Progress 07/19/04 to 09/30/10
Outputs
OUTPUTS: OUTPUTS include: 1) the evaluation of new/experimental tomato and pepper varieties for disease resistance, as well as the evaluation of rates and timing of fungicides for bacterial/fungal disease control on tomato, bell pepper and cucurbits. Results from this field research have generated annual Foliar Fungicide Spray Guides for Tomatoes Bell Peppers and cucurbits in NC. Both have been disseminated at grower workshops and conferences: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/plantpath/ 2) The annual production of the Vegetable Crop Handbook for SE U.S., as well as the organization of the workshop where this handbook is produced. Over 2000 copies have been distributed at various regional grower meetings throughout the SE: http://www.thegrower.com/south-east-vegetable-guide/ 3) The continued development of the Phytophthora Database (www.Phytophthoradb.org), an international database providing genotypic and phenotypic information for all known Phytophthora species. More than 500 people (scientists and state/government regulators) have log-in IDs to download information. 4) The production of disease fact sheets for Fraser fir Phytophthora root rot, Late blight of tomato, Phytophthora blight of bell pepper, and boxwood blight 5) Presented data at multiple annual Field Days including the Tomato and Vegetable Field Day at the MHCREC and the Cucurbit field day in Ashe County. 6) Organized and provided content at various local and national workshops and agent training events including: Lead organizer for the: 18th Ornamental Workshop of Pests and Pathogens (Kanuga). Sept. 2012. Hendersonville, NC. Phytophthora ramorum in water workshop, Pullyalup, WA June 2011. the Henderson, and Buncombe County nursery water workshop, Feb. 2011. the Foothills greenhouse workshop, Caldwell County, NC Mar. 2011. the Master Gardner training in plant pathology, Greenville, NC Mar. 2011. Co-organized the Latin American Phytophthora Diagnostics Workshop. 24 diagnosticians from latin american countries participated. July 2010. Univ. of Costa Rica. Co-organized with Gloria Abad the special session "Refining Systematics for Better Resolution in the Population Biology and Evolution of the Oomycetes" at the APS annual meeting. Aug. 2010 Charlotte. Co-organized the APS Diseases of Ornamentals Field Trip. Aug. 2010 Charlotte. 7) Presented data at numerous national meetings like APS, the Annual Tomato Disease Workshop, and at smaller southern, mid Atlantic states, or NC grower trade shows (i.e. the mid Atlantic States fruit and vegetable trade show in Hershey, PA). I have given talks at county extension centers on disease identification and management 6-8 times/year. GRADUATED STUDENTS: Brantlee Spakes-Richter, PhD 2009. TARGET AUDIENCES include 1) NC Tomato Growers Association 2) NC Christmas Tree growers Association 3) NC Cooperative Extension agents with commodity responsibilities on vegetables, Christmas trees, and ornamentals 4) Phytochemical Industry representatives and technical staff 5) NCDA&CS. PARTICIPANTS: COLLABORATORS: These companies have provided funds for field trials: Arysta, ISK, DuPont, Syngenta, BASF, IR4, UPI, AgraQuest, FMC, Gowan, Valent, Luxembourg Chemical, Marrone. TARGET AUDIENCES: TARGET AUDIENCES include 1) NC Tomato Growers Association 2) NC Christmas Tree growers Association 3) NC Cooperative Extension agents with commodity responsibilities on vegetables, Christmas trees, and ornamentals 4) Phytochemical Industry representatives and technical staff 5) NCDA&CS. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
Impacts
IMPACT: 1) Processed over 100 plant samples per year from NC for disease diagnosis in laboratory, reported results to agents and/or growers, and provided disease control recommendations. The diagnoses completed in my lab and related disease management recommendations have helped farmers save thousands of dollars in future plant/production losses 2) Development of the spray guides helped growers decrease the levels of disease in their fields by using a program of preventative treatments, and reduce costs from the use of unnecessary chemical applications. I get calls from all around the United States regarding this spray program; it is also used by tomato growers in other states such as Arkansas and Georgia. 3) Detecting fungicide resistance in pathogens of tomatoes including late blight and early blight populations in NC has helped determine the efficacy of future applications of mefenoxam and azoxystrobin/pyraclostrobin on these pathogens, and has given growers the opportunity to make better management decisions that are cost effective. 4) The evaluation of new and experimental tomato varieties for early and late blight disease resistance, as well as evaluation of fungicides for bacterial and fungal disease control on tomato and bell pepper has provided the most up-to-date, effective disease management strategies to target audiences. I have evaluated and identified new and effective chemical formulations that will help control major plant disease problems facing producers in western North Carolina, which in turn has contributed to the sustainability of viable fresh-market vegetable, Christmas tree and ornamental industries. 5) The detection of new pathogens on ornamental crops in the U.S. including boxwood blight (first found in the U.S. by my laboratory) and an additional Cylindrocladium disease on the herbaceous perennial Leucothoe.
Publications
- Olson, H.A., Jeffers, S.N., Ivors, K.L., Steddom, K.C., Williams-Woodward, J.L., Mmbaga, M.T., Benson, D.M., and Hong, C.X. 2012. Diversity and mefenoxam sensitivity of Phytophthora spp. associated with the ornamental horticulture industry in the southeastern US. Plant Dis. 96: IN PRESS.
