Source: OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY submitted to
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN OHIO AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON FISH PRODUCTION AND RECREATIONAL FISHERIES
Sponsoring Institution
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Project Status
TERMINATED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0200187
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
OHO01086
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Jun 1, 2004
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2009
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Dabrowski, K.
Recipient Organization
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
1680 MADISON AVENUE
WOOSTER,OH 44691
Performing Department
SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Non Technical Summary
Artificial propagation and rearing of larvae, determination of nutritional requirement of larvae, juveniles and broodstock, chromosome manipulation and health assessment have been utilized to enhance recreational fisheries in Ohio and in the United States. Lake sturgeon is in the red list of threatened species in 2002 as vulnerable (IUCN 2002). Federal regulations prevents the illegal trade of caviar. This project determines the optimal conditions for improving larval viability and growth of yellow perch, walleye and lake sturgeon.
Animal Health Component
(N/A)
Research Effort Categories
Basic
35%
Applied
65%
Developmental
(N/A)
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
3013719102050%
3023719101050%
Goals / Objectives
The project involves nutritional studies, reproductive, and genetic studies in yellow perch, walleye, lake sturgeon and lake trout. Objectives are presented for each species. 5.1. Egg quality assessment of Lake Erie yellow perch 5.1.1 To evaluate the variability in PUFA levels in eggs of individual yellow perch collected in Lake Erie and to correlate those values with hatching rate and survival of offspring. 5.2. Gamete quality assessment of Lake Erie walleye 5.2.1. Effects of parental attributes on early life history stages of Lake Erie walleye. 5.2.1.1. Determine how attributes of walleye females (e.g., length, weight, energy density, and age) influence characteristics of larvae (e.g., number, size, and lipids) hatched from four purported spawning stocks (Maumee River, western basin reefs, Sandusky River, and Grand River). 5.2.1.2. Determine how adult male attributes (e.g., length, weight, age, and energy density) influence spawning success (e.g., survival to hatch) and characteristics of early life history stages of walleye. 5.2.2. Concentrations of vitamins C, E and B1 in eggs and sperm of Lake Erie walleye 5.2.2.1. To determine the concentration of vitamins C, E and B1 in gametes (ova and sperm) of walleye following natural ovulation and spermiation. 5.2.2.2. To correlate these vitamin concentrations with fish spawning stock, age class, time of spawning migration, fish size, lipid and fatty acid composition of the gametes and gamete viability. 5.2.2.3. To compare intra and inter-population variations. 5.3. Integrated approach to restore sturgeon populations in the Great Lakes 5.3.1. Gamete quality assessment of wild and domesticated stocks of lake sturgeon 5.3.1.1. Analysis of vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B1 in lake sturgeon gametes and carrying experiments of fertilization and progenies viability. 5.3.1.2. Determination of the embryonic stages survival, conditions during yolk absorption, and concentration of vitamins possibly responsible for EMS in sturgeon. 5.3.1.3. Development and propagation of lake sturgeon broodstock and maintenance of several generations in captivity (OSU) 5.3.2. Genetic manipulation and nutritional studies in lake sturgeon 5.3.2.1. Collection of gametes from lake sturgeon spawning in the Detroit River, St. Clair River system, Wolf River (Lake Winnebago system) and lake sturgeon raised in captivity (OSU South Centers at Piketon, Piketon, Ohio). 5.3.2.2. Development of a technique of sperm storage and creation of a lake sturgeon cryopreserved sperm bank depository at OSU 5.3.2.3. Determination of the conditions for diploid androgenesis in lake sturgeon 5.3.2.4. Development of standardized fertilization techniques to evaluate gamete viability (quality) and propagation of lake sturgeon in captivity.
Project Methods
Our activities are directed towards (1) determining protein, fatty acid, and vitamin requirements for various sizes of several fish species of commercial potential (walleye, yellow perch, sturgeon, catfish), (2) developing techniques for producing sterile, monosex populations of muskellunge, tilapia, and yellow perch to take advantage of growth increases associated with sterility and sexually-dimorphic growth or to eradicate non-native, parasitic species, such as the sea lamprey, (3) assessing gamete quality as related to diet in order to produce high quality progeny of species such as lake whitefish, channel catfish, rainbow trout, tilapia, and gamete quality as related to environmental conditions (walleye, yellow perch)

