Source: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVENESS AND VALUE OF U.S. BEEF
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
HATCH
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0212747
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
COL00214B
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
W-2177
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2007
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2012
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Belk, K. E.
Recipient Organization
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
(N/A)
FORT COLLINS,CO 80523
Performing Department
ANIMAL SCIENCE
Non Technical Summary
Food safety research leading to implementation of interventions will be emphasized, particularly with regard to emerging microbiological issues (e.g., Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Johne's disease, zoonotic animal diseases, etc.) using molecular techniques. Investigators will identify ambiguity in meaning regarding terms of trade, and characterize deficiencies with trading-partner definitions. Studies to improve market access for beef products in export destinations will be conducted primarily to address bilateral technical barriers to trade, with initial emphasis on improving market access for U.S. meats. For the instrument grading technology research, projects will be conducted to demonstrate proof of concept. This will entail evaluating beef steaks varying widely in tenderness. Appropriate software will be developed based on these results. Industry prototypes will be constructed and tested for the most promising approaches. In-plant validation will complete this initiative.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
2%
Applied
68%
Developmental
30%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3083310100010%
5013320100020%
5013520100010%
5013620100010%
7123320110030%
7123520110010%
7123620110010%
Knowledge Area
308 - Improved Animal Products (Before Harvest); 501 - New and Improved Food Processing Technologies; 712 - Protect Food from Contamination by Pathogenic Microorganisms, Parasites, and Naturally Occurring Toxins;

Subject Of Investigation
3520 - Meat, swine; 3320 - Meat, beef cattle; 3620 - Meat, sheep; 3310 - Beef cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1100 - Bacteriology; 1000 - Biochemistry and biophysics;
Goals / Objectives
1. Enhance palatability, processing, and marketing of beef by studying instrument grading, beef flavor and tenderness technologies, and carcass cutting strategies 2. Develop science-rooted strategies and technologies to reduce foodborne illness and improve the effectiveness of policies related to food safety and trade. 3. Determine factors influencing domestic and international consumer preferences for beef. 4. Assess supply chain management strategies to identify and overcome barriers that interfere with the transmission of consumer preferences to producers 5. Evaluate the cost/benefit of traceability and assess its value in market-based programs
Project Methods
Multiple projects will utilize well-known protocols for measuring microbiological, quality, and desireability aspects associated with red meats. Bioassays will be utilized for measuring TSE transmissability. Additionally, novel molecular, enzymatic and immunochemical approaches to address food safety, trade, and quality issues will be incorporated including, but not limited to, PCR, Western blot, ELISA, PFGE, ribotyping, etc. Instrument studies will initiate use of new technologies which include measures of degradative enzyme activities and high-resolution digital imaging.

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Evaluation of the cost/benefit of traceability and assessment of its value in market-based programs; Development of science-rooted strategies and technologies to reduce foodborne illness and improve the effectiveness of policies related to food safety and trade; Enhancement of palatability, processing, and marketing of beef by studying instrument grading, beef flavor and tenderness technologies, and carcass fabrication strategies. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Researchers developed a methodology for detection of BSE Specified Risk Material in animal products. Additionally, developed antimicrobial interventions to reduce the likelihood of Salmonella contamination in raw poultry intended for use in the manufacture of frozen, not-ready-to-eat entrees. Provided food safety assistance for small meat and poultry processors through development and implementation of industry best practices. Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of FreshCase technology to extend the shelf-life of whole muscle pork and ground pork sausage and whole muscle beef and ground beef. Conduted a comprehensive consumer panel palatability rankings and establishing baseline tenderness of American lamb meat. Finally, researchers participated in national audits to determine the status of beef, pork and lamb quality in the United States.

