4): 1818-1829. DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov171
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Stubbins, F. L., P. Agudelo, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2015. First report of a mermithid nematode infecting the invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 127: 35-37.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Pilkay, G., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, J. K. Greene, M. D. Toews, and W. C. Bridges. 2015. Spatial and temporal dynamics of stink bugs in southeastern farmscapes. J. Insect Sci. 15(23): 1-13. DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev006
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2016. Cotton/Soybean Insect Newsletter (Vol. 11, 18 Issues). Distributed weekly to various clientele (county agents, consultants, producers, etc.). Spring-Summer. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/cotton/pest_management/newsletters/index.html
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2016. Soybean Insect Control, In South Carolina Pest Management Handbook, pp. 247-255. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/pest/
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Stubbins, F. L., P. Agudelo, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2016. Agameris (Nematoda: Mermithidae) infection in South Carolina agricultural pests. J. of Nematol. 48(4): 290-296.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Portilla, M., W. A. Jones, O. Perera, N. Seiter, J. Greene, and R. Luttrell. 2016. Estimation of median lethal concentration of three isolates of Beauveria bassiana for control of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) bioassayed on solid Lygus spp. diet. Insects 2016, 7(3), 31; doi:10.3390/insects7030031
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Stubbins, F. L., J. K. Greene, M. D. Toews, and F. P. F. Reay-Jones. 2016. Assessment of a cross-vane trap as a tool for sampling the invasive Megacopta cribraria in soybean with associated evaluations of female reproductive status. Environ. Entomol. 45(5): 1262-1270. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvw113 or http://ee.oxfordjournals.org/content/ee/45/5/1262.full.pdf?etoc=
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Seiter, N. J., A. Del Pozo-Valdivia, J. K. Greene, F. Reay-Jones, P. M. Roberts, and D. D. Reisig. 2016. Management of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) at different stages of soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) development. J. Econ. Entomol. 2016, 1-10 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow053
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Del Pozo, A. I., N. J. Seiter, D. D. Reisig, J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. S. Bacheler. 2016. Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) population dynamics in soybeans as influenced by planting date, maturity group, and insecticide use. J. Econ. Entomol. 1-15. doi: 10.1093/jee/tow020


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audience includes multiple groups, organizations, and stakeholders, such as soybean producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Efforts in delivering science-based knowledge generated from this project include multiple outlets such as peer-reviewed journals, printed Extension recommendations, electronic delivery via newsletters or web-based information, presentations at meetings, trainings of Extension agents and consultants, and personal visits with soybean producers or their consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Various training opportunities were offered to various clientele groups during the reporting period. The listing below details some of those training sessions: July 2015. Pest Management (Crop Scouting) and Production Workshop. Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC (29 July). July 2015. Pest Management (Crop Scouting) and Production Workshop. Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC (30 July). November 2015. Management of insects in cotton and soybeans. South Carolina Annual Certified Crop Advisor Training Session, Santee, SC (19 November). Invited presentation How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?All results were and will continue to be communicated to various communities of interest, such as organizations and individual stakeholders, including, but not limited to, producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Multiple outlets for information will include peer-reviewed journals, printed and electronic delivery of Extension recommendations, presentations at professional and informal meetings, and personal visits with stakeholders. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?I plan to continue to develop and refine strategies for managing insect pests of soybeans. Research will continue on electronic monitoring and detection methods for insects and/or population indices (i.e. plant injury by insects); control; and monitoring and/or management of resistance development, treatment thresholds, and overall fit of Bt technologies for lepidopterans. I will continue to develop and refine strategies for managing insect pests of soybean, particularly the invasive species Megacopta cribraria (kudzu bug). Outputs from the development of strategies for managing insect pests of soybeans will include new data on management strategies for the kudzu bug in soybeans. All methods used in and outputs generated from trials and experiments will be peer reviewed by collaborators and outside scientists for input and evaluation. All data will be subjected to appropriate analyses and critical review and presented at professional and producer-oriented meetings. Repeated preservation or elevation of crop yield as a result of using one or more of the strategies developed by this project will be considered a strategic success. All outputs will be communicated to soybean producers, crop consultants, county agents and other interested parties via peer-reviewed journals, web sites, meetings, and other information delivery methods. In cooperation with colleagues, stakeholders will be surveyed for adoption of recommendations and new tools generated by this research, providing a measure of documenting project impact.