Progress 06/01/04 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: We presented oral contributions at scientific meetings, such as International Symposium in University of Udine,Italy in January 2009, during the Annual World Aquaculture Society (WAS)in Trondheim, Norway, International Conference "Larvi 2009" in Ghent, Belgium, International Symposium on Environmnet Quality in Krakow, Poland. We published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and results were also made available to the public through our universities websites. We provided report updates to the OSU Extension. The results of the present study on tropical fishes and walleye culture were presented in the special lecture series to students and researchers in University of Ghent, belgium. Results were also presented at the regional (Ohio Aquaculture Association)and national meetings (Warmwater Fish Culture), as well as to the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission and Ohio Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources.We also worked with local Sea Grant agencies to disseminate our findings on lamprey control. PARTICIPANTS: This project was performed with the number of collaborators: Dr. Marta Jaroszewska, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland Dr. Teresa Ostaszewska, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Dr. Olcay Hisar and Dr. Ibrachim Haliloglu, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Erzurum, Turkey Training was provided to Ph.D students: Mr. Rodrigo Takata, University of Sao Paulo, Jaboticabal, Brazil Miss. Ebtehal ElSayaed, University of Manoufia, Egypt TARGET AUDIENCES: We presented oral contributions at scientific meetings of professional organization, personnel of state and federal agencies, international scholars. We publish in peer-reviewed scientific journals and results were also made available to the public through our universities websites. We also worked with local and national Sea Grant College Program agencies to disseminate our findings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Not relevant to this project.

Impacts
In the review prepared in 2009 we summarized data related to the utilization of purified diets formulated with the purpose of determining amino acid requirements in fish independent of ontogenetic stage and morphological characteristics of the digestive tract. Expanding present knowledge on formulation of protein, amino acid and synthetic dipeptide-based diets can provide possible insights that might lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of amino acid utilization in the growth of fish. Differences exist in the utilization of protein, dipeptides, or free amino acids for growth between stomach-possessing and stomachless fish in respect to their response to manipulating the proportion of protein and dipeptides in the formulas, although free amino acids-based diets are uniformly inferior in comparison to protein and/or protein-dipeptide-based formulations. The effects of diet manipulation on indispensable free amino acid concentrations in the body (muscle) are not simply the result of deamination or the protein synthesis/degradation ratio. Arginine as precursor of proline and the interconversion of these two amino acids, arginine and proline, in fish has been addressed in our research. The role of the most abundant free amino acid, taurine, has not been convincingly explained, particularly in respect to freshwater fish, relative to changes due to diets, growth rate or ontogeny. The hydroxyproline/proline ratio was confirmed to be of value in quantifying muscle collagen degradation/synthesis

Publications

  • Ostaszewska, T., Kamaszewski, M., Grochowski, P., Dabrowski, K., Verri, T., Aksakal, E.,Szatkowska, I., 2010. The effect of peptide absorption on PepT1 gene expression and digestive system hormones in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem.Physiol.155 A: 107-114.
  • Jaroszewska M., Dabrowski, K., 2009: Early ontogeny of Semionotiformes and Amiiformes (Neopterygii: Actinopterygii). In: Development of Non-Teleost Fish, Y.W. Kunz, C.A. Luer and B.G. Kapoor (Eds.), Science Publishers Inc. pp. 231-275.
  • Ostaszewska, T., Dabrowski, K., 2009: Early Development of Acipenseriformes (Chondrostei, Actinopterygii). In: Development of Non-Teleost Fish, Y.W. Kunz, C.A. Luer, B.G. Kapoor [Eds.], Science Publishers Inc. pp. 171-230.
  • Jaroszewska, M., Dabrowski, K. 2009: The nature of exocytosis in the yolk trophoblastic layer of silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) juvenile, the representative of ancient teleost fishes. Anat Rec 292: 1745-1755.
  • Rodriguez de Oca, G.A.R.M., Dabrowski, K., Park, K., Lee, K.J., Abiado, M.A., 2009: Interaction of phytochemical-quercetin with the other antioxidant, ascorbic acid and their protective effect in tilapia after ultraviolet irradiation. J World Aquac Soc 40: 586-600.
  • Jaroszewska, M., Lee, B.J., Dabrowski, K., Czesny, S., Rinchard, J., Trzeciak, P., Wilczyńska, B. 2009: Effects of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) alevins at hatching stage. Comp Biochem Physio 154A: 255-262.
  • Park, K.H., Rodriguez-Montes, de Oca G.A., Bonello, P., Lee, K.J., Dabrowski, K. 2009: Determination of quercetin concentrations in fish tissues after feeding quercetin-containing diets. Aquaculture Int., 17: 37-544.
  • Czesny, S., Dettmers, J.M., Rinchard, J., Dabrowski, K. 2009. Linking egg thiamine and fatty acid concentrations of Lake Michigan lake trout with Early Life Stage Mortality. J Aquat Anim Health 21:262-271.
  • Lee, B.-J., Jaroszewska, M., Dabrowski, K., Czesny, S, Rinchard, J., 2009: Effects of vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency in lake trout alevins and preventive treatments. J Aquat Anim Health 21:290-301.