Publications

  • Martin, J.N., A.M. Luna, L.L. May, A.N. Haneklaus, K.B. Harris, J.L. Schutz, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, L.W. Douglass, J.L. Leheska, J.M. Holden, K.Y. Patterson, M. Duvall, J. Howe, and L.D. Thompson. 2012. Development of nutrient labels for four retail cuts from the beef rib. 65th Reciprocal Meat Conference, American Meat Science Association, June 17-20, Fargo, ND. Abstract No. 18.
  • McEgan, R., L.D. Goodridge, and M.D. Danyluk. 2012. Use of a multiplex PCR method to group environmental Salmonella isolates. 112th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, June 16-19, San Francisco, CA. Abstract.
  • Perez-Mendez, A., B. Bisha, J. Chandler, M.A. Gutierrez, C.I. Wong, F.C. Hsu, M. Janes, and L.D. Goodridge. 2012. Rapid concentration and detection of enteric virus indicators in seawater. 112th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, June 16-19, San Francisco, CA. Abstract.
  • Perez-Mendez, A., J. Chandler, B. Bisha, S. Coleman, and L. Goodridge. 2012. Simple filter paper as a shipping and storage medium for human enteric viruses. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P1-30.
  • Thompson, K.M., J.J. Wagner, T.G. OQuinn, D.R. Woerner, T.E. Engle, R.K. Peel, J.K. Ahola, B.W. Woodward, and M.N. Streeter. 2012. Can DNA marker technology improve feedlot growth promotion management decisions to ultimately improve the consumers beef eating experience J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 2):98.
  • Valadez, A., L. Goodridge, and M. Danyluk. 2012. The fate of Salmonella Typhimurium in foliar fertilization solutions in groundwater under different storage temperatures. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P2-49.
  • White, K.A., J.J. Wagner, T.E. Engle, D.R. Woerner, T.C. Bryant, J.S. Jennings, and K.M. Brennan. 2012. Effects of dietary Aspergillus oryzae extract containing α-amylase activity on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle fed steam-flaked cornbased diets. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 3):670.
  • White, K.A., J.J. Wagner, T.E. Engle, D.R. Woerner, T.C. Bryant, J.S. Jennings, and K.M. Brennan. 2012. Effects of supplementing Amaize in finishing beef cattle fed steam-flaked corn based diets. 2012 Colorado Nutrition Roundtable, September 20, Nunn, CO. Abstract.
  • Yang, X., D.R. Woerner, J.D. Tatum, J.N. Sofos, I. Geornaras, and K.E. Belk. 2012. An evaluation of the effectiveness of Freshcase technology to extend the storage life of beef and pork. 65th Reciprocal Meat Conference, American Meat Science Association, June 17- 20, Fargo, ND. Abstract No. 20.
  • Adler, J.M., I. Geornaras, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated at different depths of non-intact blade-tenderized beef steaks. J. Food Sci. 77:M108-M114.
  • Bisha, B., J. Simonson, M. Janes, K. Bauman, and L.D. Goodridge. 2012. A review of the current status of cultural and rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47:885-899.
  • Bogs, J., M. Bunning, and C. Stushnoff. 2012. Influence of biologically-enhanced organic production on antioxidant and sensory qualities of (Malus x domestica Borkh. Cv Braeburn)apples. Organic Agriculture 2:117-126.
  • Buffer, J., P. Kendall, L. Medeiros, M. Schroeder, and J. Sofos. 2012. Nurses and dietitians differ in food safety information provided to highly susceptible clients. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. (E-pub ahead of print, doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2012.03.001).
  • Buffer, J.L., L.C. Medeiros, P. Kendall, M. Schroeder, and J. Sofos. 2012. Health professionals knowledge and understanding about Listeria monocytogenes indicates a need for improved professional training. J. Food Prot. 75:1310-1316.
  • Buncic, S., and J. Sofos. 2012. Interventions to control Salmonella contamination during poultry, cattle and pig slaughter. Food Res. Int. 45:641-655.
  • Callahan, Z.D., R.M. Dolazza, Z.T. Robertson, E.M. Callahan, K.E. Belk, R.K. Miller, J.B. Morgan, and C.L. Lorenzen. 2012. Combining two proven mechanical tenderness measurements in one steak using two different common cooking methods. J. Anim. Sci. 90(Suppl. 2):58-59.
  • Chandler, J., A. Perez-Mendez, B. Bisha, S. Coleman, and L. Goodridge. 2012. The Escherichia coli common pilus: a diagnostic target for point-of-need lamp assays detecting the fecal indicator E. coli. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. T10-04.
  • Coleman, S., B. Bisha, J. Chandler, A. Perez-Mendez, and L. Goodridge. 2012. Concentration of spiked Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from large volumes of irrigation water with subsequent detection by the VIDAS technology. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P1-37.
  • Cormier, J., M. Gutierrez, L. Goodridge, and M. Janes. 2012. Extraction of enteric virus indicator from seawater using activated carbon. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P3-04.
  • Cormier, J., M. Gutierrez, L. Goodridge, and M. Janes. 2012. Extraction of enteric virus indicator from seawater using activated carbon. 4th TransAtlantic Fisheries Technology Conference, October 30-November 2, Clearwater Beach, FL. Abstract.
  • Fouladkhah, A., I. Geornaras, H. Yang, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Lactic acid decontamination of beef trimmings inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and multidrug resistant and susceptible Salmonella serovars. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P2-98.
  • Fouladkhah, A., I. Geornaras, H. Yang, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Lactic acid resistance of non- O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and multidrug resistant and susceptible Salmonella as compared to Escherichia coli O157:H7. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P1-98.
  • Geornaras, I., N. Andritsos, S. Manios, G. Moschonas, H. Yang, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Effect of type of tissue, application method, and other parameters on the chemical decontamination of beef trimmings inoculated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant and -susceptible Salmonella Newport. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 25-28, Las Vegas, NV. Abstract No. 136-03.
  • Geornaras, I., G. Moschonas, M.C. Nunnelly, A. Fouladkhah, H. Yang, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Comparison of chemical decontamination efficacy in beef trimmings inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and multidrug-resistant and -susceptible Salmonella serotypes. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 25-28, Las Vegas, NV. Abstract No. 035-50.
  • Geornaras, I., H. Yang, S. Manios, N. Andritsos, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Comparison of sensitivity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes inoculated on beef trimmings to various chemical decontamination treatments. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P2-10.