- Ivors, K., and Moorman, G. 2012. Oomycete plant pathogens in irrigation water. In: Biology, Detection and Management of Plant Pathogens in Irrigation Water. C. Hong and G. Moorman (eds). APS Press; St. Paul, MN. IN PRESS.
- Hu, C., Perez, F.G., Donahoo, R., McLeod, A., Myers, K., Ivors, K., Secor, G., Roberts, P.D., Deahl, K.L., Fry, W.E., and Ristaino, J.B. 2012. Recent genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in the Eastern United States reveal clonal populations and reappearance of mefenoxam sensitivity. Plant Dis. 96: 1323-1330.
- Bartz, F., Cubeta, M. and Ivors, K. 2012. Rhizoctonia Foliar Blight. In: Compendium of Tomato Diseases. 2nd Edition. J. Jones, T.A. Zitter, and M.T. Momol. (eds). APS Press; St. Paul, MN. IN PRESS.
- Ivors, K. L., Lacey, L. W., Milks, D. C., Douglas, S. M., Inman, M. K., Marra, R. E., and LaMondia, J. A. 2012. First Report of Boxwood Blight Caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum in the United States. Plant Dis. 96:1070.
- Everts, K.L., Osborne, L., Gevens, A.J., Vasquez, S.J., Gugino, B.K., Ivors, K.L., and Harmon, C. 2012. Extension Plant Pathology: Strengthening resources to continue serving the public interest. Phytopathology 102: 652-655. (One of the two top papers in Phytopathology in July 2012)
- Richter, B.S., Benson, D.M., and Ivors, K.L. 2011. Microbial profiling of cultural systems for suppression of Phytophthora root rot in Fraser fir. Plant Dis. 95: 537-546.
- Kemble, J. M., Ivors, K.L., Louws, F. J., Jennings, J. M., Walgenbach, J. F. (editors). 2012. Southeastern U.S. 2012 Vegetable Crop Handbook. pp. 274.
- Martin, F. N., Abad, G., Balci, Y., and Ivors, K. 2012. Identification and detection of Phytophthora: reviewing our progress, identifying our needs. Plant Dis. 96:1080-1103. (Invited review article)
- Richter, B.S., Ivors, K., Shi, W., and Benson, D.M. 2011. Cellulase activity as a mechanism for suppression of Phytophthora root rot in mulches. Phytopathology 101:223-230.
- Ivors, K. L., Lacey, L. W., and Milks, D. C. 2011. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of downy mildew on coleus, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports 5:OT019.
- Bartz, F.E., Cubeta, M.A., Toda, T., Naito, S., and Ivors, K.L. 2010. An in planta method for assessing the role of basidiospores in Rhizoctonia foliar disease of tomato. Plant Dis. 94:515-520.
- Kang, S., Geiser, D., Ivors, K.L., Coffey, M., Grunwald, N., Martin, F., Levesque, A., and Blair, J. 2010. The promise and pitfalls of sequence-based identification of plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycetes. Phytopathology 100:732-737.
- Ivors, K.L. (editor). 2010. Commercial Production of Staked Tomatoes in the Southeast. NC Cooperative Extension Publication AG-405.
- Grunwald, N.J., Goss, E.M., Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., Martin, F., Prospero, S., Hansen, E., Bonants, P.J.M., Hamelin, R.C., Chastagner, G., Werres, S., Rizzo, D.M. et al. 2009. Standardizing the nomenclature for clonal lineages of the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Phytopathology 99:792-795.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs from this research include: 1) the evaluation of new and experimental tomato varieties for early and late blight disease resistance, as well as the evaluation of fungicides for bacterial and fungal disease control on tomato, bell pepper, and squash. Results from this field research have generated the 2009 Foliar Fungicide Spray Guide for Tomatoes in NC and the 2009 Fungicide Spray Guide for Bell Peppers in NC. Both have been disseminated at grower workshops and conferences and can be found at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/plantpath/ Over 200 copies of each have been passed out annually. 2) The annual production of the Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States, as well as the organization of the workshop where this handbook is produced. Over 1000 copies have been distributed at various regional growers meetings throughout the SE, and can be found at: http://www.sripmc.org/docs/SoutheasternVegetableGuide.pdf 3) Presented field trials at the Fresh Market Tomato and Vegetable Field Day (Aug. 2009) with over 150 people present; 4) Described a new tomato pathogen in the U.S. and conducted pathogenicity assays; 5) Provided biological and molecular information on numerous Phytophthora species through an on-line database www.phytophthoradb.org. The outcome of this project was the creation of a protocols book I contributed to and edited by myself entitled: Fighting Phytophthora: A Compilation of Phytophthora Laboratory Protocols. This soon-to-be publication by the American Phytopathological Society Press has generated much excitement due to its content, but more importantly due to its new way of information delivery; 6) Presented research data at numerous national meetings like APS and the Annual Tomato Disease Workshop, as well as at smaller southern, mid Atlantic states, or NC grower and trade shows such at the mid Atlantic States fruit and vegetable trade show in Hershey, PA. In addition, I gave over 25 different talks at county extension centers on disease identification and management. PARTICIPANTS: I need to remove D.C. Sanders that is listed as an Investigator on my station project. Dr. Sanders unexpectedly died in 2005/2006 and is no longer collaborating with me. PIs: 1) Seogchan Kang, Penn State University. He was lead PI and curator of the Phytophthora Database that we developed. We collaboratively gave presentations on the database at national meetings. 2) D. Mike Benson, NC State University. Mike and I share a PhD student and we collaboratively conducted field and lab research on managing Phytophthora root rot on Fraser fir and ornamentals through studies involving biocontrol methods using mulches. 3) Jean Ristaino, NC State University. I continually collect late blight of tomato samples for Dr. Ristaino's population genetics study on Phytophthora infestans in organic and conventional fields. 