Progress 01/01/08 to 12/31/08

Outputs
OUTPUTS: The major emphasis of research in 2008 was on tropical-ornamental fish that can be raised in Ohio and provide opportunity for aquaculture industry in the state. The study examined the effect of four semi-purified diets (casein-gelatin based) where the source of fatty acids were free (esterified) oleic and linoleic acids (LOA diet), linseed and olive oil (predominantly linoleic and linolenic acids) (LO diet), cod liver oil (rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids) (CLO diet), and soybean lecithin (phospholipids; mostly linoleic acid) (LE diet) on the growth of juvenile South American catfish (surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, Pimelodidae). Fish were fed at a restricted-readjusted feeding rate for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, LE diet fed fish grew significantly larger than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Considerable amount of cannibalism was observed in all the treatments. It is suggested that quantitative growth performance may possibly change under other conditions with less or no cannibalism. Survival did not differ significantly among the fish fed four different diets. The results suggest that the efficiency of elongation and desaturation of C18 fatty acids depend on the dietary lipid source and South American catfish has considerable capacity to transform linoleate to arachidonate. The first series of experiments was carried out in collaboration with Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil, with pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, a native species extensively cultured in Brazil because of its fast growth and high consumer acceptance. The present study aimed to compare pre-feeding and postprandial body free amino acid (FAA) levels in fish fed protein-based (CG), free amino acid (FAA)-based, indispensable amino acid (IDAA)-balanced and IDAA-imbalanced diets and to understand how disproportional amounts of IDAA in pacu diets can affect free amino acid levels in fish tissues. We also concentrated on another species from the Amazon region, silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum). There is sound evidence indicating that maternal lipids accumulated prior to vitellogenesis in muscle/liver are deposited in eggs and consequently in the yolk sac of developing fish larvae. This information encouraged us to determine the lipid and fatty acid composition in the yolksac and body of arowana larvae. The lipids were extracted from the external yolksac and the body and then separated into neutral and phospholipid fractions. Fatty acid profiles were determined in separate fractions. Lipids extracted from muscle samples of adult arowana and another osteoglossid fish, paiche (Arapaima gigas), were analyzed via similar procedures. Significant differences in fatty acid profiles in yolk and larval body lipids were found that were unrelated to profiles from muscle of wild adult fish (Amazon). A high level of linoleic acid in the NL fraction of the yolk and larval body lipids was noticed. These results seem to suggest that at this point of yolk lipid absorption (50%), no elongation or desaturation of C18 fatty acids is taking place during endogenous feeding. PARTICIPANTS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period. TARGET AUDIENCES: We presented oral contributions at scientific meetings, such as Annual World Aquaculture Society (WAS) and American Chapter of WAS, American Fisheries Society which has Fish Culture Section. We publish in peer-reviewed scientific journals and results were also made available to the public through our universities websites. We provided report updates to the OSU Extension and brochures were published on OSU and CRSP Oregons State networks. The results of the present study were presented widely at several workshops in South America and other countries, as well as at regional and national meetings of professional societies (Ohio Aquaculture Association, Association of Great Lakes Research). We also worked with local Sea Grant agencies to disseminate our findings. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.

Impacts
Workshop on Larviculture of Neotropical Fish took place in Manaus, Brazil June 2 and speakers included Portella, M., Jomori R. (Sao Paulo State University, CAUNESP, Brazil) and Dr. Bernardo Baldisserotto (Federal University of Santa Maria), who were supported by CRSP funds. It was attended by at least 100 participants, graduate students, local producers, and researchers from Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia. Two investigators from National Institute of Peruvian Amazon (INPA) presented their findings on propagation of Amazonian fish and live food composition of early stages of tropical fishes. The second workshop we co-organized with M. Sandoval and it took place in the auditorium of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (UNAS), Peru, and there was over 140 persons in attendance, among them 15 producers, 65 students and 45 other professionals.

