Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This project enabled students, faculty, and staff to develop theoretical and practical application of state of the art GPS and GIS data collection technologies in the assessment of host/parasite interactions through unique statistical analyses of complex variables. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results of this project have been disseminated at local, regional, and national conferences including: College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences field day; University Research Council, Research and Creative Activities Fair; New Mexico Cattle Producers Association, 58th Annual Livestock Insect Workers' Conference, American Association of Veterinarian Parasitologists, USDA S-1060 Multistate Project; Entomological Society of America Journal of Economic Entomology; Journal of Extension. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Successful incorporation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs into local livestock production facilities for the control of economically important arthropod pest species requires up to date and readily accessible information for producers regarding pesticide availability and regulation within their state. Currently, all registered products within any state are accessible through online databases that lack the specificity required for efficient dissemination of information regarding host species and target pest which could in turn be used to maintain effective IPM regimes. Recently, researchers from the University of California at Riverside in accordance with the objectives of the USDA S-1060 multistate project and funding from USDA-WRIPM have developed a query-driven database of registered pesticides for the management of animal ectoparasites. New Mexico is the latest addition to the multi-state effort which includes California, Oregon, Oklahoma, Washington, and Idaho. With the addition of New Mexico to the database, local livestock producers as well as companion animal owners can utilize this tool to provide accurate information specific to individual needs. Currently, the database provides information on registered products in the state of New Mexico that are specifically labeled for the use on cats, dogs, cattle, horses, goats, sheep, poultry, and swine for the control of over 20 different arthropod pests. The database can be found at http://veterinaryentomology.ucr.edu/. Research projects conducted at the Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory have continued to center on fly pests of livestock, particularly cattle. In 2013, we initiated a novel study to evaluate the behavioral effects of pastured cattle due to horn fly infestation during the summer months in New Mexico using collars fitted with GPS. A continuation of this study was started in 2014 and examined the behavioral and production-related effects of horn fly infestations on pastured cow/calf systems in New Mexico and Oklahoma. The behavioral responses of cattle under the influence of naturally-occurring seasonal horn fly, populations were evaluated under rangeland conditions. Individual animals were equipped with GPS collars scheduled to receive locational fixes every 5 min for 6 d prior to, and following horn fly insecticidal control application. Data derived from GPS collars were used to evaluate potential differences in horn fly-induced behavioral modifications expressed during predawn, daytime and nighttime periods. This data was used to analyze variables assessed, which included distance travelled, minimum convex polygons, vertical and horizontal head movements, and inferences of activities such as resting, grazing, and walking. Horn fly populations were estimated using daily visual counts and were reduced significantly on animals following insecticidal application. Differences between treatment periods with regards to the aforementioned analyzed variables suggest trends with regard to animal behavior. Briefly, prior to horn fly control, animals appear to travel longer distances, cover more area, and increase head movement activities specifically in the nighttime hours when compared to those activities following insecticidal control. Consequences of the increased expression of these behavior in the presence of horn fly infestations may include increased energy expenditures by animals in an attempt to alleviate such burdens. In addition, efforts to study filth fly resistance to newer insecticidal compounds were continued using two house fly strains collected from local dairies in New Mexico. The data suggest that regardless of the bait formulation applied at locations within southern New Mexico dairy sites, house flies are highly resistant to a variety of active ingredients used in commercial house fly baits, particularly newer neonicotinoids. Therefore, it is likely that house flies readily move between dairies complicating the use of any bait formulation to manage their populations. This work is being used to prepare a manuscript for publication in peer reviewed journals maintained by the Entomological Society of America (ESA). The results of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Livestock Insect Workers Conference in Nebraska City, Nebraska as, "Evaluating House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Insecticide Resistance to Selected Nicotinoids Using Topical Application." The results of this study suggest that resistance to neonicotinoids is at least in part due, to metabolic mechanisms and not due to behavioral aversion. In order to provide supporting data for work in the previous year, two additional house fly strains suspected to be resistant to the active ingredients found in neonicotinoid-based fly baits were colonized and evaluated with three of these compounds to determine their resistance levels. Last year we successfully colonized two Pteromalidae species used as filth fly biological control organisms, Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp., which has allowed us to recently begin to evaluate the insecticidal tolerance of these insects and whether or not they can acquire resistance to insecticides as their filth fly counterparts do. In only a few generations, we have been able to demonstrate great increases in resistance profiles with these insects to contact insecticides such as permethrin with a laboratory selection process.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Smythe, B.G., Wise, M.E., Pitzer, J.B., Cibils, A., Scholljegerdes, E., Ashley, R., Byford, R., Cox, S., and Fletcher, M. Behavioral responses of cattle under naturally-occuring seasonal populations of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Poster presented at the Corona Range and Livestock Research Centers Triennial Field Day (Corona, NM, June, 2014).