4) Tom Ranney, NC State University. I have collaborated with Tom on one of his graduate student's projects by supplying Phytophthora inoculum and helping to assay some ornamental tree species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi. 5) Chris Gunter. I am conducting irrigation trials in relation to water dispersed plant pathogens in tomato production at the MHCRS in collaboration with Dr. Gunter. 6) Marc Cubeta. Mark and I are describing a new Rhizoctonia foliar disease on tomato new to the world. 7) Gilberto Olaya, Syngenta, (Vero Beach, FL). Gilberto and I are doing a collaborative study involving strobilurin resistance in the early blight pathogen on tomatoes. 8) Rob Trickel with the NC Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources in the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey in Forests. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience for this station project include: 1) NC Tomato Growers Association 2) NC Christmas Tree growers Association 3) Blue Ridge horticultural Society 4) NC Cooperative Extension agents with commodity responsibilities on vegetables, Christmas trees, and ornamentals. 5) Phytochemical Industry representatives and technical support staff 6) NCDA. EMPLOYEES 1) Dreama Milks, general laboratory technician. 2) Chris Holmberg, field technician responsible for greenhouse and field studies. 3) Marcus Edwards, temporary field technician that assists Chris Holmberg. 4) James Daniel Hughes temporary field technician that assists Chris Holmberg. 5) Brantlee Spakes-Richter, PhD student. 6) Landis Lacey. Biweekly technician conducting all molecular experiments for the Phytophthora database and the NC Phytophthora stream baiting study. COLLABORATORS: These companies have provided funds and protocols for conducting field trials on vegetables: 1) Arysta, 2) Marrone Bioinnovations, 3) DuPont, 4) Syngenta, 5) BASF, 6) IR4, 7) AgraQuest, 8) FMC, 9) Isagro, 10) Gowan, 11) Valent, 12) Luxemburg Chemical. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Last fall (2008), my extension program in the Department of Plant Pathology transitioned to include state-wide responsibilities for disease management in ornamentals, including commercial greenhouses and nurseries. With this change, I dropped burley tobacco but maintain an active extension program that also includes Christmas trees and vegetables, two main crops grown in the western part of the state.
Impacts
1) This summer (2009) I initiated a state-wide survey to collect and analyze irrigation water samples from commercial greenhouses and nurseries for waterborne pathogens. One of the goals of this project is to gain a better understanding of the water quality issues facing all commodities I service. Through this survey, I toured over 30 NC nurseries and greenhouses in 10 counties and provided each grower with information regarding the diversity and presence of pathogens in their irrigation water, and offered recommendations when necessary. This information will save the loss of hundreds of ornamental plants due to root rot and dieback initiated by pathogen-infested water. 2) One major focus of my extension program involves laboratory and field fungicide trials; these trials are conducted to generate chemical efficacy, rate and timing data. Identifying new and effective chemical formulations will help in solving the major plant disease problems that face producers in NC and the U.S, which in turn leads to the sustainability of viable crop industries. Determining the sensitivity of economically-damaging pathogens to current and experimental bacteriocides/fungicides helps to identify if these products actually control the disease. My lab determined that mefenoxam applications late in the season were ineffective for controlling late blight of tomatoes, and was the first in the U.S. to identify strobilurin resistance in the early blight pathogen, Alternaria solani. 3) Development of the spray guides helped growers decrease the levels of disease in their fields by using a program of preventative treatments, and reduce costs from the use of unnecessary chemical applications. I get calls from all around the United States regarding this spray program http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/plantpath/tomato-spray-guid e/index.html. 4) The evaluation of new and experimental tomato varieties for early and late blight disease resistance, as well as evaluation of fungicides for bacterial and fungal disease control on tomato and bell pepper has provided the most up-to-date, effective disease management strategies to target audiences. I have evaluated and identified new and effective chemical formulations that will help control major plant disease problems facing producers in western North Carolina, which in turn has contributed to the sustainability of viable fresh-market vegetable, Christmas tree and ornamental industries. 5) Processed 80 plant samples in 2009 from WNC for disease diagnosis in laboratory, reported results to agents and/or growers, and provided disease control recommendations. The diagnoses completed in my lab and related disease management recommendations have helped farmers save thousands of dollars in future plant/production losses 6) Processed samples monthly for the NC Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) regarding the National Phytophthora ramorum stream baiting survey in North Carolina and did not detect the pathogen.
Publications
- Grunwald, N.J., Goss, E.M., Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., Martin, F., Prospero, S., Hansen, E., Bonants, P.J.M., Hamelin, R.C., Chastagner, G., Werres, S., Rizzo, D.M. et al. 2009. Standardizing the nomenclature for clonal lineages of the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Phytopathology 99:792-795.
- Meyer, E.M., Ranney, T.G., Eaker, T.A., and Ivors, K. 2009. Differential tolerance of Gordonieae trees to Phytophthora cinnamomi. HortScience 44(5):1-3.
- Ivors, K.L., and Shoemaker, P.B. 2005-2009. Chapter 9: Disease Management. In: 200X Burley Tobacco Information. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service; Raleigh, NC.