Publications

  • Portella, MC., Dabrowski, K., 2008: Diets, Physiology, Biochemistry and digestive tract development of fresh water fish larvae. In: Cyrino, J.E.P., Bureau, D. and Kapoor, B.G. (Eds.), Feeding and Digestive Functions of Fishes, Science Publishers, Inc., pp.227-275.
  • Jaroszewska, M., Dabrowski, K., 2008: Morphological analysis of the functional design of the connection between alimentary tract and the gas bladder in air-breathing lepisosteid fish. Ann. Anat.Anatomisher Anzeiger, 190: 383-390.
  • Ostaszewska, T. Dabrowski, K., Hliwa, P., Gomołka, P., Kwasek. K., 2008. Nutritional regulation of intestine morphology in larval cyprinid fish, silver bream (Vimba vimba). Aquac. Res. 39: 1267-1278.
  • Jaroszewska, M., Dabrowski, K., Wilczynska, B., Kakreko, T. 2008. Structure of the gut of the racergoby Neogobius gymnotrachelus (Kessler 1857). J. Fish Biol. 72: 1773-1786.
  • Rinchard, J., K. Dabrowski. 2008. Growth, survival, and body composition of yellow perch juveniles fed commercial and experimental diets. North Am. J. Aquaculture 70: 74-79.
  • Ostaszewska, T., K. Dabrowski, A. Wegner and M. Krawiec. 2008. The effects of feeding on muscle growth dynamics and the proliferation of myogenic progenitor cells during pike-perch development (Sander lucioperca). J. World Aquacult. Soc. 39: 184-195.
  • Dabrowski, K., M. Arslan, J. Rinchard, M.E. Palacios. 2008. Growth, maturation, induced spawning, and production of the first generation of South American catfish (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) in the North America. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 39:174-182.
  • Arslan, M., K. Dabrowski, M.C. Portella and J. Rinchard. 2008. The role of dietary lipids and fatty acids in growth and body fatty acid composition of surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum). J, World Aqua. Soc. 39:51-61.
  • Babiak, I., Lecewicz, M., Dabrowski, K., Babiak, J. 2008. Crypreservation of rainbow trout blastoderm. Cybium 32: 139-141.


Progress 01/01/07 to 12/31/07

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In the first study we used triplicate groups of juvenile rainbow trout that were fed four experimental gelatin-casein based diets containing different fatty acid levels for 8 weeks. Diet 1, containing only the oleic acid methyl ester was used as an essential fatty acids deficient diet. Diet 2, supplemented with olive and linseed oils whereas Diet 3 contained cod liver oil and Diet 4 was supplemented with soy-refined lecithin. The growth of fish fed the lecithin supplemented diet was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Fish fed linoleate containing phospholipids preferentially deposited this fatty acid in neutral lipids in comparison to body phospholipids deposition. An increase of dietary linoleate also caused a significantly higher percentage of arachidonate in fish body phospholipids. In the second study two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of consuming indispensable amino acid-imbalanced diets on fish. Midas (Amphilophus citrinellum) was fed one of four diets (a.) casein-gelatin basal diet, (b.) free amino acid (FAA)-based diet, (c.) (-)Lys diet with deficiency in Lys, His, Ile, Phe and Trp, and (d.) (-)Arg diet with deficiency in Arg, Thr, Val, Leu and Met. In the second experiment in treatment 1 (FAA group), fish were fed FAA-based balanced diet. In treatment 2 [(-)Lys(-)Arg group], fish were fed 4 meals of (-)Lys, (-)Arg, (-)Lys, and (-)Arg diets each day. In treatment 3 [(-)Lys(-)Lys group], fish were fed 2 meals of the (-)Lys diet as first two meals in the morning and then 2 meals of the (-)Arg diet in the afternoon. In treatment 4 fish were fed four meals of the (-)Lys diet and the (-) Arg diet on alternate days. Our feeding experiment 1 showed that the feed intake of fish when fed to satiation did not show significant differences on day 1 and 2 among a protein-based, FAA, (-)Lys and (-)Arg groups. In experiment 2, the feed intake of midas on day 1 and day 2 in the FAA group was significantly higher than that of (-)Lys(-)Arg group, (-)Lys(-)Lys group and (-)Lys/(-)Arg group. On day 31, the feed intake of midas in the FAA group was significantly lower than (-)Lys(-)Arg group, (-)Lys (-)Lys group and (-)Lys/(-)Arg group. Secondly, fish increased their feed intake of amino acid imbalanced diets although they had lower weight gain and lower feed conversion rates. The weight gains improved significantly over the duration of the experiment when complimentary diets were offered. In the third study the effect of dietary &#945;-lipoic acid (LA) and vitamin C on fatty acid (FA) composition and vitamin E and C levels in brain and FA composition in muscle in the scurvy prone fish Piaractus messopotamicus were studied using a two-factorial design. No effect of LA on vitamin E or vitamin C levels in brain was detected. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid increased in phospholipids in LA groups in muscle. This is suggested to be caused by a change in lipid metabolism rather that being a pure effect of protection by LA against lipid peroxidation. These findings were published in peer-reviewed journals, and presented at national and international conferences. PARTICIPANTS: Zhang, YF, Ph student, completed Arslan, M. University of Erzurum, Turkey, postdoctoral fellow Rinchard, J., State University of New York, Brockport Tratner, S. and Pickova, J. University of Uppsala, Sweden TARGET AUDIENCES: Aquaculture scientific community, fish farmers, undergraduate and graduate students PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No major changes in approach