  • Goodridge, L.D., and J. Chandler. 2012. Rapid field based detection of STEC O104:H4 by loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). 8th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin (Verocytotoxin) Producing Escherichia coli Infections, May 6-9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Abstract.
  • Hsu, F.C., C.I. Wong, and L.D. Goodridge. 2012. Concentration and detection of DNA and RNA viruses in water. 112th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, June 16-19, San Francisco, CA. Abstract.
  • Igo, J.L., D.L. VanOverbeke, G.G. Mafi, D.S. Hale, J.W. Savell, D.L. Pendell, D.R. Woerner, J.D. Tatum, and K.E. Belk. 2012. Driving change: the 2011 National Beef Quality Audit. 65th Reciprocal Meat Conference, American Meat Science Association, June 17-20, Fargo, ND. Abstract No. 78.
  • McEgan R., G. Mootian, L. Goodridge, D. Schaffner, and M. Danyluk, M. 2012. Chemical, physical and biological indicators for Salmonella spp. in central Florida surface waters. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P1-156.
  • McKeith, R.O., G.D. Gray, D.S. Hale, C.R. Kerth, D.B. Griffin, J.W. Savell, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, J.D. Tatum, J.L. Igo, D.L. VanOverkeke, G.G. Mafi, T.E. Lawrence, R.J. Delmore, L.M. Christensen, S.D. Shackelford, D.A. King, and T.L. Wheeler. 2012. National Beef Quality Audit-2011: survey of producer- and packer-related defects on the harvest floor. 65th Reciprocal Meat Conference, American Meat Science Association, June 17-20, Fargo, ND. Abstract No. 61.
  • Miller, M., M. Bunning, M. Stone, D. Hyatt, and J. ZumBrunnen. 2012. Assessment of airborne microorganisms in a craft brewery. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 25-28, Las Vegas, NV. Abstract No. 035-40. 24.
  • Moschonas, G., I. Geornaras, J.D. Stopforth, D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Effects of antimicrobial treatments, surface browning method and product dimensions on Salmonella contamination in not-ready-to-eat, surface-browned, frozen, breaded chicken products. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P2-11.
  • Moschonas, G., I. Geornaras, J. D. Stopforth, D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. The effect of lauric arginate, in combination with caprylic acid, carvacrol and ε-polylysine, on Salmonella contamination in frozen, surface-browned, breaded, raw chicken products. Food Micro 2012, 23rd International ICFMH Symposium, September 3-7, Istanbul, urkey. Abstract No. 275.
  • Jones, T., M. Bunning, and M. Stone. 2012. Quality evaluation of whole wheat crackers fortified with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 25-28, Las Vegas, NV. Abstract No. 085-01.
  • Pendleton, S.J., R. Story, C.A. OBryan, P.G. Crandall, S.C. Ricke, and L. Goodridge. 2012. A membrane filtration method for determining minimum inhibitory concentrations of essential oils. Agric. Food Anal. Bacteriol. 2:88-93.
  • Pittman, C.I., I. Geornaras, D.R. Woerner, K.K. Nightingale, J.N. Sofos, L. Goodridge, and K.E. Belk. 2012. Evaluation of lactic acid as an initial and secondary subprimal intervention for Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and a nonpathogenic E. coli surrogate for E. coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 75:1701-1708.
  • Simpson Beauchamp, C., D. Dourou, I. Geornaras, Y. Yoon, J.A. Scanga, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, G.-J.E. Nychas, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Sanitizer efficacy against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms on inadequately cleaned meat-contact surface materials. Food Prot. Trends 32:173-182.
  • Simpson Beauchamp, C., D. Dourou, I. Geornaras, Y. Yoon, J.A. Scanga, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, G.-J.E. Nychas, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Transfer, attachment, and formation of biofilms by Escherichia coli O157:H7 on meat-contact surface materials. J. Food Sci. 77:M343-M347.
  • Tatum, J.D., W.J. Platter, J.L. Bargen, and R.A. Endsley. 2012. Carcass-based measures of cattle performance and feeding profitability. Prof. Anim. Sci. 28:173-183.
  • Skandamis, P.N., A.S. Gounadaki, I. Geornaras, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Adaptive acid tolerance response of Listeria monocytogenes strains under planktonic and immobilized growth conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 159:160-166.
  • Vetters, M.D.D, T.E. Engle, J.K. Ahola, and T. Grandin. 2012. Comparison of flight speed and exit score measurements of temperament in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. (E-pub ahead of print, doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5122). Bisha, B., and L. Goodridge. 2012. Nucleic acid-based methods for detection of foodborne pathogens, pp. 291-314. In P. Taormina (ed), Microbiological research and development for the food industry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  • Bisha, B., and L.D. Goodridge. 2012. Alternative methods for rapid whole-cell detection of Salmonella spp., pp. 135-154. In A.S. Monte, and P.E. De Santos (ed), Salmonella: classification, genetics and disease outbreaks, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY.
  • Goodridge, L.D., J.T. LeJeune, and L. Beutin. 2012. What was the source of the 2011 outbreak of Escherichia coli in Germany and France In J. Hoorfar (ed), Case studies in food safety and authenticity: lessons from real-life situations, Woodhead Publishing Limited,Cambridge, UK; http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspxbookID=2534.
  • Goodridge, L.D., and T.S. Steiner. 2012. Phage detection as indication of fecal contamination, pp. 153-167. In P. Hyman, and S.T. Abedon (ed), Bacteriophages in health and disease: advances in molecular and cellular microbiology, CAB International,Cambridge, MA.
  • Grandin, T. 2012. Forward: commercial operations, pp. x-xi. In W.G. Pond, F.W. Bazer, and B.E. Rollin (ed.), Animal welfare in animal agriculture: husbandry, stewardship, and sustainability in animal production, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.ISBN: 978-1-4398-4842-5.
  • Lianou, A., K.P. Koutsoumanis, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Organic acids and other chemical treatments for microbial decontamination of food, pp. 592-664. In A. Demirci, and M.O. Ngadi (ed.), Microbial decontamination in the food industry, Woodhead Publishing Limited,Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 978-0-85709-085-0.
  • McGlone, J.J., and T. Grandin. 2012. Implementing effective practices and programs to assess animal welfare, pp. 135-146. In W.G. Pond, F.W. Bazer, and B.E. Rollin (ed.), Animal welfare in animal agriculture: husbandry, stewardship, and sustainability in animal production, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN: 978-1-4398-4842-5.
  • Stopforth, J.D., J.N. Sofos, S.L. Taylor, and J.L. Baumert. 2012. Food safety issues in animal source foods related to animal health and welfare, pp. 205-231. In W.G. Pond, F.W. Bazer, and B.E. Rollin (ed.), Animal welfare in animal agriculture: husbandry, stewardship, and sustainability in animal production, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN: 978-1-4398-4842-5.