- Ivors, K., and Benson, D.M. 2008-2009. Floral, Nursery, Landscape and Turfgrass Diseases, pages 228-248. In: 200X North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC.
- Ivors, K.L., Bartz, F.E., Toda, T., Naito, S., and Cubeta, M.A. First report of tomato foliar blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 basidiospore infection in North America. 2009. Phytopathology 99:S57.
- Richter, B.S., Benson, D.M., and Ivors, K. 2009. Cellulase enzymes as a biocontrol mechanism for Phytophthora cinnamomi in mulching systems. Phytopathology 99:S122
- Ivors, K. L. 2009. Examining the population diversity of Phytophthora species in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Phytopathology 99:S162.
- Ivors, K. 2009. Managing bell pepper diseases with fungicides and alternative strategies. Mid-Atlantaic Fruit and Vegetable Convention proceedings. Feb. 4. Hershey, PA.
- Ivors, K. 2009. Strategies for combating bacteria and other emerging diseases Mid-Atlantaic Fruit and Vegetable Convention proceedings. Feb. 5. Hershey, PA.
- Gunter, C., Garzon, G., Fisk, C., Phister, T., Grabow, G., and Ivors, K. Practical method for irrigation chlorination: Field experiences with lettuce and tomato. 2009. ASHS- southern meeting. Feb. 2. Atlanta, GA.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
OUTPUTS: OUTPUTS: Outputs from this research in my station plan include: 1) the evaluation of new and experimental tomato varieties for early and late blight disease resistance, as well as the evaluation of fungicides for bacterial and fungal disease control on tomato and bell pepper. Results from this field research have generated the 2008 Foliar Fungicide Spray Guide for Tomatoes in NC and the 2008 Fungicide Spray Guide for Bell Peppers in NC. Both have been disseminated at grower workshops and conferences and can be found at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/plantpath/ Over 200 copies of each have been passed out annually. 2) The annual production of the Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States, as well as the organization of the workshop where this handbook is produced. Over 1000 copies have been distributed at various regional growers meetings throughout the SE, and can be found at: http://www.sripmc.org/docs/SoutheasternVegetableGuide.pdf 3) The continued development and promotion of the Phytophthora Database (www.Phytophthoradb.org), which is an international on-line database providing genotypic and phenotypic information for all known Phytophthora species. More than 500 people (scientists and state/government regulators) have now created log-in IDs to download information from this database I helped create. 4) The production of disease fact sheets for: a. Fraser fir Phytophthora root rot http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Fraser_Fir_- _Phytophthora_Root_Rot.htm b. Late blight of tomato http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Tomato_-_Fie ld_Staked_-_Late_blight.htm and c. Phytophthora blight of bell pepper http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/fact_sheets/Pepper_-_Phy tophthora_blight.htm 5) Presented field trials at the Fresh Market Tomato and Vegetable Field Day (Aug. 08) with over 150 people present; 6) Organized and provided training at the Extension Agent Tomato Disease Workshop at my facility to 20 attendees, mainly regional extension agents (Sept. 08). 7) Presented data at numerous national meetings like APS and the Annual Tomato Disease Workshop, as well as at smaller southern, mid Atlantic states, or NC grower and trade shows such at the mid Atlantic States fruit and vegetable trade show in Hershey, PA. In addition, I gave over 15 different talks at county extension centers on disease identification and management. PARTICIPANTS: PARTICIPANTS: I need to remove D.C. Sanders that is listed as an Investigator on my station project. Dr. Sanders unexpectedly died in 2005/2006 and is no longer collaborating with me. PIs: 1) Seogchan Kang, Penn State University. He was lead PI and curator of the Phytophthora Database that we developed. We collaboratively gave presentations on the database at national meetings. 2) D. Mike Benson, NC State University. Mike and I share a PhD student and we collaboratively conducted field and lab research on managing Phytophthora root rot on Fraser fir and ornamentals through studies involving biocontrol methods using mulches. 3) Jean Ristaino, NC State University. I continually collect late blight of tomato samples for Dr. Ristaino's population genetics study on Phytophthora infestans in organic and conventional fields. 4) Tom Ranney, NC State University. I have collaborated with Tom on one of his graduate student's projects by supplying Phytophthora inoculum and helping to assay some ornamental tree species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi. 5) Randy Gardner (retired), NC State University. I am collaborating with Dr. Gardner on screening for bacterial spot resistance in fresh market tomato lines. In addition, we also provide early and late blight inoculum for Randy's greenhouse and field assays. 6) Chris Gunter. I am conducting irrigation trials in relation to water dispersed plant pathogens in tomato production at the MHCRS in collaboration with Dr. Gunter. 7) Marc Cubeta. Mark and I are describing a new Rhizoctonia foliar disease on tomato new to the world. 8) Gilberto Olaya, Syngenta, (Vero Beach, FL). Gilberto and I are doing a collaborative study involving strobilurin resistance in the early blight pathogen on tomatoes. 9) Steve Oak, US Forest Service Southern Region. Steve is my contact along with the NC Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources in the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey in Forests where we collected other Phytophthora species from 10 stream locations throughout North Carolina in 2007/2008. EMPLOYEES 1) Dreama Milks, general laboratory technician. 2) Chris Holmberg, field technician responsible for greenhouse and field studies. 3) David Davis, temporary field technician that assists Chris Holmberg. 4) Emily Sampson, biweekly lab assistant that helped isolate Phytophthora infestans. 5) Brantlee Spakes-Richter, PhD student. 6) Landis Lacey. Biweekly technician conducting all molecular experiments for the Phytophthora database and the NC Phytophthora stream baiting study. COLLABORATORS: These companies have provided funds and protocols for conducting field trials on vegetables: 1) Arysta, 2) ISK, 3) DuPont, 4) Syngenta, 5) BASF, 6) IR4, 7) United Phosphorus International, 8) AgraQuest, 9) FMC, 10) Isagro, 11) Gowan, 12) Valent, 13) Luxemburg Chemical. TARGET AUDIENCES: TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience for this station project include: 1) NC Tomato Growers Association 2) NC Christmas Tree growers Association 3) Blue Ridge horticultural Society 4) NC Cooperative Extension agents with commodity responsibilities on vegetables, Christmas trees, and ornamentals. 5) Phytochemical Industry representatives and technical support staff 6) NCDA. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: I need to remove D.C. Sanders that is listed as an Investigator on my station project. Dr. Sanders unexpectedly died in 2005/2006 and is no longer collaborating with me. His replacement Dr. Chris Gunter should be added in his place.