Impacts
The results indicate that compounds such as soybean phospholipids provided at very high levels, never tested before, have growth enhancing effects in rainbow trout juveniles. The compounds of interest would have high polarity and can be added to starter diets possibly in many other fish species. In the second experiment with indispensable amino acid imbalanced diets we demonstrated feed intake enhancing effect and consequently growth promoting results of a new feeding strategy that encompass switching diets with imbalanced amino acids. We continued to explore the function of lipoic acid, a substance with enormous potential in fish feeds because this compound has an antioxidant capacity that might prevent deterioration of many susceptible dietary compounds and consequently increase resistance against stress and/or diseases. We provided the first evidence that lipoic acid might be conditionally indispensable in young fish diets.

Publications

  • 1. Dabrowski, K., M. Arslan, B. F. Terjesen, and Y. Zhang. 2007. The effect of dietary indispensable amino acid imbalances on feed intake: Is there a sensing of deficiency and neural signaling present in fish? Aquaculture 265 265: 136-142.
  • 2. Gatlin III, D.M., F.T. Barrows, P. Brown, K. Dabrowski, T.G. Gaylord, R.W. Hardy, Herman, G. Hu, A. Krogdahl, R. Nelson, K. Overturf, M. Rust, W. Sealey, D. Skonberg, E. J. Souza, D. Stone, R. Wilson and E. Wurtele. 2007. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquaculture Res. 38: 551-579.
  • 3. Rinchard, J., Czesny, S. and Dabrowski, K. 2007. Influence of lipid class and fatty acids deficiency on survival, growth and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout juveniles. Aquaculture 264: 363-371.
  • 4. Abiado, M.A.G., Penn, M., Dabrowski, K. 2007. Evaluation of two commercially available pressure chambers to induce triploidy in saugeyes. North American Journal of Aquaculture 69: 197-201.
  • 5. Tratner , S., Pickova, J., Park, K.H., Rinchard, J. Dabrowski, K. 2007. Effects of alfa-lipoic and ascorbic acid on the muscle and brain fatty acids and antioxidant profile of the South American pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Aquaculture 273: 158-164.
  • 6. Siripornadulsil, S., Dabrowski, K., Sayre, R. 2007. Microalgal vaccines. Adavances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 616: 122-128.
  • 7. Dabrowski, K., Zhang, Y., Arslan, M., Terjesen, B.F. 2007. Indispensable amino acids deprivation does no cause rapid amino acid depletion in fish body and this principle has a potential to be used as the new strategy in nutrition. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecurias 20: 508-511.