  • Woerner, D.R., J.A. Scanga, and K.E. Belk. 2012. Slaughter-line operation-cattle, pp. 1237- 1242. In Encyclopedia of Meat Science, 2nd Edition, Elsevier.
  • Martin, J.N., J.C. Brooks, L.D. Thompson, J.W. Savell, K.B. Harris, L.L. May, A.N. Haneklaus, J.L. Schutz, D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, T. Engle, J.F. Legako, A.M. Luna, L.W. Douglass, S.E. Douglass, K.Y. Patterson, J. Howe, M. Duvall, J.M. Holden, and J.L. Leheska. 2012. Updating the United States National Nutrient Database with nutrient data for eight cooked beef cuts. Proceedings of the 58th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, August 12-17, Montreal, Canada.
  • Sofos, J.N. 2012.The food chain approach to food safety and quality. Proceedings of the Biological Food Safety & Quality International Conference, October 4-5, Belgrade, Serbia, 65 pp. 1-3.
  • Bisha, B., J. Jokerst, J. Adkins, S. Coleman, J. Chandler, A. Perez-Mendez, C. Henry, and L. Goodridge. 2012. Colorimetric paper-based detection of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from artificially contaminated irrigation river water. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. T10-06.
  • Borjas, E., A. Brandt, J. Sofos, M. Bunning, M. Wiedmann, and K. Nightingale. 2012. Longitudinal study of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in fresh meat processing plant environments. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract o. P3-125.
  • Brandt, A., E. Borjas, J. Sofos, M. Wiedmann, and K. Nightingale. 2012. A longitudinal study on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat meat processing facilities. 99th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Food Protection, July 22-25, Providence, RI. Abstract No. P1-105.
  • Bunning, M., G. Wall, and P. Kendall. 2012. Web-based approach for promoting good agricultural and handling practices. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 25-28, Las Vegas, NV. Abstract No. 126-01.
  • Dixon, C.L., D.R. Woerner, R.J. Tokach, P.L. Chapman, T.E. Engle, J.D. Tatum, and K.E. Belk. 2012. Quantifying the aging response and nutrient composition for muscles of the beef round. J. Anim. Sci. 90:996-1007.
  • Emerson, M.R., D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, and J.D. Tatum. 2012. Effectiveness of USDA instrument-based marbling measurements for categorizing beef carcasses according to differences in LM sensory attributes. J. Anim. Sci. (E-pub ahead of print, doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5514).
  • Florcke, C., T.E. Engle, T. Grandin, and M.J. Deesing. 2012. Individual differences in calf defense patterns in Red Angus beef cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 139:203-208.
  • Fouladkhah, A., I. Geornaras, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Effects of reheating against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on cooked chicken breast meat stored aerobically at 7C. Food Prot. Trends 32:697-704.
  • Fouladkhah, A., I. Geornaras, H. Yang, K.E. Belk, K.K. Nightingale, D.R. Woerner, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Sensitivity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant Salmonella, and antibiotic-susceptible Salmonella to lactic acid on inoculated beef trimmings. J. Food Prot. 75:1751-1758.
  • Francis, G.A., A. Gallone, G.J. Nychas, J.N. Sofos, G. Colelli, M.L. Amodio, and G. Spano. 2012. Factors affecting quality and safety of fresh-cut produce. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 52:595-610.
  • Geornaras, I., H. Yang, S. Manios, N. Andritsos, K.E. Belk, K.K. Nightingale, D.R. Woerner, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Comparison of decontamination efficacy of antimicrobial treatments for beef trimmings against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and 6 non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli serogroups. J. Food Sci. 77:M539-M544.
  • Grandin, T. 2012. Developing measures to audit welfare of cattle and pigs at slaughter. Anim. Welf. 21:351-356. Grandin, T. 2012. Auditing animal welfare and making practical improvements in beef-, pork- and sheep-slaughter plants. Anim. Welf. 21 (Suppl. 2):29-34.
  • Gray, G.D., M.C. Moore, D.S. Hale, C.R. Kerth, D.B. Griffin, J.W. Savell, C.R. Raines, T.E. Lawrence, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, J.D. Tatum, D.L. VanOverbeke, G.G. Mafi, R.J. Delmore, Jr., S.D. Shackelford, D.A. King, T.L. Wheeler, L.R. Meadows, and M.E. OConnor. 2012. National Beef Quality Audit- 2011: survey of instrument grading assessments of beef carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 90:5152-5158.
  • Harris, L.J., J. Bender, E.A. Bihn, T. Blessington, M.D. Danyluk, P. Delaquis, L. Goodridge, A.M. Ibekwe, S. Ilic, K. Kniel, J.T. Lejeune, D.W. Schaffner, D. Stoeckel, and T.V. Suslow. 2012. A framework for developing research protocols for evaluation of microbial hazardsand controls during production that pertain to the quality of agricultural water contacting fresh produce that may be consumed raw. J. Food Prot. 75:2251-2273.
  • Jokerst, J.C., J.A. Adkins, B. Bisha, M.M. Mentele, L.D. Goodridge, and C.S. Henry. 2012. Development of a paper-based analytical device for colorimetric detection of select foodborne pathogens. Anal. Chem. 84:2900-2907.
  • McKeith, R.O., G.D. Gray, D.S. Hale, C.R. Kerth, D.B. Griffin, J.W. Savell, C.R. Raines, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, J.D. Tatum, J.L. Igo, D.L. VanOverbeke, G.G. Mafi, T.E. Lawrence, R.J. Delmore, Jr., L.M. Christensen, S.D. Shackelford, D.A. King, T.L. Wheeler, L.R. Meadows, and M.E. OConnor. 2012. National Beef Quality Audit-2011: harvest-floor assessments of targeted characteristics that affect quality and value of cattle, carcasses, and byproducts. J. Anim. Sci. 90:5135-5142.
  • Moore, M.C., G.D. Gray, D.S. Hale, C.R. Kerth, D.B. Griffin, J.W. Savell, C.R. Raines, K.E. Belk, D.R. Woerner, J.D. Tatum, J.L. Igo, D.L. VanOverbeke, G.G. Mafi, T.E. Lawrence, R.J. Delmore, Jr., L.M. Christensen, S.D. Shackelford, D.A. King, T.L. Wheeler, L.R. Meadows, and M.E. OConnor. 2012. National Beef Quality Audit-2011: in-plant survey of targeted carcass characteristics related to quality, quantity, value, and marketing of fed steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 90:5143-5151.
  • Moschonas, G., I. Geornaras, J.D. Stopforth, D. Wach, D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Antimicrobials for reduction of Salmonella contamination in uncooked, surface-browned breaded chicken products. J. Food Prot. 75:1023-1028.
  • Moschonas, G., I. Geornaras, J.D. Stopforth, D. Wach, D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, G.C. Smith, and J.N. Sofos. 2012. Activity of caprylic acid, carvacrol, ε-polylysine and their combinations against Salmonella in not-ready-to-eat surface-browned, frozen, breaded chicken products. J. Food Sci. 77:M405-411.
  • Pendleton, S.J., P.G. Crandall, S.C. Ricke, L. Goodridge, and C.A. OBryan. 2012. Inhibition of beef isolates of E. coli O157:H7 by orange oil at various temperatures. J. Food Sci. 77:M308-M311.