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research results were obtained that addressed the goals of the project. Numerous research trials were initiated and completed that addressed insect pests of soybeans. Presentations were made at professional meetings by the project PI and graduate students under his guidance, peer-reviewed publications were produced (listed in this report), and trainings were offered broadly to stakeholders. Many of those accomplishments were made from applied research on Megacopta cribraria (the kudzu bug) as a large problem for soybean producers in South Carolina and a growing proportion of the southeastern USA. Recommendations from this specific research have likely saved soybean producers in South Carolina and the region millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses. Other accomplishments were related to research on strategies into monitoring and/or management of resistance development, treatment thresholds, and overall fit of Bt technologies for control of pestiferous insects in soybeans.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Pilkay, G., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, J. K. Greene, M. D. Toews, and W. C. Bridges. 2015. Spatial and temporal dynamics of stink bugs in southeastern farmscapes. J. Insect Sci. 15(23): 1-13. DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev006
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Stubbins, F. L., P. Agudelo, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2015. First report of a mermithid nematode infecting the invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 127: 35-37.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Seiter, N. J., A. I. Del Pozo-Valdivia, J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, P. M. Roberts, and D. R. Reisig. 2015. Action thresholds for managing Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in soybean based on sweep-net sampling. J. Econ. Entomol. 108(4): 1818-1829. DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov171
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2015. Kudzu Bug, pp. 143-144, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Seiter, N. J., J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, P. M. Roberts, and J. N. All. 2015. Insecticidal control of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean. J. Entomol. Sci. 50(4): 263-283.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Del Pozo, A. I., N. J. Seiter, D. D. Reisig, J. K. Greene, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. S. Bacheler. 2015. Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) population dynamics in soybeans as influenced by planting date, maturity group, and insecticide use. J. Econ. Entomol. (accepted)
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Seiter, N. J., A. Del Pozo-Valdivia, J. K. Greene, F. Reay-Jones, P. M. Roberts, and D. R. Reisig. 2015. Management of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) at different stages of soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) development. J. Econ. Entomol. (accepted)
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2015. Cotton/Soybean Insect Newsletter (Vol. 10, 18 Issues). Distributed weekly to various clientele (county agents, consultants, producers, etc.). Spring-Summer. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/cotton/pest_management/newsletters/index.html
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2015. Soybean Insect Control, In South Carolina Pest Management Handbook, pp. 248-258. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/pest/
  • Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Greene, J. K. and J. A. Davis. 2015. Stink Bugs, pp. 146-149, In G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey [eds.], Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Multiple groups, organizations, and stakeholders, such as producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Efforts in delivering science-based knowledge generated from this project include multiple outlets such as peer-reviewed journals, printed Extension recommendations, electronic delivery via newsletters or web-based information, presentations at meetings, trainings of Extension agents and consultants, and personal visits with soybean producers or their consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Various training opportunities were offered toclientele groups during the reporting period. The listing below details some of those training sessions: July 2014. How to scout for soybean and cotton pests - in-field training. Crop Scouting and Cover Crop Field Day. Dorchester County, SC (17 July). June 2014. Cotton/soybean insect scouting field day. Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC (26 June). December 2013. Recommendations for insect pests of cotton and soybean. In-service training, Agronomic Program Team Meeting, PSA Conference, Clemson, SC (12 December). November 2013. Research on challenging insects in cotton and soybeans. South Carolina Annual Certified Crop Advisor Training Session, Santee, SC (19 November). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? All results were and will continue to be communicated to communities of interest, such as organizations and individual stakeholders, including, but not limited to, producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Multiple outlets for information will include peer-reviewed journals, printed and electronic delivery of Extension recommendations, presentations at professional and informal meetings, and personal visits with stakeholders. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? I plan to continue to develop and refine strategies for managing insect pests ofsoybeans. Research will continue on electronic monitoring and detection methods for insects and/or population indices (i.e. plant injury by insects); control; and monitoring and/or management of resistance development, treatment thresholds, and overall fit of Bt technologies for lepidopterans. I will continue to develop and refine strategies for managing insect pests of soybean, particularly the invasive species Megacopta cribraria (kudzu bug).Outputs from the development of strategies for managing insect pests of soybeans will include new data on management strategies for the kudzu bug in soybeans. Those outputs will include development of treatment thresholds and data on insecticide efficacy, spatial distribution, feeding studies, volatile organic compound characterization, and susceptibility of soybeans of varying maturity group and variety. All methods used in and outputs generated from trials and experiments will be peer reviewed by collaborators and outside scientists for input and evaluation. All data will be subjected to appropriate analyses and critical review and presented at professional and producer-oriented meetings. Repeated preservation or elevation of crop yield as a result of using one or more of the strategies developed by this project will be considered a strategic success. All outputs will be communicated tosoybean producers, crop consultants, county agents and other interested parties via peer-reviewed journals, web sites, meetings, and other information delivery methods. In cooperation with colleagues, stakeholders will be surveyed for adoption of recommendations and new tools generated by this research, providing a measure of documenting project impact.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research results were obtained that addressed the goals of the project. Numerous projects were initiated and completed that addressed insect pests of soybeans. Presentations were made at professional meetings by the project director andgraduate students under his guidance. Peer-reviewed publications were produced (listed in this report), and trainings were offered broadly to stakeholders. Many of those accomplishments were made from applied research on Megacopta cribraria (the kudzu bug) as a large problem for soybean producers in South Carolina and a growing proportion of the southeastern USA. Recommendations from this specific research have likely saved soybean producers in South Carolina and the region millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses. Other accomplishments were related to research on strategiesinto monitoring and/or management of resistance development, treatment thresholds, and overall fit of Bt technologies for control of pestiferous insects insoybeans.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pilkay, G., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2014. Host preference of the parasitoid Trichopoda pennipes (Diptera: Tachinidae) with Euschistus servus and Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 49(1): 56-62.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Seiter, N. J., J. K. Greene, and F. Reay-Jones. 2014. Aggregation and oviposition preferences of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in laboratory bioassays. J. Entomol. Sci. 49(3): 331-335.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Seiter, N. J., A. Grabke, J. K. Greene, J. L. Kerrigan, and F. Reay-Jones. 2014. Beauveria bassiana is a pathogen of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in South Carolina. J. Entomol. Sci. 49(3): 326-330.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Stubbins, F. L., N. J. Seiter, J. K. Greene, and F. P. F. Reay-Jones. 2014. Developing sampling plans for the invasive Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 107(6): 2213-2221.
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Herbert, D.A., Jr., K. Kamminga, S. Malone, T. P. Kuhar, E. Day, J. Greene, C.S. Bundy, L. Brown, and P. Ellsworth. 2014. Field Guide to Stink Bugs of Agricultural Importance in the United States. Northeastern Integrated Pest Management Center. Virginia Cooperative Extension. VT/0914/444356/ENTO-68. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/444/444-356/444-356.html
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2014. Cotton/Soybean Insect Newsletter (Vol. 9, 14 Issues). Distributed weekly to various clientele (county agents, consultants, producers, etc.). Spring-Summer 2014. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/cotton/pest_management/newsletters/index.html
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Seiter, N. J., J. K. Greene, P. M. Roberts, W. A. Gardner, and F. Reay-Jones. 2014. Kudzu bug: current status and management in soybeans. United Soybean Board Technology Transfer publication. http://digital.turn-page.com/i/345164
  • Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Greene, J. K. 2014. Soybean Insect Control, In South Carolina Pest Management Handbook, pp. 245-255. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/pest/