Progress 01/01/06 to 12/31/06

Outputs
The major emphasis of research in 2006 was on rainbow trout. A feeding trial was conducted to examine the supplemental effects and utilization of peptides in semi-purfied diets formulated for the purpose of amino acid requirements studies. The premise that a dietary dipeptide approach will improve the understanding of amino acid utilization in the fastest growing vertebrate, the teleost fish, was tested by examining the muscle free amino acid (FAA) pool and enzyme activities, in concert with growth response, when dietary amino acids were provided in free, dipeptide, or protein molecular forms. We presented the first evidence in fish that in response to a synthetic dipeptide diet, muscle FAA vary as a result of both growth rate and amino acid availability of specific peptides. We demonstrated significantly diminished muscle indispensable FAA (3-10 fold) in rainbow trout alevins fed a dipeptide- compared to protein-based diets. The dipeptide-based diet did not contain proline, which resulted in 10-27 fold less muscle free proline and hydroxyproline in alevins. The response of alevins fed FAA-based or peptide-based diets can be indicative of collagen turnover (Hyp/Pro ratio) and showed significant differences between dietary treatments. We provided the first evidence that proline is conditionally indispensable in young fish as in mammals and birds. This study shows that amino acids given entirely as dipeptides can sustain fish growth, result in muscle FAA and enzyme responses in line with dietary levels, and can identify growth-limiting amino acids. The second area of emphasis were studies on nutrition of tropical fish, pacu. This research was carried out in collaboration with international visitors. Effects of &#945;-lipoic acid (LA) were examined on the growth, tissue vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) and E levels, and malondialdehyde levels in the tropical fish pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Pacu were fed casein-gelatin based diets for 8 weeks with or without AA along with LA supplementation at 0.1%. When fed at 1.9-2.5% body weight, the growth of fish was not influenced regardless of the presence of AA (0.05%) or LA throughout most of the experimental period. The growth, however, was slightly but significantly lower at week 8 in the AA-deficient/LA-supplemented group. AA-deficient diet caused reduction of both total AA or oxidized AA in the liver and gill tissues. This reduction of tissue AA was partially prevented by LA. There was no difference among different diet groups in vitamin E and malondialdehyde levels. These results suggest that LA is a potential substance for prevention of AA deficiency in cultured fishes. The optimal dietary level of LA needs to be determined in light of the slight reduction in the body weight gain after 8 weeks of feeding in the absence of AA.

Impacts
The value of tropical and ornamental fish imports in 2005 was estimated at nearly $46.1 million. The educated and informed public in developed countries are receptive to the notion of domestic production of aquarium fishes and preservation of natural stocks in the Amazon and other pristine areas of South America. Therefore, production of Amazonian fish the controlled intensive production facilities is very appealing, both in their native geographical range as well as exotics, in captivity, because many of these species being overfished and depleted in their natural environments

Publications

  • Lee, K.J., Rinchard, J., Dabrowski, K., Babiak, I., Ottobre, J.S. and christensen, J.E. 2006. Long-term effects of dietary cottonseed meal on growth and reproductive performance of rainbow trout: Three-year study. Animal Feed Sci.Technol. 126: 93-106.
  • Terjesen, F.B., Lee, K.J., Zhang, Y., Faila, M. and Dabrowski, K. 2006. Optimization of dipeptide-protein mixtures in experimental diet formulations for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevinds. Aquaculture 255: 217-225.


Progress 01/01/05 to 12/31/05

Outputs
The major emphasis of research in 2005 was on rainbow trout. A feeding trial was conducted to examine the supplemental effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii, Walper) meal and its eluents extracted by four different solvents on growth performance, feed utilization, and survival in rainbow trout alevins. Eight casein-based semipurified diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to contain the maca meal, its four extracts, mixture of the four extracts, and maca meal after extraction. The eight diets were each supplemented with 15% wheat flour (control diet, diet 1), 15% maca meal (diet 2), 12.5% maca meal after the extraction (diet 3), a mixture of four maca meal extracts (diet 4), a hexane extract (diet 5), a dichloromethane extract (diet 6), an ethyl acetate extract (diet 7), and a methanol extract (diet 8). After 14 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diet 2 exhibited the highest (P<0.05) growth rate among all the dietary treatments. Fish fed diets 2, 3 and 8 had significantly higher growth rate than the fish fed the control and the other diets. Feed intake was significantly higher in fish fed diets 2, 3, and 8 than fish fed the control diet and diet 5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were also significantly improved in the fish fed diets 2 and 3 than in the fish fed the diets 1 (control), 5, 6, and 7. Survival was significantly higher in the fish fed diet 2 than the control diet, diet 5 and diet 6. The results indicate that certain compounds in maca meal have growth enhancing effects in rainbow trout alevins. The compounds of interest would have high polarity and can be extracted by methanol. This compound has an antioxidant capacity that might increase resistance against stress and/or diseases. The second area of research was the utilization of peptides in semi-purfied diets formulated for the purpose of amino acid requirements studies. The premise that a dietary dipeptide approach will improve the understanding of amino acid utilization in the fastest growing vertebrate, the teleost fish, was tested by examining the muscle free amino acid (FAA) pool and enzyme activities, in concert with growth response, when dietary amino acids were provided in free, dipeptide, or protein molecular forms. We presented the first evidence in fish that in response to a synthetic dipeptide diet, muscle FAA vary as a result of both growth rate and amino acid availability of specific peptides. We demonstrated significantly diminished muscle indispensable FAA (3-10 fold) in rainbow trout alevins fed a dipeptide- compared to protein-based diets. The dipeptide-based diet did not contain proline, which resulted in 10-27 fold less muscle free proline and hydroxyproline in alevins. The response of alevins fed FAA-based or peptide-based diets can be indicative of collagen turnover (Hyp/Pro ratio) and showed significant differences between dietary treatments. This study shows that amino acids given entirely as dipeptides can sustain fish growth, result in muscle FAA and enzyme responses in line with dietary levels, and can identify growth-limiting amino acids.