Progress 01/01/11 to 12/31/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Develop science-rooted strategies and technologies to reduce foodborne illness and improve the effectiveness of policies related to food safety and trade. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Researchers evaluated the impact of pathogens in non-intact beef products during cooking, and published means by which bacterial death is maximized. Work continued on efforts to reduce risk of E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 STEC contamination in beef products destined to become a non-intact product; validations for several intervention chemicals at industrial operating parameters should prove very beneficial to companies wishing to conform to expected new FSIS policies regarding validation due in 2012. Lastly, Center scientists validated a relatively new and "organic" concept for antimicrobial decontamination of meat products; that of Citrus Essential Oils. Results suggested that opportunities may exist to use Citrus Essential Oils in beef intervention systems, particularly on products destined for labeling with "natural" or "organic" production terminology.

Publications

  • Shen, C., I. Geornaras, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2011. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in moisture-enhanced nonintact beef by pan-broiling or roasting with various cooking appliances set at different temperatures. J. Food Sci. 76(1):M64-M71.
  • Swyers, K. L., B. A. Carlson, K. K. Nightingale, K. E. Belk, and S. L. Archibeque. 2011. Naturally colonized beef cattle populations feed combinations of yeast culture and an ionophore in finishing diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles had similar fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 74:912-918.
  • Pittman, C. I., S. Pendleton, B. Bisha, C. A. OBryan, K. E. Belk, L. Goodridge, P. G. Crandall, and S. C. Ricke. 2011. Activity of citrus essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. and effects on beef subprimal cuts under refrigeration. J. Food Sci. 76:M433-M438.


Progress 01/01/10 to 12/31/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Enhance palatability, processing, and marketing of beef by studying instrument grading, beef flavor and tenderness technologies, and carcass cutting strategies. 2. Develop science-rooted strategies and technologies to reduce foodborne illness and improve the effectiveness of policies related to food safety and trade. 3. Assess supply chain management strategies to identify and overcome barriers that interfere with the transmission of consumer preferences to producers. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
1. Beef instrument grading systems were approved for use by USDA-AMS in 12 plants during 2009-2010, and grading of carcasses was initiated in six new plants during 2010. Research continues to develop new high-resolution imaging technologies to more accurately predict beef eating quality. 2. Studies continued to address decontamination/prevention strategies for use with Ready-to-Eat food products. Additional studies were completed addressing pre-harvest food safety management. 3. We examined the impacts of animal identification and tracing systems adoption on the U.S. meat and livestock industry and found that a modest increase in domestic demand for beef would completely offset the costs of an animal identification system. Similarly, an increase in export demand for beef, equivalent to Japan's beef export market share prior to the 2003 U.S. BSE discovery, would be enough to offset animal identification system costs.