Progress 02/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Target audience includes multiple groups, organizations, and stakeholders, such as soybean producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Efforts in delivering science-based knowledge generated from this project include multiple outlets such as peer-reviewed journals, printed Extension recommendations, electronic delivery via newsletters or web-based information, presentations at meetings, trainings of Extension agents and consultants, and personal visits with soybean producers or their consultants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Numerous training opportunities were offered to various clientele during the reporting period. The listing below details some of those training sessions: August 2013. On-demand In-service Training for New Agents covering insects important in cotton and soybeans. Edisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC. Organizer/speaker (22 August). August 2013. Importance and Control of the Kudzu Bug in Soybeans: 2013 Update. DuPont-Pioneer Sponsored Agronomy Online Forum/Webinar (14 August). Invited presentation August 2013. Insect Control Challenges and Recommendations from the Extension Service: Delivery of Unbiased Information to Enhance Yield and Profit. 2013 Southern States Growmaster Program, Raleigh, NC (7 August). Invited presentation June 2013. Cotton/soybean insect workshop. Pee Dee Research & Education Center, Florence, SC. Organizer/speaker (27 June). June 2013. Cotton/soybean insect workshop. Edisto Research & Education Center, Blackville, SC. Organizer/speaker (20 June). February 2013. Update on kudzu bug research. In-service training, Agronomic Program Team Meeting, PSA Conference, Clemson, SC (4 February). February 2013. Identification and management of insects important in cotton and soybeans. 2013 SC Farm Bureau Young Farmer and Rancher Conference, Charleston, SC (2 February). Invited presentation How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? All results were and will continue to be communicated to various communities of interest, such as organizations and individual stakeholders, including, but not limited to, soybean producers, crop consultants, Extension personnel, fellow scientists, industry collaborators, and other interested individuals and groups. Multiple outlets for information will include peer-reviewed journals, printed and electronic delivery of Extension recommendations, presentations at professional and informal meetings, and personal visits with stakeholders. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? I plan to continue developing and refining strategies for managing insect pests of soybean, particularly invasive species that will include the now establishedkudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria. Efforts will continue to monitor for and assess the distribution of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys. Because the kudzu bug has become an economic problem for our soybean producers, my program will continue toprovide guidance on how to best manage the new pest as the problem continues to spread in the USA.My research program will continue to provide the scientific data for development of new and enhanced management practices for insect problems in soybeans in South Carolina, helping our producers reduce insecticide use, save millions of dollars, and benefit the environment.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research results were obtained that addressed the goals of the project. Numerous projects were initiated and completed that addressed insect pests of soybeans. Presentations were made at professional meetings by the project PI and his graduate students, peer-reviewed publications were produced (listed in this report), and trainings were offered broadly to stakeholders. Most of those accomplishments were made from applied research on Megacopta cribraria (the "kudzu bug") because of that pest becoming a large problem for soybean producers in South Carolina and a growing proportion of the Southeast. Recommendations from this specific research have likely saved soybean producers in South Carolina and the southeastern USA millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses.

Publications

  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Seiter, N. J., E. P. Benson, F. P. F. Reay-Jones, J. K. Greene, and P. A. Zungoli. 2013. Residual efficacy of insecticides applied to exterior building material surfaces from control of nuisance infestations of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 106(6): 2448-2456.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Seiter, N. J., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2013. Within-field spatial distribution of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in soybeans. Environ. Entomol. 42(6): 1363-1374.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pilkay, G., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2013. Harmonic radar tagging for tracking movement of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Environ. Entomol. 42(5): 1020-1026.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Seiter, N. J., J. K. Greene, and F. P. F. Reay-Jones. 2013. Reduction of soybean yield components by Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 106(4): 1676-1683.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pilkay, G., F. P. F. Reay-Jones, and J. K. Greene. 2013. Observations of oviposition by Cylindromyia euchenor (WALKER) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 115(3):289-293.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gardner, W. A., H. B. Peeler, J. LaForest, P. M. Roberts, A. N. Sparks, J. K. Greene, D. Reisig, D. R. Suiter, J. S. Bacheler, K. Kidd, C. H. Ray, X. P. Hu, R. C. Kemerait, E. A. Scocco, J. E. Eger, J. R. Ruberson, E. J. Sikora, and D. A. Herbert, Jr., C. Campana, S. Halbert, S. D. Stewart, G. D. Buntin, M. D. Toews, and C. T. Bargeron. 2013. Confirmed distribution and occurrence of Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae) in the southeastern United States. J. Entomol. Sci. 48(2): 118-127.
  • Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lampson, B. D., Y. J. Han, A. Khalilian, J. K. Greene, R. W. Mankin, and E. G. Foreman. 2013. Automatic detection and identification of brown stink bug, Euschistus servus, and southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) using intraspecific substrate-borne vibrational signals. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 91:154-159.