Impacts
1) Processed 105 plant samples in 2008 from western NC for disease diagnosis in laboratory, reported results to agents and/or growers, and provided disease control recommendations. The diagnoses completed in my lab and related disease management recommendations have helped farmers save thousands of dollars in future plant/production losses 2) Development of the spray guides helped growers decrease the levels of disease in their fields by using a program of preventative treatments, and reduce costs from the use of unnecessary chemical applications. I get calls from all around the United States regarding this spray program; it is also used by tomato growers in other states such as Arkansas and Georgia. 3) The evaluation of new and experimental tomato varieties for early and late blight disease resistance, as well as evaluation of fungicides for bacterial and fungal disease control on tomato and bell pepper has provided the most up-to-date, effective disease management strategies to target audiences. I have evaluated and identified new and effective chemical formulations that will help control major plant disease problems facing producers in western North Carolina, which in turn has contributed to the sustainability of viable fresh-market vegetable, Christmas tree and ornamental industries.
Publications
- Park, J., Park, B., Veeraraghavan, N., Jung, K., Lee, Y.-H., Blair, J.E., Geiser, D.M., Isard, S., Mansfield, M.A., Nikolaeva, E., Park, S.-Y., Russo, J., Kim, S.H., Greene, M., Ivors, K.L., Balci, Y., Peiman, M., Erwin, D.C., Coffey, M.D., Rossman, A., Farr, D., Cline, E., Grunwald, N.J., Luster, D.G., Schrandt, J., Martin, F., Ribeiro, O.K., Makalowska, I., and Kang, S. 2008. Phytophthora Database: A forensic database supporting the identification and monitoring of Phytophthora. Plant Dis. 92:966-972.
- Ivors, K., Abad, Z.G., and Benson, D.M. 2008. Evaluating the Pathogenicity of Pythium vexans Isolates from Abies fraseri in North Carolina. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-1006-01-RS.
- Holmes, G. J. Louws, F. J., and Ivors, K. 2008. Vegetable Crops. Pages 265-297 In: 2008 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC.
- Holmes, G.J., Louws, F.J., and Ivors, K. 2008. Disease Management. Pages 149-194 In: Vegetable Crop Guidelines for the Southeastern U.S.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2008. Evaluation of spray programs for control of bacterial leaf spot of tomato, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2: V098.
- Ivors, K. L. New terminology for Phytophthora ramorum lineages. California Oak Mortality Task Force Newsletter. June 2007.
- Ivors, K. L. Reviewing the biology, etiology and management of Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops. 1st International Phytophthora capsici Conference. Nov. 27-29, 2007. Islamorada, FL.
- Ivors, K.L. and Milks, D. Developing a Spray Program for Managing Disease in Tomato. North Carolina Vegetable Expo. Dec. 12-13, 2007. Myrtle Beach, SC.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2008. Evaluation of spray programs for control of early and late blight of tomato, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2: V096.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2008. Evaluation of spray programs for control of Phytophthora blight of bell pepper, 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports 2: V006.
- Richter, B.S., Benson, D.M., and Ivors, K.L. 2008. Cellulase activity and microbiology of cultural systems for Phytophthora root rot control in Fraser fir. Phytopathology 98:S132.
- Ivors, K.L. and Greene, M.D. 2008. Identifying Phytophthora species isolated from stream baits in North Carolina. Phytopathology 98:S72.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Outputs from this research in my station plan include: 1) the 2006 and 2007 Foliar Fungicide Spray Guide for Tomatoes in NC 2) the 2006 and 2007 Fungicide Spray Guide for Bell Peppers in NC Both have been disseminated at grower workshops and conferences and can be found at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/plantpath/ Over 200 copies of each have been passed out annually. Development of the spray guides helped growers decrease the levels of disease in their fields by using a program of preventative treatments, and reduce costs from the use of unnecessary chemical applications. 3) Vegetable Crop Handbook for Southeastern United States Over 1000 copies have been distributed at various regional growers meetings throughout the SE, and can be found at: www.msstate.edu/dept/cmrec/RegionalVegHandbook2007.pdf 4) The deveopment of the Phytophthora Database, which is an international database on-line providing genotypic and phenotypic information for all known Phytophthora
species. More than 250 people (scientists and state/government regulators) have now created log-in IDs to download information from this database I helped create. It can be found at: www.Phytophthoradb.org 5) Tomato Disease Workshop: Organized the 21st annual Tomato Disease Workshop in Dec. 2006 with a total of 98 people attending from academia, industry and extension.