Publications

  • Bass, P. D. , T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, P. L. Chapman, S. L. Archibeque, G. C. Smith, and J. D. Tatum. 2010. Effects of sex and short-term magnesium supplementation on stress responses and longissimus muscle quality characteristics of crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 349-360.
  • Gruber, S. L., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, P. L. Chapman, K. E. Belk, and G. C. Smith. 2010. Relationships of behavioral and physiological symptoms of pre-slaughter stress to beef LM tenderness. J. Anim. Sci. Online jas.2009-2183v1-20092183.
  • Rodriguez-Marval, M., P. A. Kendall, K. E. Belk, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes during reheating of frankfurters with hot water before consumption. Food Prot. Trends. 30(1):14-24.
  • Cannata, S., T. E. Engle, S. J. Moeller, H. N. Zerby, A. E. Radunz, M. D. Green, P. D. Bass, and K. E. Belk. 2010. Effect of visual marbling on sensory properties and quality traits of pork loin. Meat Sci. 85:428-434.
  • Byelashov, O. A., J. M. Adler, I. Geornaras, K. Yuk Ko, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Evaluation of brining ingredients and antimicrobials for effects on thermal destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a meat model system. J. Food Sci.75:M209-M217.
  • Moore, C. B., P. D. Bass, P. L. Chapman, M. E. O Connor, L. D. Yates, J. A. Scanga, J. D. Tatum, G. C. Smith, and K. E. Belk. 2010. Establishing an appropriate mode of comparison for measuring the performance of marbling score output from video image analysis beef carcass grading systems. J. Anim. Sci. 88:2464-2475.
  • Byelashov, O. A., H. Daskalov, I. Geornaras, P. A. Kendall, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters treated with lactic acid solutions of various temperatures. Food Micro. 27:783-790.
  • Simpson Beauchamp, C., O. A. Byelashov, I. Geornaras, P. A. Kendall, J. A. Scanga, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during freezing, thawing and home storage of frankfurters. Food Microbiology. 27:144-149.
  • Yang, H., O. A. Byelashov, I. Geornaras, L. D. Goodridge, K. K. Nightingale, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Presence of antibiotic-resistant commensal bacteria in samples from agricultural, city, and national park environments evaluated by standard culture and real-time PCR methods. Can. J. Microbiol. 56:761-770.
  • Yang, H., O. A. Byelashov, I. Geornaras, L. D. Goodridge, K. K. Nightingale, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Characterization and transferability of class 1 integrons in commensal bacteria isolated from farm and nonfarm environments. Foodborne Pathogens. 7(12):1441-1451.
  • Rodriguez-Marval, M., P. A. Kendall, J. T. Lejeune, K. E. Belk, L. C. Medeiros, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Risk factors associated with prevalence of foodborne pathogens in rural house-holds of Colorado with and without ruminant animals. Food. Prot. Trends. 30(12):803-815.
  • Shen, C., J. M. Adler, I. Geornaras, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in nonintact beef steaks of different thickness by pan-broiling, double pan-broiling or roasting using five types of cooking appliances. J. Food Prot. 73:461-469.
  • Simpson-Beauchamp, C., O. A. Byelashov, I. Geornaras, P. A. Kendall, J. A. Scanga, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2010. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during freezing, thawing and home storage of frankfurters. Food Microbiol. 27:144-149.
  • Pendell, D.L., G.W. Brester, T.C. Schroeder, K.C. Dhuyvetter, and G.T. Tonsor. 2010. Animal Identification and Tracing in the United States.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 92(4):927-940.


Progress 01/01/09 to 12/31/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: A) Enhance palatability, processing, and marketing of beef by studying instrument grading, beef flavor and tenderness technologies, and carcass cutting strategies. B) Develop science-rooted strategies and technologies to reduce foodborne illness and improve the effectiveness of policies related to food safety and trade. C) Assess supply chain management strategies to identify and overcome barriers that interfere with the transmission of consumer preferences to producers. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
A)Beef instrument grading systems were approved for use by USDA-AMS in 12 plants during 2009, and grading of carcasses was initiated in six plants during 2009. Several technologies for use in prediction of tenderness were validated in 2009, and research continues to develop new high-resolution imaging technologies to more accurately predict beef eating quality. B) Studies continued to address decontamination/prevention strategies for use with Ready-to-Eat food products. Additional studies were completed addressing pre-harvest food safety management. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the nature of E. coli O157:H7 colonization of feedlot cattle over the final 100 to 110 days of finishing. Animals were classified as having persistent shedding (PS), transient shedding (TS), or nonshedding (NS) status if they consecutively shed the same E. coli O157:H7 genotype (based on the multiplex PCR profile), exhibited variable E. coli O157 shedding, or never shed morphologically typical E. coli O157, respectively. Overall, 1.0% and 1.4% of steers were classified as PS and NS animals, respectively. Molecular characterization of 132 isolates yielded 32 unique PFGE types. One predominant type accounted for 53% of all isolates characterized and demonstrated an enhanced ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells compared to isolates belonging to less common PFGE types, but which exhibited equal virulence expression. Our data support the hypothesis that certain E. coli O157:H7 strains persist in feedlot cattle, which may be partially explained by an enhanced ability to colonize the intestinal epithelium. C) A benefit‐cost analysis of the U.S. National Animal Identification System (NAIS) was conducted. NAIS is designed to protect the national livestock and poultry health and maintain market access. If we do nothing to adopt NAIS, and nothing happens to export markets, the result is no cost, no market loss. If we do nothing and we lose market access, which we believe is likely, the beef industry will suffer losses ($18.25 per head if we do not adopt NAIS and lose 25% of export market share). A 23% increase in beef export demand would completely pay for 70% adoption of full animal ID and tracing in the US beef herd over a 10‐year period. Overall, NAIS adoption would result in large positive net returns to the industry with a very small increase in domestic beef demand. A second study provided a series of recommendations for the U.S. to consider as it continues to develop the NAIS by interviewing packers and renderers in the Canadian cattle industry. The authors recommended that NAIS: (1) be a mandatory program; (2) operate with a single national database to avoid creating unnecessary and confusing database differences; (3) standardize radio frequency identification technology and establish specific requirements for tag manufacturers to meet in order to be eligible to sell official animal identification tags; (4) be implemented as a phase-in program; and, (5) be harmonized with the identification programs of trading partners to extend their potential value across borders.