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Smythe, B.G., Wise, M.E., Pitzer, J.B., Cibils, A., Scholljegerdes, E., Ashley, R., Byford, R., Cox, S., and Fletcher, M. Behavioral responses of cattle under naturally-occuring seasonal populations of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Presented at the 58th Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference, California, June 2014.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Smythe B. G., Pitzer, J.B., Wise, M.E., Cibils, A., VanLeeuwen, D., and Byford, R.L. In- prep. Behavioral Responses of Cattle to Naturally-Occuring Seasonal Populations of Horn Flies (Dipter: Muscidae) Under Rangeland Conditions. J. Econ. Ent.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Nunez, S.C., Gerry, A.C., and Smythe, B.G. Query-Driven Database of Registered Pesticides for Management of Animal Ectoparasites in New Mexico. Poster presented at the University Research Council, Research and Creative Activities Fair. NMSU (October, 2014)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Ferguson, H.J, Gerry A.C., Talley, J.L, and Smythe, B.G. VetPestX: Finally! An online, searchable, pesticide label database just for pests of animals. Journal of Extension. December, 2014.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Pitzer, J. B., B. G. Smythe, and S. C. Nu�ez. Evaluating house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) insecticide resistance to selected nicotinoids using topical application. J. Econ. Entomol. In-Prep
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Progress 01/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We hope to finalize this work this year and present the results of this study at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America, as well as the Livestock Insect Workers Conference, as well as publish our findings in a journal maintained by the ESA.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Research projects conducted at the Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory have continued to center on fly pests of livestock, particularly cattle. In 2013, we completed an extraordinary and novel study to evaluate the behavioral effects of pastured cattle due to horn fly infestation during the summer months in New Mexico using collars fitted with GPS. This study was completed in partial fulfillment of an Animal Science Master’s degree program and will be prepared and submitted for publication in 2014. A continuation of this study will be started in 2014 as well, and further will examine the behavioral and production-related effects of horn fly infestations on pastured cow/calf crops in New Mexico. In addition, efforts to study filth fly resistance to newer insecticidal compounds were continued using two house fly strains collected from local dairies in New Mexico last year. The data suggest that regardless of the bait formulation applied at locations within southern New Mexico dairy sites, house flies are highly resistant to a variety of active ingredients used in commercial house fly baits, particularly newer neonicotinoids. Therefore, it is likely that house flies readily move between dairies complicating the use of any bait formulation to manage their populations. This work is being used to prepare a manuscript for publication this year in peer-reviewed journals maintained by the Entomological Society of America (ESA). The results of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Livestock Insect Workers Conference in Nebraska City, Nebraska as, “Evaluating House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Insecticide Resistance to Selected Nicotinoids Using Topical Application.” The results of this study suggest that resistance to neonicotinoids is at least in part due, to metabolic mechanisms and not due to behavioral aversion. In order to provide supporting data for work in the previous year, two additional house fly strains suspected to be resistant to the active ingredients found in neonicotinoid-based fly baits will be colonized and evaluated with three of these compounds to determine their resistance levels. In addition a mark-recapture study will be initiated during the peak house fly season of 2014 to corroborate our hypothesis that house flies are readily migrating between dairy sites. Last year we successfully colonized two Pteromalidae species used as filth fly biological control organisms, Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp., which has allowed us to recently begin to evaluate the insecticidal tolerance of these insects and whether or not they can acquire resistance to insecticides as their filth fly counterparts do. In only a few generations, we have been able to demonstrate great increases in resistance profiles with these insects to contact insecticides such as permethrin with a laboratory selection process.
Publications
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Progress 01/01/12 to 12/31/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research projects conducted at the Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory have continued to center on fly pests of livestock, particularly cattle. Two insecticide resistance studies concerning house flies were completed in 2012, data from which are being used to prepare manuscripts for publication this year in peer-reviewed journals maintained by the Entomological Society of America (ESA). A house fly strain suspected to be resistant to the active ingredients found in neonicotinoid-based fly baits were colonized and evaluated with three of these compounds to determine their resistance levels. To separate any resistance effects due to behavior, such as aversion, these insecticides were applied to house flies using a topical method. The results of this study suggest that resistance to neonicotinoids is at least in part due, to metabolic mechanisms and not due to behavioral aversion. This study was the first to use topical applications of insecticidal active ingredients, which are normally ingested and activated via insect digestion (gut toxins). The results of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the ESA in Knoxville, TN, in November 2012, as "Evaluating House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Insecticide Resistance to Selected Nicotinoids Using Topical Application." A second study to evaluate house fly bait insecticide resistance was conducted both in the field and the laboratory to determine attraction and mortality effects of industry standards, as well as an experimental compound. The results of this study demonstrated that a highly resistant house fly strain exhibited behavioral aversion to certain products, which may also play a role in the loss of efficacy observed for house fly insecticidal baits in the field. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
Our colonization of the filth fly (house flies, stable flies, and horn flies) biological control organisms, Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp. have allowed us to recently begin to evaluate the insecticidal tolerance of these insects and whether or not they can acquire resistance to insecticides as their filth fly counterparts do. In addition, we have started studies to determine the attractant host cues used by these organisms, which determine their attack rates; cues that may help us understand and increase their efficacy in the field and in insectaries alike.
Publications
- No publications reported this period
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