Impacts
The results indicate that certain compounds in maca meal have growth enhancing effects in rainbow trout alevins. The compounds of interest would have high polarity and can be extracted by methanol. This compound has an antioxidant capacity that might increase resistance against stress and/or diseases. This compound(s) need to be further purfied and mechansims of growth promoting action explained. We provided the first evidence that proline is conditionally indispensable in young fish as in mammals and birds. Proline might need to be supplemented in larval/juvemile fish diets.

Publications

  • Dabrowski, K., Terjesen, F.B., Zhang, Y., Phang, J.M. and Lee, K.J. 2005. A concept of dietary dipeptides: a step to resolve the problem of amino acid availability in early life of vertebrates. J.exp.Biol. 208: 2885-2894. Tesser, M.B., Terjesen, B.F., Zhang, Y., Portella, M.C. and Dabrowski, K. 2005. Free- and peptide-based dietary arginine supplementation for South American fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Aquaculture Nutr. 11: 443-453. Ostaszewska, T., Dabrowski, K. Czuminska, K., Olech, W. And Olejniczak, M. 2005. Resaring of pike-perch larvae using formulated diets - first success with starter feeds. Aquaculture Res. 36: 1167-1176. Rinchard, J., Dabrowski, K., van Tassel, J.J. and Stein, R.A. 2005. Optimization of fertilization success in Sander vitreus is influenced by the sperm:egg ratio and ova storage. J.Fish Biol. 67: 1157-1161. Czesny, S., J. Rinchard and K. Dabrowski. 2005. Intra-population variation of egg lipid/fatty acid composition and embryo viability in walleye. N. Am. J. Fish.


Progress 01/01/04 to 12/31/04

Outputs
Yellow perch. Our studies indicate that supplementation of dietary vitamin C and E increase growth rate, and semen quality can be improved by dietary vitamin C supplementation within one maturation cycle. Walleye. We compared the performance of larval saugeyes that were produced out of season with larvae produced during regular spawning season using intensive rearing systems. We noted that the mean specific growth rate (SGR) and survival of saugeyes from the out of season experiment were significantly lower than those of saugeyes from the regular season experiment. The condition factor did not differ between the fish. Our laboratory collaborated with the Aquatic Ecology Laboratory on the project "Quantifying how parental attributes influence characteristics of early life history stages of Ohio stocks of Lake Erie walleye". Our preliminary results revealed that sperm concentration was not significantly different among spawning sites (P>0.05). Survival of embryos at pigmented eyed-stage from paternal origin did not differ significantly among sites. Variability in embryo survival from males collected in the Maumee River increased as the spawning season progressed. The survival of embryos was significantly lower in females collected in Maumee River at the end of the spawning season than in females collected in Maumee River at the beginning or at the middle of the spawning season or in the Sandusky River. Lake Sturgeon. We successfully collected gametes from St. Clair River (Michigan) and St. Lawrence River (New York) and developed standardized fertilization techniques to evaluate gamete viability. We conducted evaluation trials on maternal and paternal effects on gamete viability using the embryonic development (three days after gamete activation), hatching, and first-feeding stages as quality criteria. Using sturgeon eggs sperm from St Lawrence River and St Clair River, we evaluated the effectiveness of heat and pressure shocks at 12, 15, and 18 min after gamete activation for duration of 2 min. We also conducted gynogenesis optimization experiments by monitoring rate of haploidy to determine the most effective time of UV irradiation, 4, 5, 7 and 10 min. We noted that sperm motility of undiluted sturgeon sperm remained 60-70% despite increasing duration of irradiation up to 10 min. The weaning experiments conducted in 2004 demonstrated that it is possible to successfully transition larval lake sturgeon from feeding with live brine shrimp nauplii to feeding with a formulated diet (Aglonorse Larval Feed, Ewos, Norway).

Impacts
Studies on larval rearing and propagation of yellow perch, walleye and lake sturgeon will enhance the economic benefits of aquaculture and fisheries management in the State of Ohio and the Great Lakes region.