Publications

  • Mukherjee, A., Y. Yoon, I. Geornaras, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, G. C. Smith and J. N. Sofos. 2009. Effect of meat binding formulations on thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 internalized in beef. J. Food Sci. 74:M94-M99.
  • *Bowling, M. B., D. J. Vote, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, J. D. Tatum, and G. C. Smith. 2009. Using reflectance spectroscopy to predict beef tenderness. Meat Sci. 82:1-5.
  • *Murphy, R. G. L., J. A. Scanga, B. E. Powers, P. B. Nash, K. C. VerCauteren, J. L. Pilon, J. N. Sofos, K. E. Belk, and G. C. Smith. 2009. Alkaline hydrolysis of mouse-adapted scrapie for inactivation and disposal of prion-positive materials. J. Anim. Sci. 87:1787-1793.
  • *Bass, P. D., J. A. Scanga, P. L. Chapman, G. C. Smith, and K. E. Belk. 2009. Associations between portion size acceptability of beef cuts and ribeye area of beef carcasses. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2935-2942.
  • *Carlson, B. A., K. K. Nightingale, G. L. Mason, J. R. Ruby, W. T. Choat, G. H. Loneragan, G. C. Smith, J. N. Sofos, and K. E. Belk. 2009. Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains that persist in feedlot cattle are genetically related and demonstrate an enhanced ability to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells. Appl. Environ. Micro. 75:5927-5937.
  • *Rodriguez-Marval, M., I. Geornaras, P. A. Kendall, J. A. Scanga, K. E. Belk and J. N. Sofos. 2009. Microwave oven heating for inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters before consumption. J. Food. Sci. 74:M453-M460.
  • *Dewell, R. D.; I. N. Roman-Muniz, J. A. Scanga, A. D. Fails, L. R. Whalen, B. J. McCarthy, T. W. Hoffman, D. R. Woerner, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and M. D. Salman. 2009. Development of interactive multimedia training materials to train beef packing plant workers in the identification and removal of specified risk materials. J. Exten. 47(1):1TOT6.
  • *Simpson Beauchamp, C., O. A. Byelashov, I. Geornaras, P. A. Kendall, J. A. Scanga, K. E. Belk, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2009. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during freezing, thawing and home storage of frankfurters. Food Microbiology. 27:144-149.
  • *Bass, P. D. , T. E. Engle, K. E. Belk, P. L. Chapman, S. L. Archibeque, G. C. Smith, and J. D. Tatum. 2010. Effects of sex and short-term magnesium supplementation on stress responses and longissimus muscle quality characteristics of crossbred cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 88: 349-360.
  • *Gruber, S. L., J. D. Tatum, T. E. Engle, P. L. Chapman, K. E. Belk, and G. C. Smith. 2009. Relationships of behavioral and physiological symptoms of pre-slaughter stress to beef LM tenderness. J. Anim. Sci. jas.2009-2183v1-20092183.
  • Smith, G.C., Pendell D.L., Belk K.E., Tatum J.D., Sofos J.N., and Morris D.L. 2009. Opinions of those in Cattle, Swine and Sheep, Harvesting and Rendering Sectors Regarding Aspects of the National Animal Identification System, The Professional Animal Scientist 25(6):641-653.
  • Murphy, R.G.L., Pendell D.L., Smith G.C. 2009. Lessons from the Canadian Cattle Industry for Developing the National Animal Identification System, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 12(2):1-18. *Denotes that a graduate student was the principal author.
  • *Vote, D. J., M. B. Bowling, B. C. N. Cunha, K. E. Belk, J. D. Tatum, F. Montossi, and G. C. Smith. 2009. Video image analysis as a potential grading system for Uruguayan beef carcasses. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2376-2390.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1-Enhance palatability, processing, and marketing of beef by studying instrument grading, beef flavor and tenderness technologies, and carcass cutting strategies. 2-Evaluate the cost/benefit of traceability and assess its value in market-based programs. PARTICIPANTS: Not relevant to this project. TARGET AUDIENCES: Not relevant to this project. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
1-Large numbers of finished beef cattle now are marketed on grid-based pricing systems. Carcasses that do not conform to mainstream specifications generally do not achieve full value due to failure to achieve premium prices. Research was conducted to evaluate beef carcass ribeye area at the 12th and 13th rib interface (LMA) and its relationship to portion sizing acceptability of other muscles in the carcass. Sixty beef carcass sides of varying LMA sizes (between 67.74 and 166.13 cm2) were fabricated into 14 individual cuts. Retail portion size (g/1.27-cm steak), along with cut surface area and dimensions, were recorded from steaks cut perpendicular at the midpoint of the longitudinal axis of each muscle. Subsequently, a nationwide survey was conducted with foodservice chefs and retail meat merchandisers to evaluate acceptability of portion sizes and dimensions of individual muscle cuts. Results showed that LMA was not associated with retail portion size for 6 of the 14 muscles. Similarly, LMA did not affect surface area of the face of the steak from 6 of the 14 muscles. Muscles for which portion characteristics were related to carcass LMA were further evaluated in the survey. Many muscles were still acceptable to retail merchandisers and foodservice chefs in portion size, even though carcass LMA was outside the range of commercially acceptable sizes. This study demonstrate that carcass LMA is not an accurate determinant of the size, and subsequent acceptability, of other muscles in the carcasses and may not be a good determinant of the remaining value of the beef carcass; it will be used by industry to modify current beef pricing practices. 2-A final report that analyzed the benefits and costs of the national animal identification system (NAIS) was completed and submitted to USDA-APHIS in early October 2008. The primary purpose of this project was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the economic benefits and costs of NAIS in the U.S., including premise registration, animal identification systems, and animal movement reporting for major species of cattle, hogs, sheep, equine, and poultry and, to a limited extent, minor species of bison, goats, cervids, and camelids. The final report currently is under review.