PARTICIPANTS: I need to remove D.C. Sanders that is listed as an Investigator on my station project. Dr. Sanders unexpectedly died last year and is no longer collaborating with me. I am not conducting research with the person that filled his position, mainly due to differences in their background (Dr. Chris Gunter). PIs: 1) Seogchan Kang, Penn State University. He was lead PI and curator of the Phytophthora Database that was developed. We collaboratively gave presentations on the database at national meetings. 2) D. Mike Benson, NC State University. Mike and I share a PhD student and we collaboratively conducted field and lab research on managing Phytophthora root rot on Fraser fir through studies involving biocontrol methods using mulches. 3) Jean Ristaino, NC State University. I collected late blight of tomato samples for Dr. Ristaino's population genetics study on Phytophthora infestans in organic and conventional fields. 4) Tom Ranney, NC State University. I have collaborated
with Tom on one of his graduate student's projects by supplying Phytophthora inoculum and helping to assay some ornamental tree species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi. 5) Randy Gardner, NC State University. I am collaborating with Dr. Gardner on screening for bacterial spot resistance in fresh market tomato lines. In addition, we also provide early and late blight inoculum for Randy's greenhouse and field assays. 6) Greg Hoyt, NC State University. Dr. Hoyt has provided expertise in studies involving the interaction of nitrogen and Phytophthora blight on commercial bell pepper yield. Employees: 1) Dreama Milks, general laboratory technician. 2) Dr. Matthew Greene, Post-doctoral research associate for the Phytophthora Database. 3) Chris Holmberg, field technician responsible for greenhouse and field studies. 4) Braden Gottman, temporary field technician that assists Chris Holmberg. 5) Emily Sampson, temporary lab assistant that helped isolate Phytophthora infestans. 6)
Brantlee Spakes-Richter, PhD student. Collaborators: These companies have provided funds and protocols for conducting field trials on vegetables: 1) Arysta 2) ISK 3) DuPont 4) Syngenta 5) BASF 6) IR4 7) UAP 8) AgraQuest 9) FMC In addition, I also collaborated with Dr. Gerald Holmes on fungicide trials for squash at my station.
TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audience for this station project include: 1) NC Tomato Growers Association 2) NC Christmas Tree growers Association 3) Blue Ridge horticultural Society 4) NC Cooperative Extension agents with commodity responsibilities on vegetables, Christmas trees, and ornamentals. 5) Latin American vegetable growers (provided translator and translated material at Tomato Field day) 6) Phytochemical Industry representatives and technical support staff 7) NCDA
Impacts
1) Processed 88 plant samples in 2006 from western NC for disease diagnosis in laboratory, reported results to agents and/or growers, and provided disease control recommendations. The diagnoses completed in my lab and related disease management recommendations have helped farmers save thousands of dollars in future plant/production losses, including an Aug. 2006 diagnosis involving 25,000 boxes of rotting tomatoes. 2) Worked with the US Forest Service Linnville River Nursery to diagnose areas of fields used for Fraser fir production that contain Phytophthora species; processed over 160 samples for Phytophthora detection. This allowed the nursery to determine which seedling production beds were problematic, and also helped them determine which seedlings should be destroyed so that Phytophthora does not get spread unknowingly through the sale of infested transplants. 3) Processed a dozen Phytophthora infestans and 18 Peronospora tabacina samples to determine
sensitivity/resistance to mefenoxam and provided growers with latest fungicide recommendations based on lab results, allowing growers to make educated decisions on the best products to apply. 4) Evaluated new and experimental chemicals for disease control on fresh market tomatoes, bell peppers, and ornamentals for growers and BASF, Cerexagri, Valent, DuPont, Syngenta, Arysta, Bayer CropScience, Crop Solutions, FMC, Helena Chemical company, and AgraQuest. I have evaluated and identified new and effective chemical formulations that will help control major plant disease problems facing producers in western North Carolina, which in turn has contributed to the sustainability of viable fresh-market vegetable, Christmas tree and ornamental industries. 5)Provided production information to Hispanic growers by providing a Spanish translator at the 2006 Fresh Market tomato and Vegetable Field Day for Hispanic vegetable growers. By reaching out to Hispanic growers with production and pest
elimination information, we were able to get them more involved with extension education. 6) Provided sudden oak death training to nursery growers, landscape workers, and foresters on Sudden Oak Death that will help with recognition of this disease, and provided information on if and how they should collect samples.
Publications
- Tyler, B.M., Tripathy, S., Zhang, X., Dehal, P., Jiang, R., Aerts, A., Arredondo, F.D., Baxter, L., Bensasson, D., Beynon, J.L., Chapman, J., Damasceno, C.M.B., Dorrance, A.E., Dou, D., Dickerman, A.W., Dubchak, I.L., Garbelotto, M., Gijzen, M., Gordon, S.G., Govers, F.G., Grunwald, N.J., Huang, W., Ivors, K.L., Jones, R.W., Kamoun, S., Krampis, K., Lamour, K.H., Lee, M., McDonald, W.H., Medina, M., Meijer, H.J.G., Nordberg, E.K., Maclean, D.J., Ospina-Giraldo, M.D., Morris, P.F., Phuntumart, V., Putnam, N.H., Rash, S., Rose, J.K.C., Sakihama, Y., Salamov, A.A., Savidor, A., Scheuring, C.F., Smith, B.M., Sobral, B.W.S., Terry, A., Torto-Alalibo, T.A., Win, J., Xu, Z., Zhang, H., Grigoriev, I.V., Rokhsar, D.S., and Boore, J.L. 2006. Phytophthora genome sequences uncover evolutionary origins and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science 313:1261-1266.