Publications

  • Garcia-Abiado, M.A., K. Dabrowski and S. Czesny. 2004. Tank performance of larval saugeyes (Stizostedion vitreum x S. canadense) produced out of season and during regular season spawning. North Am. J. Aquaculture 66:48-52.
  • Ciereszko, A., I. Babiak and K. Dabrowski. 2004. Efficacy of animal anti-fertility compounds against sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) spermatozoa. Theriogenology 61: 1039-1050.
  • Dabrowski, K., K.J. Lee, L. Guz, V. Verlhac and J. Gabaudan. 2004. Effects of dietary ascorbic acid against oxygen stress (hypoxia or hyperoxia), growth and its tissue concentrations in juvenile rainbow trout. Aquaculture 233: 383-392.
  • Dabrowski, K., J. Glogowski, and A. Ciereszko. 2004. Effects of proteinase inhibitors on fertilization in sea lamprey. Comp. Bioch. Physiol. B, 139: 157-162.
  • Garcia-Abiado, M.A., G., J. Mbahinzireki, J. Rinchard, K-J. Lee and K. Dabrowski. 2004. Effect of diets containing gossypol on blood parameters and spleen structure in Oreochromis sp. reared in a recirculated system. J. Fish Diseases 27:359-368.
  • Guz, L., K.J. Lee, K. Dabrowski, and V. Verlhac. 2004. Characterizing the immune response of rainbow trout to Aeromonas salmonicida ssp salmonicida antigens. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 60(4):374-378.
  • Gomelsky, B., K. Dabrowski, M.A. Garcia-Abiado, W. Stilwell, J.H. Tidwell, and S.D. Coyle. 2004. Ploidy of backcross hybrids of largemouth bass and smallmouth bass. North Am. J. Aquac. 6(2):133-136.
  • Lee, K.J. and K. Dabrowski. 2004. Long-term effects and interactions of dietary vitamin C and E on growth and reproduction of yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Aquaculture 230: 377-389.
  • Lee, K.J., K. Dabrowski, J. Rinchard, C. Gomez, L. Guz and C. Vilchez. 2004. Supplementation of maca (Lepidium meyenii) tuber meal in diets improves growth rate and survival of fish. Aquacult. Res . 35: 215-223.
  • Mahan, D., S. Ching and K. Dabrowski. 2004. Developmental aspects and factors influencing the synthesis and status of ascorbic acid in the pig. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 24:79-103.
  • Terjesen, B.F., K. Park, M.B. Tesser, M.C. Portella, Y. Zhang and K. Dabrowski. 2004. Lipoic acid and ascorbic acid affect plasma free amino acids selectively in the teleost fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). J. Nutrition 133: 2930-2934.
  • Czesny, S., Rinchard, J., Dettmers, J. and Dabrowski, K. 2004 (oral presentation). Maternal characteristics and polyunsaturated fatty acid in yellow perch eggs determine survival and growth of offspring. Abstract in American Fisheries Society 134th Annual Meeting, Madison (Wisconsin, USA), 22-26 August 2004, p. 202.
  • Dabrowski, K., Rinchard, J., Van Tassell, J.J., Marschall, E.A., and Stein, R.A., 2004 (oral presentation). Lipids and fatty acids as indicators of egg viability in walleye. Lake Erie- Inland Waters, Annual Research Review, Columbus (Ohio, USA), 26-27 February, 2004.
  • Froschauer, J. and K. Dabrowski. 2004. Growth and survival of larval sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) fed live and formulated diets. Page 206 in Book of Abstracts World Aquaculture Society Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 1-5, 2004.
  • Rinchard, J., Dabrowski, K., Van Tassell, J.J., Marschall, E.A. and Stein, R.A. 2004 (oral presentation). Evaluation of walleye egg quality from different Lake Erie spawning stocks. Proceedings in International Congress on the Biology of Fish, Physiology of Fish Eggs and Larvae Symposium, Manaus (Brazil), August 1-5, 2004, p. 25-29.
  • Van Tassell, J.J., Marschall, E.A., Dabrowski, K., Rinchard, J., and Stein, R.A. 2004 (oral presentation). Does adult size influence embryo survival of Lake Erie walleye? Lake Erie- Inland Waters, Annual Research Review, Columbus (Ohio, USA), 26-27 February, 2004.
  • Froschauer, J. 2004. Gamete quality and larval rearing in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) from the Great Lakes region. Master's Thesis. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.