Publications

  • Bowling, M.B., D.L. Pendell, D.L. Morris, Y. Yoon, K. Katoh, K.E. Belk and G.C. Smith. 2008. Review: Identification and traceability of cattle in selected countries outside of North America. The Prof. Anim. Scientist. 24:287-294.
  • Murphy, R. G. L., D. L. Pendell, D.L. Morris, J. A. Scanga, K. E. Belk and G. C. Smith. 2008. Review: Animal Identification Systems in North America. The Prof. Anim. Scientist. 24:277-286.
  • Bass, P. D., J. A. Scanga, P. L. Chapman, G. C. Smith, J. D. Tatum, and K. E. Belk. 2008. Recovering value from beef carcasses classified as dark cutters by United States Department of Agriculture graders. J Anim. Sci. 86: 1658-1668.
  • Shook, J. N., D. L. VanOverbeke, J. A. Scanga, K. E. Belk, J. W. Savell, T. E. Lawrence, J. B. Morgan, D. B. Griffin, D. S. Hale, and G. C. Smith. 2008. The National Beef Quality Audit 2005, Phase I: Views of Producers, Packers, and Merchandisers on Current Quality Characteristics of the Beef Industry. The Prof. Anim. Scientist. 24:189-197.
  • Dewell R.D., T.W. Hoffman, D.R. Woerner, K.E. Belk, L.R. Whalen, A.D. Fails, J.A. Scanga, G.C. Smith, and M.D. Salman. 2008. Estimated compliance for removal of specified risk materials from 18 U.S. beef packing plants. J Food Prot. 71:573-577.
  • Byelashov, O. A, P. A. Kendall, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, and J. N. Sofos. 2008. Control of Listeria monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged frankfurters sprayed with lactic acid alone or in combination with sodium lauryl sulfate. J. Food Prot. 71:728-734.
  • Dewell, G. A., C. Simpson, R. Dewell, D. Hyatt, K. Belk, J. Scanga, P. Morley, T. Grandin, G. Smith, D. Dargatz, B. Wagner, and M. Salman. 2008. Impact of transportation and lairage on hide contamination with Escherichia coli O157 in finished beef cattle. J. Food Prot. 71:1114-1118.
  • Dewell, G. A., C. A. Simpson, R. D. Dewell, D. R. Hyatt, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, P. S. Morley, T. Grandin, G. C. Smith, D. A. Dargatz, B. A. Wagner and M. D. Salman. 2008. Risk associated with transportation and lairage on hide contamination with Salmonella enterica in finished beef cattle at slaughter. J. Food Prot. 71:2228-2232.
  • Garcia, L. G., K. L. Nicholson, T. W. Hoffman, T. E. Lawrence, D. S. Hale, D. B. Griffin, J. W. Savell, D. L. VanOverbeke, J. B. Morgan, K. E. Belk, T. G. Field, J. A. Scanga, J. D. Tatum and G. C. Smith. 2008. National Beef Quality Audit 2005: Survey of targeted cattle and carcass characteristics related to quality, quantity, and value of fed steers and heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 86:3533-3543.
  • Mukherjee, A., Y. Yoon, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2008. Thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef treated with marination and tenderization ingredients. J. Food Prot. 71:1349-1356.
  • Smith, G. C., J. D. Tatum and K. E. Belk. 2008. International perspective: characterization of United States Department of Agriculture and Meat Standards Australia systems for assessing beef quality. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 48:1465-1480.
  • Carlson, B. A., J. Ruby, G. C. Smith, J. N. Sofos, G. R. Bellinger, W. Warren-Serna, B. Centrella, R. A. Bowling, and K. E. Belk. 2008. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of multiple beef hide decontamination strategies to reduce levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. J. Food Prot. 71:2223-2227.
  • Yoon, Y. P. A. Kendall, K. E. Belk, J. A. Scanga, G. C. Smith, and J. N. Sofos. 2009. Modeling the growth/no-growth boundaries of postprocessing Listeria monocytogenes contamination on frankfurters and bologna treated with lactic acid. Appl. Envir. Micro. 75:353-358.
  • Carlson, B.A., I. Geornaras, Y. Yoon, J.A. Scanga, J.N. Sofos, G.C. Smith and K.E. Belk. 2008. Studies to evaluate chemicals and conditions with low-pressure applications for reducing microbial counts on cattle hides. J. Food Prot. 71:1343-1348.
  • Bass, P.D., D.L. Pendell, D.L. Morris, J.A. Scanga, K.E. Belk, T.G. Field, J.N. Sofos, J.D. Tatum and G.C. Smith. 2008. Review: Sheep traceability systems in selected countries outside of North America. The Prof. Anim. Scientist. 24:302-307.
  • Meisinger, J.L., D. L. Pendell, D.L. Morris, K. E. Belk and G. C. Smith. 2008. Review: Swine traceability systems in selected countries outside of North America. Prof. Anim. Scientist. 24:295-301.
  • Bowling, M.B., R.S. Yemm, K.E. Belk, J.N. Sofos, G.C. Smith and J.A. Scanga. 2008. An evaluation of central nervous system cross-contamination due to carcass splitting in commercial beef-packing plants. J. Food Prot. 71:83-92.
  • Huerta-Montauti, D. A. Rodas-Gonzalez, K. E. Belk, L. Arenas de Moreno, N. Huerta-Leidenz. 2008. Comparison of U.S. versus Venezuelan beef cuts on cookery traits, consumer impressions and shear force. J. Musc. Foods. 19:140-156.
  • Smith, G. C., D. L. Pendell, J. D. Tatum, K. E. Belk, J. N. Sofos. 2008. Post-slaughter traceability. Meat Sci. 80:66-74.