- Kang, S., Blair, J.E., Geiser, D.M., Khang, C., Park, S., Gahegan, M., ODonnel, K., Luster, D.G., Kim, S.H., Ivors, K.L., Lee, Y., Lee, Y., Grunwald, N., Martin, F., Coffey, M.D., Veeraraghavan, N., and Makalowska, I. 2006. Plant Pathogen Culture Collections: it takes a village to preserve these resources vital to the advancement of agricultural security and plant pathology. Phytopathology 96:920-925.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of bell pepper, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V088.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2007. Evaluation of spray programs for control of late blight of tomato, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V087.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2007.Evaluation of spray programs for control of bacterial leaf spot of tomato, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:V089.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Holmberg, C.D. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides for blue mold control at Waynesville, NC, 2006. Plant Disease Management Reports 1:FC080; Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Buttitta, T. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for blue mold and black shank control at Waynesville, NC, 2005. F&N Tests 61: FC049.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Buttitta, T. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of bell pepper, 2005. F&N Tests 61: V132.
- Ivors, K.L., Milks, D.C., and Buttitta, T. 2006. Evaluation of products for control of early blight and bacterial spot of tomatoes, 2005. F&N Tests 61:V131.
- Walgenbach, J., K. Ivors, J. Davis, D. Monks, and S. Toth, Jr. (ed.). 2005 & 2006. Crop Profile for Tomatoes in North Carolina. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, NCSU, Raleigh. 25 pp. http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/nctomatoes.html
- Research Abstracts: Ivors, K.L., Martin, F., Coffey, M., Makalowska, I., Geiser, D.M., and Kang, S. 2007. Introducing the Phytophthora Database: An integrated resource for detecting, monitoring, and managing Phytophthora diseases. Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium III proceedings. March 5-9, 2007. Santa Rosa, CA.
- Blanco, M., Ristaino, J., Carbone, I. and Ivors, K. 2006. Genetic structure of populations of the tobacco blue mold pathogen, Peronospora tabacina in North and Central America and the Caribbean, Phytopathology 96:S13.
- Greene, M.D., Benson, D.M., and Ivors, K.L. 2006. Multilocus sequence analysis of Phytophthora cinnamomi from Fraser fir in North Carolina. Phytopathology 96:S42.
- Ivors, K., Huberli, D., Garbelotto, M., and Bonants, P. 2006 Multiple analyses identify distinct lineages of Phytophthora ramorum throughout its known range in forests and nurseries and support its exotic nature. Phytopathology 96:S147.
- Book chapters: Holmes, G. J. Louws, F. J., and Ivors, K. 2007. Vegetable Crops. Pages 265-297 In: 2007 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC.
- Proceedings: Touchell, D., Viloria, Z., Ranney, T., Ivors, K. 2006. Intergenic hybrids between Weigela and Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae). Southern Nursery Association proceedings, August 10-12, 2006, Atlanta, GA.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
A. Characterization of pathogen populations from tomato and tobacco in western NC. Isolates of P. infestans (causal agent of late blight of tomato) and P. tabacina (causal agent of blue mold of tobacco) collected from NC in 2003 and 2004 were evaluated for resistance to fungicides: either metalaxyl alone (P. infestans), or metalaxyl and dimethomorph (P. tabacina). Shifts in metalaxyl sensitivity of P. infestans populations in NC were observed throughout the 2003 & 2004 growing seasons. Populations resistant to Ridomil EC were identified at the end of the season, even within organic plots. All blue mold isolates were insensitive to Ridomil EC at the highest rates. This data indicates that phenylamide fungicides are no longer effective against blue mold of tobacco and late blight of tomato in NC. B. Evaluation of fungicides for efficacy, dosage and timing on burley tobacco. Thirteen treatments, including a non-treated control, were evaluated in a randomized complete
block design with 4 reps at the Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC. Results indicate that all of the experimental and newly formulated fungicides provided good control of blue mold when applied preventatively on a weekly basis. The new formulation of dimethomorph (Forum) was just as effective against blue mold as the current standard, Acrobat 50WP, when applied preventatively. Two experimental products and Reason 500SC also provided good black shank control. C. Identification and characterization of bacterial strains isolated from blighted tomatoes in western NC. To determine the cause of atypical symptoms, tomato leaf & fruit samples were collected in the mountains of NC during 2005. Over 80 bacterial colonies were isolated from symptomatic tissues; half of them (40) have been characterized with fatty acid or DNA sequence analyses. Preliminary results indicate that a new race of bacterial spot, caused by X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (X.c.v.) race T4, is responsible for most
of the atypical leaf blighting. This new race is more aggressive on tomato foliage than the other races. Additional results indicate that other races of X.c.v., as well as numerous additional bacteria, coexist on the same symptomatic tomato leaves. Some leaves had populations of both bacterial speck and spot. Currently we are characterizing the other 40 isolates through inoculation of differential tomato varieties and DNA sequence analyses. We are working in conjunction with Dr. Jeff Jones and Tim Momol at the UFL to characterize our strains in comparison to strains predominant in FL. D. Evaluation of alternative strategies for management of Phytophthora spp. on fir species. Six fir plantations in concentrated regions of Christmas tree production have been scouted, sampled & confirmed with the presence of natural Phytophthora populations. The influence of various treatments & soil amendments/mulches on Phytophthora root rot will be assessed in 4 Fraser fir field sites in NC, 1 Fraser
fir field site and 1 Canaan fir field site in VA during the next few years.
Impacts
Detecting fungicide resistance in late blight and blue mold populations in NC has helped determine the efficacy of future applications of metalaxyl and dimethomorph on these pathogens, and has given growers the opportunity to make better management decisions that are cost effective. As field trial results become available, fungicides and amendments that induce disease suppression may allow growers to improve the economics of farming in NC. Adoption of biological control and cultural control practices proven effective in these studies will mitigate exposure of workers to chemical fungicides and thus reduce potential human health risks. Results of this research may also provide innovative, basic information for future studies in other systems in which Phytophthora or bacteria are limiting factors. Results can be used by growers to make informed management decisions on selecting treatments most likely to be effective in suppressing Phytophthora and bacterial diseases.
Additionally, as mechanisms of disease suppression are identified, this information may be used to guide development of improved methods for testing such treatments in IPM approaches.
Publications
- Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., De Vries, I., Ruyter-Spira, C., Te Hekkert, B., Rosenzweig, N., and Bonants, P. 2006. Microsatellite markers identify three lineages of Phytophthora ramorum in US nurseries, yet single lineages in US Forest and European nursery populations. Molecular Ecology. In Press.
- Bonants, P., Verstappen, E., De Vries, I., Wiejacha, K., and Ivors, K.L. 2005. Molecular identification and detection of Phytophthora ramorum. Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium proceedings, January 18-21, 2005, Monterey, CA.
- Garbelotto, M., Ivors, K., Huberli, D., Bonants, P., and Wagner, A. 2005. Potential for sexual reproduction of Phytophthora ramorum in Washington state nurseries. Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium proceedings, January 18-21, 2005, Monterey, CA.
- Grunwald, N., Tripathy, S., Ivors, K., and Lamour, K. 2005. Characterizing abundance and distribution of microsatellite repeats in Phytophthora sojae and P. ramorum. Phytopathology 95:S37.
- Holmes, G. J., Louws, F. J., and Ivors, K. 2005. Disease Management. Pages 149-194 In: Vegetable Crop Guidelines for the Southeastern U.S. North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC.
- Holmes, G. J., Louws, F. J., and Ivors, K. 2005. Vegetable Crops. Pages 265-297 In: 2005 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC.
- Huberli, D., Ivors, K. L., Smith, A., Tse, J. G., and Garbelotto, M. 2005. First report of foliar infection of Matanthemum racemosum by Phytophthora ramorum. Plant Dis. 89:204.
- Hughes, K., Tomlinson, J., Boonham, N., Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., Shea, P., and Barker, I. 2005. Application of rapid on-site PCR (TaqMan) for Phytophthora ramorum under US conditions. Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium proceedings, January 18-21, 2005, Monterey, CA.
- Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., De Vries, I., and Bonants, P. 2005. Use of microsatellite markers derived from whole genome sequence data for identifying polymorphism in Phytophthora ramorum. Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium proceedings, January 18-21, 2005, Monterey, CA.
- Ivors, K. L. and Milks, D. C. 2005. Monitoring for dimethomorph resistance and evaluation of fungicides for blue mold control on burley tobacco. CORESTA Agro-Phyto Groups Meeting proceedings, October 23-28, 2005, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.
- Ivors, K.L., and Shoemaker, P.B. 2005. Chapter 9: Disease Management. Pages 85-105 In: 2005 Burley Tobacco Information. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service; Raleigh, NC.
- Olarte, R., Garbelotto, M., and Ivors, K. 2005. Genotyping Phytophthora ramorum isolates from U.S. nurseries using PCR-RFLP and microsatellite analyses. Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium proceedings, January 18-21, 2005, Monterey, CA.
- Rosenzweig, N., Huberli, D., Ivors, K. L., Olarte, R., Rizzo, D., and Garbelotto, M. 2005. The discovery and characterization of a unique group of isolates of Phytophthora ramorum from US nurseries. Phytopathology 95:S90.
- Tyler, B., Tripathy, S., Grunwald, N., Lamour, K., Ivors, K., Garbelotto, M., Rokhsar, D., Putnam, N., Grigoriev, I., and Boore, J., 2005. Genome Sequence of Phytophthora ramorum: implications for management. Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium proceedings, January 18-21, 2005, Monterey, CA.
- Hayden, K., Ivors, K., Wilkinson, C., and Garbelotto, M. 2006. TaqMan chemistry for Phytophthora ramorum detection and quantification, with a comparison of diagnostic methods. Phytopathology. Submitted.
- Ivors, K. L., Milks, D. C., and Buttitta, T. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for blue mold and black shank at Waynesville, NC, 2005. F&N Tests 61: Submitted.
- Ivors, K. L., Milks, D. C., and Buttitta, T. 2006. Evaluation of fungicides for control of Phytophthora blight of bell pepper, 2005. F&N Tests 61: Submitted.
- Ivors, K. L., Milks, D. C., and Buttitta, T. 2006. Evaluation of products for control of early blight and bacterial spot of tomatoes, 2005. F&N Tests 61: Submitted.
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